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Morón-Elorza P, David H, Batista H, Quina V, Baylina N, Pereira N. Blood collection under anesthesia, peripheral blood cells, plasma biochemistry, and plasma protein electrophoresis in a living fossil: the Spotted Ratfish ( Hydrolagus colliei). Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1305968. [PMID: 38274658 PMCID: PMC10808452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1305968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This report describes the safe and effective handling under anesthesia, blood collection and main clinical pathology values determination for three adult Spotted Ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) (two males and one female) successfully maintained under human care for more than 20 years. The anesthetic MS-222 diluted in tamponed salt water at 50 ppm provided deep narcosis with mean induction and recovery times of 5 and 20 min, allowing safe handling and blood collection in the three animals sampled. Major leukocyte types were similar to other teleost and elasmobranch species, identifying lymphocytes as the predominant leukocyte (75.5%), followed by the fine eosinophilic granulocytes (10.25%), the coarse eosinophilic granulocytes (9.75%), and a small percentage of monocytes (5.50%). Plasma biochemistry values in this species were like those seen in elasmobranchs, with the highest levels of blood urea nitrogen described in any Chondrichthyes (mean 679.7 mmol/l). Plasma protein electrophoresis analysis in the Spotted Ratfish showed five consistent fractions, like those previously described in other fish species, with a negligible quantity of proteins migrating in the region equivalent to albumin, and with fraction 4 (mean 53.20%) as the predominant fraction. Despite the limitations imposed by the small sample size and the challenging access to the studied species under human care, this study will shed light on and enhance clinical knowledge regarding Ratfish handling, anesthesia, blood collection, and analysis. It aims to deliver a comprehensive clinical pathology description, presenting valuable data for professionals engaged in the care and management of Chimaerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hugo David
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Batista
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Quina
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuria Baylina
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Pereira
- Biology and Conservation, Oceanario de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solís C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, García-Párraga D, Encinas T. Pharmacokinetics of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam after administration of multiple doses to nursehound sharks (Scyliorhinus stellaris). Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:71-79. [PMID: 38065822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) during multiple dose administration. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of eight clinically healthy adult nursehounds (four males, four females). METHODS Meloxicam was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1.5 mg kg-1 once daily for 7 days. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for pharmacokinetic analysis at 2.5 hours and 24 hours after drug administration. After a 4 week washout period, meloxicam was administered orally at the same dose at 12 hour intervals for three repeated doses. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the first administration. Sharks were visually monitored during each study and 4 weeks afterwards for side effects or signs of toxicity. Time required to achieve steady state was assessed by visual inspection and statistical comparison of peak and trough concentrations using a Friedman test; comparison between sexes was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test and p-value was set at 0.05. RESULTS No animal died or showed clinical signs of toxicity during the study. Meloxicam administered orally did not produce detectable concentrations in plasma. After intramuscular administration, steady state was achieved after five doses, and mean trough and peak plasma concentrations at steady state were 1.76 ± 0.21 μg mL-1 and 3.02 ± 0.23 μg mL-1, respectively. Mean peak concentration accumulation ratio was 2.50 ± 0.22. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study shows that intramuscular posology produces plasma concentrations considered therapeutic for other species. However, meloxicam was not detected in plasma after oral administration. These results suggest that meloxicam administered intramuscularly may be a useful non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug in nursehound sharks. Further pharmacodynamic studies are needed to fully evaluate its clinical use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solís
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Álvaro-Álvarez
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls-Torres
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain; Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cañizares-Cooz D, García-Párraga D, Plá-González E, Rojo-Solis C, Encinas T, Morón-Elorza P. Fungal Diseases in Elasmobranchs and Their Possible Treatment with a Special Mention to Azole Antifungal Agents. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:43. [PMID: 38200774 PMCID: PMC10778029 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elasmobranchs currently constitute an important part of the animal collection of many aquariums worldwide. Their maintenance under human care has allowed us to describe and identify new pathogens and diseases affecting them, as well as to determine different treatments for these diseases. Great advances in elasmobranch husbandry have been developed. METHODS A search was performed on scientific databases as PubMed and other specialized sources (IAAAM archive). RESULTS Little information on pharmacotherapeutics is available in this taxonomic group, and treatments lack a scientific base and instead are frequently dependent on empirical knowledge. Pharmacokinetic studies are the first step to determining therapeutic protocols that are safe and effective. The available bibliography shows that a majority of the mycoses recorded in cartilaginous fish are severe, aggravated by the fact that the antifungal treatments administered, following the guidelines used for teleost species, are ineffective in elasmobranchs. Azoles appear to be a promising group of antifungals for use in treating systemic mycoses in sharks and rays. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this review, it is essential to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the different antifungals in these species in order to provide therapeutic options for fungal infections in cartilaginous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cañizares-Cooz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.E.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (D.G.-P.); (E.P.-G.)
