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Kansky R, Maassarani T, Fischer J. Participatory co-learning for human-wildlife coexistence: Reflections on a novel program applying systems thinking, nonviolent communication, and learning-based approaches. AMBIO 2024:10.1007/s13280-024-02032-5. [PMID: 38755428 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
As wildlife habitats become increasingly fragmented, sharing landscapes with wildlife is becoming difficult and complex. Because stakeholders with diverging interests struggle to collaborate to manage human-wildlife interactions, new approaches are needed. Here we reflect on a novel participatory learning program we implemented with farmers in communal conservancies in the Zambezi region of Namibia. The 9 week program aimed to understand why human-wildlife conflict remained a challenge. We combined three theoretical framings in the program design-systems thinking, nonviolent communication, and learning based approaches. We summarize key outcomes of each session and reflect on the overall program. We found a synergistic effect of the three framings and concluded that our integrated program had been a useful collaborative learning tool to understand the human-wildlife governance system, identify interventions, empower communities, and build capacity for collaboration to improve human wellbeing and human-wildlife interactions. Drawing on our experience, we make suggestions for how the program could be adapted for similar or other environmental problems elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kansky
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Tarek Maassarani
- Justice and Peace Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Joern Fischer
- Social-Ecological Systems Institute (SESI), Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana Universitaet Lueneburg, Universitaetsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
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2
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Guarnieri M, Kumaishi G, Brock C, Chatterjee M, Fabiano E, Katrak-Adefowora R, Larsen A, Lockmann TM, Roehrdanz PR. Effects of climate, land use, and human population change on human-elephant conflict risk in Africa and Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312569121. [PMID: 38285935 PMCID: PMC10861898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312569121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflict is an important factor in the modern biodiversity crisis and has negative effects on both humans and wildlife (such as property destruction, injury, or death) that can impede conservation efforts for threatened species. Effectively addressing conflict requires an understanding of where it is likely to occur, particularly as climate change shifts wildlife ranges and human activities globally. Here, we examine how projected shifts in cropland density, human population density, and climatic suitability-three key drivers of human-elephant conflict-will shift conflict pressures for endangered Asian and African elephants to inform conflict management in a changing climate. We find that conflict risk (cropland density and/or human population density moving into the 90th percentile based on current-day values) increases in 2050, with a larger increase under the high-emissions "regional rivalry" SSP3 - RCP 7.0 scenario than the low-emissions "sustainability" SSP1 - RCP 2.6 scenario. We also find a net decrease in climatic suitability for both species along their extended range boundaries, with decreasing suitability most often overlapping increasing conflict risk when both suitability and conflict risk are changing. Our findings suggest that as climate changes, the risk of conflict with Asian and African elephants may shift and increase and managers should proactively mitigate that conflict to preserve these charismatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Guarnieri
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106-5131
| | - Grace Kumaishi
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106-5131
| | - Cameryn Brock
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA22202
| | - Mayukh Chatterjee
- North of England Zoological Society, Upton, ChesterCH2 1LP, United Kingdom
| | - Ezequiel Fabiano
- Department of Wildlife Management and Tourism Studies, University of Namibia, Katima Mulilo1096, Namibia
| | - Roshni Katrak-Adefowora
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106-5131
| | - Ashley Larsen
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106-5131
| | - Taylor M. Lockmann
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106-5131
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3
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Allen BL, Bobier C, Dawson S, Fleming PJS, Hampton J, Jachowski D, Kerley GIH, Linnell JDC, Marnewick K, Minnie L, Muthersbaugh M, O'Riain MJ, Parker D, Proulx G, Somers MJ, Titus K. Why humans kill animals and why we cannot avoid it. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165283. [PMID: 37406694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Killing animals has been a ubiquitous human behaviour throughout history, yet it is becoming increasingly controversial and criticised in some parts of contemporary human society. Here we review 10 primary reasons why humans kill animals, discuss the necessity (or not) of these forms of killing, and describe the global ecological context for human killing of animals. Humans historically and currently kill animals either directly or indirectly for the following reasons: (1) wild harvest or food acquisition, (2) human health and safety, (3) agriculture and aquaculture, (4) urbanisation and industrialisation, (5) invasive, overabundant or nuisance wildlife control, (6) threatened species conservation, (7) recreation, sport or entertainment, (8) mercy or compassion, (9) cultural and religious practice, and (10) research, education and testing. While the necessity of some forms of animal killing is debatable and further depends on individual values, we emphasise that several of these forms of animal killing are a necessary component of our inescapable involvement in a single, functioning, finite, global food web. We conclude that humans (and all other animals) cannot live in a way that does not require animal killing either directly or indirectly, but humans can modify some of these killing behaviours in ways that improve the welfare of animals while they are alive, or to reduce animal suffering whenever they must be killed. We encourage a constructive dialogue that (1) accepts and permits human participation in one enormous global food web dependent on animal killing and (2) focuses on animal welfare and environmental sustainability. Doing so will improve the lives of both wild and domestic animals to a greater extent than efforts to avoid, prohibit or vilify human animal-killing behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Allen
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6034, South Africa.