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Emma Plá-González
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (D.G.-P.); (E.P.-G.)
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solis
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.E.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.E.); (P.M.-E.)
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (D.G.-P.); (E.P.-G.)
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solís C, Steyrer C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, Ortega J, Encinas T, García-Párraga D. Increasing the data on elasmobranch plasma protein electrophoresis: electrophoretogram reference values determination in the undulate skate (Raja Undulata) and the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) maintained under human care. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:380. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study determined plasma protein electrophoresis (PPE) reference intervals in two elasmobranch species: the undulate skate (Raja undulata) and the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris), using a reference population of 48 undulate skates (27 males, 21 females) and 62 nursehounds (32 males, 30 females), considered to be clinically healthy. Plasma samples were analyzed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE).
Results
The undulate skate electrophoretogram resembled those previously reported in other batoids and could be divided into seven consistent fractions. No statistically significant differences were detected between sexes and developmental stages. The nursehound electrophoretogram was similar to that previously described in other shark species and could be divided into eight consistent fractions. Fraction 5% was significantly higher in juvenile nursehounds when compared to adults, while fraction 6 concentration and percentage were significantly higher in adults. Fraction 4% was higher in males than in females. Albumin band was not detected, and pre-albumin was negligible in both studied species. Alpha-globulins were predominant in the undulate skate, while beta-globulins were predominant in nursehounds. Statistically significant differences were found in all electrophoretogram fraction percentages and concentrations between the two species.
Conclusion
To the authors knowledge, this is the first study reporting PPE values in undulate skates and nursehounds, and the first study using CZE in elasmobranch plasma. These findings can serve as a primary reference for health monitoring in both species and will add to the limited data available on PPE in elasmobranchs.
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solis C, Steyrer C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, Encinas T, García-Párraga D. Hematology and Plasma Chemistry Reference Values in Nursehound Shark (Scyliorhinus Stellaris) Maintained Under Human Care. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:909834. [PMID: 35898538 PMCID: PMC9310093 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.909834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies determining baseline hematological reference intervals (RI) in elasmobranchs are very limited. In this study, blood samples were collected from 94 clinically healthy Nursehound Shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) maintained under human care. Median (RI) in major leukocyte types were similar to other Carcharhinid sharks as lymphocytes were the predominant leukocyte with 38.0 (28.2–53.5)%, followed by coarse eosinophilic granulocytes with 20.0 (12.2–31.7)%, fine eosinophilic granulocytes with 6.0 (1.2–12.8) %, monocytes with 2.0 (0.0–6.0)%, and neutrophils with 2.0 (0.0–6.0)%. Nursehound Shark produced granulated thrombocytes, which were classified as granulocytes and represented 28.5 (12.4–39.7)% of all leukocytes. Median (RI) manual red blood cell and white blood cell counts were 177.50 (132.50–210.00) x 109 cells/l and 8.26 (5.24–14.23) x 109 cells/l, respectively. Median (RI) plasma chemistry values showed alkaline phosphatase 7.7 (4.2–13.0) U/l, aspartate aminotransferase 7.6 (3.3–17.1) U/l, blood urea nitrogen 281.6 (261.2–305.0) mmol/l, calcium 3.97 (3.59–4.47) mmol/l, total cholesterol 2.04 (1.02–3.91) mmol/l, chloride 233.0 (215.2–259.0) mmol/l, iron 3.79 (1.74–6.93) μmol/l, glucose 0.87 (0.47–1.44 mmol/l), potassium 3.8 (2.9–4.6) mmol/l, sodium 243.0 (227.7–271.0) mmol/l, phosphorus 1.58 (1.13–2.10) mmol/l, total protein 24.0 (20.0–35.0) g/l, and triglycerides 0.97 (0.49–3.35) mmol/l. Creatine kinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were below the instrument reading range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pablo Morón-Elorza
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solis
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Álvaro-Álvarez
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls-Torres
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
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Morón-Elorza P, Cañizares-Cooz D, Rojo-Solis C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, García-Párraga D, Encinas T. Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-Inflammatory Drug Meloxicam after Single 1.5 mg/kg Intramuscular Administration to Undulate Skates (Raja undulata). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050216. [PMID: 35622744 PMCID: PMC9147581 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapy database currently used in elasmobranchs is still mostly based on empirical data, and there are few efficacy and safety studies supporting clinical practice. In this study, meloxicam pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated after a single 1.5 mg/kg IM administration to a group of seven clinically healthy adult undulate skates (Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802). Blood samples were collected before administration and at 15, 30, 60 and 90 min and 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after the IM injection. The meloxicam concentrations in plasma were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and PK parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model approach. The mean ± SEM values of the main PK values were 1.84 ± 0.31 μg/mL for peak plasma concentration, 1.5 ± 0.24 h for time to maximum plasma concentration, 11.43 ± 2.04 h·µg/mL for area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve, 3.55 ± 0.65 h for elimination half-life, and 5.37 ± 0.94 h for mean residency time. No adverse reactions were detected. The relatively high plasma concentration and short time to maximum plasma concentration suggest that meloxicam could turn into an efficient analgesic and anti-inflammatory candidate drug to be used in skates. Further efficacy, pharmacodynamic, and multiple-dose studies with meloxicam are needed in elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (T.E.)
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Cañizares-Cooz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (T.E.)
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solis
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (T.Á.-Á.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Teresa Álvaro-Álvarez
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (T.Á.-Á.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Mónica Valls-Torres
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (T.Á.-Á.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (C.R.-S.); (T.Á.-Á.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.C.-C.); (T.E.)
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solís C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, García-Párraga D, Encinas T. Pharmacokinetic Studies in Elasmobranchs: Meloxicam Administered at 0.5 mg/kg Using Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Oral Routes to Nusehound Sharks ( Scyliorhinus stellaris). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:845555. [PMID: 35411304 PMCID: PMC8994032 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.845555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases are the most frequently diagnosed pathologies in elasmobranchs maintained under human care. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used in veterinary medicine for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Meloxicam is a commonly prescribed NSAID in elasmobranchs, but there are still no published pharmacokinetic (PK) studies supporting its use in this group of animals. In this study, meloxicam was administered at a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg to eight healthy adult nursehound sharks (Scyliorhinus stellaris) intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM), and orally (PO), with a minimum 4-week washout period between administrations. Blood samples were obtained both beforehand and at predetermined times after each administration. Plasma concentrations were measured using a validated high performance liquid chromatography method, and PK data was obtained using a non-compartmental analysis. Meloxicam administered orally did not produce detectable concentrations in blood plasma, while mean peak plasma concentration was 0.38 ± 0.08 μg/ml after IM administration. The mean terminal half-life was 10.71 ± 2.77 h and 11.27 ± 3.96 h for IV and IM injections, respectively. The area under the curve extrapolated to infinity was 11.37 ± 2.29 h·μg/ml after IV injections and 5.98 ± 0.90 h·μg/ml after IM injections. Meloxicam administered IM had a mean absolute bioavailability of 56.22 ± 13.29%. These numbers support meloxicam as a promising drug to be used IM in nursehounds, questions the efficacy of its single PO use in elasmobranchs, elucidate the need for higher dosage regimes, and evidence the need for further PK studies in sharks and rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain,*Correspondence: Pablo Morón-Elorza
| | | | | | | | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain,Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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