| | - Christopher Bobier
- Department of Theology and Philosophy, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN, USA
| | - Stuart Dawson
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia
| | - Peter J S Fleming
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia; Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia
| | - Jordan Hampton
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Jachowski
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Graham I H Kerley
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6034, South Africa
| | - John D C Linnell
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research, Vormstuguveien 40, 2624 Lillehammer, Norway; Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Anne Evenstads vei 80, NO-2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - Kelly Marnewick
- Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Liaan Minnie
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6034, South Africa; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Mike Muthersbaugh
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - M Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Upper Campus, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Dan Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Gilbert Proulx
- Alpha Wildlife Research & Management Ltd, Sherwood Park, Alberta T8H 1W3, Canada
| | - Michael J Somers
- Mammal Research Institute, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Keifer Titus
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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4
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Carpenter S, Kreitmair U. Wealth and risk heterogeneity effects in community‐based wildlife management: Experimental evidence. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Carpenter
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Studies Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Florida USA
| | - Ursula Kreitmair
- Department of Political Science University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
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5
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Buchholtz EK, McDaniels M, McCulloch G, Songhurst A, Stronza A. A mixed‐methods assessment of human‐elephant conflict in the Western Okavango Panhandle, Botswana. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Buchholtz
- The Ecoexist Trust Maun Botswana
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
- Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
| | - Megan McDaniels
- Graduate Group in Ecology University of California – Davis California Davis USA
| | - Graham McCulloch
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
- Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Anna Songhurst
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
- Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Amanda Stronza
- The Ecoexist Trust Maun Botswana
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Program Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
- Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology Texas A&M University Texas College Station USA
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6
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Bourgeois R, Guerbois C, Giva N, Mugabe P, Mukamuri B, Fynn R, Daré W, Motsholapheko M, Nare L, Delay E, Ducrot R, Bucuane J, Mercandalli S, Le Page C, Caron A. Using anticipation to unveil drivers of local livelihoods in Transfrontier Conservation Areas: A call for more environmental justice. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bourgeois
- CIRAD, UMR ART‐Dev Saint Louis Senegal
- ART‐Dev, Univ Montpellier, CNRS Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CIRAD Montpellier France
- CRA/ISRA Saint Louis Senegal
| | - Chloé Guerbois
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS CNRS‐Université Lyon 1‐NMU George South Africa
| | - Nicia Giva
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique
| | - Prisca Mugabe
- Faculty of Animal Sciences University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Billy Mukamuri
- Centre for Applied Social Sciences University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Richard Fynn
- Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Maun Botswana
| | - William’s Daré
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | | | - Lerato Nare
- Institute of Development Studies National University of Science and Technology Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - Etienne Delay
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Raphaëlle Ducrot
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
- CIRAD UMR G‐eau Montpellier France
| | - Joaquim Bucuane
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique
| | - Sara Mercandalli
- ART‐Dev, Univ Montpellier, CNRS Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CIRAD Montpellier France
| | - Christophe Le Page
- CIRAD UMR SENS MUSE Montpellier France
- SENS Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Forêts et Sociétés Univ Montpellier, CIRAD Montpellier France
- ASTRE Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE Montpellier France
- Faculdade de Veterinaria Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Maputo Mozambique
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7
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Population Structure of Pyrola chlorantha (Family Ericaceae) at the Southern Range Margin (Samara Region, Russia). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The population structure of endangered species is one of the main criteria for assessing their state in their habitats. Representatives of the Ericaceae family are sensitive to environmental changes, including anthropogenic pressure; thus, they are considered the indicator species in assessing phytocenose stability. The population structure and density of the threatened species green-flowered wintergreen, Pyrola chlorantha Sw., have been described at the southern range margin (south-east of the European part of Russia, Samara Region). The observations were performed here in 2006–2021, and the main parameters of the age and spatial structure of P. chlorantha populations were revealed for the first time. Green-flowered wintergreen populations were studied at monitoring study sites and at temporarily established study plots. A bush part (ramet) was set as a counting unit. In total, 27 sub-populations were surveyed, with 1520 individuals registered. The age structure of populations was characterized using common demographic indicators: the recovery index and the population age index. The age structure of the population was associated with the efficiency of both vegetative and seed reproduction. Generally, the share of pre-generative individuals was 32.3%, generative, 66.9%, and senile, 1.8%. The studied populations were stable due to low anthropogenic impact at the growth sites.
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8
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A Perspective of the Human–Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflicts in Kumrat Valley, Northern Pakistan. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, long-term conservation goals are hindered by the high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts. The grey wolf is one of the prominent species indulged in these incidents. We investigated human–wolf conflicts (HWCs) by interviewing 104 respondents from five villages in Kumrat Valley, northern Pakistan. The respondents declared the grey wolf a common and highly dangerous carnivore. The grey wolf was found implicated in livestock predation, inflicting a yearly economic loss of USD 9225 (USD 88.70 per household (with monthly average income of 119 USD)). Our results confirmed that livestock predation was the main reason for the community’s hostile attitude (65.38%) and perception of the grey wolf. Concerning occupation, farmers have the most significant negative attitude (p = 0.040) towards the grey wolf, yet employees (p = 0.025) and students (p = 0.030) showed a positive attitude. In addition, the other factors contributing to the negative attitude towards the grey wolf were the grey wolf sightings and livestock predation (p = 0.016 and p = 0.006), respectively. Based on the findings, we believe that predation compensation and livestock vaccination programs (as done in Gilgit-Baltistan Province of northern Pakistan as a measure of snow leopard conservation, to prevent mass mortalities of livestock due to diseases and in turn safeguarding the predator from retaliatory killing by locals in case of livestock predation) educating the populous can be very promising in minimizing the HWCs in the study area. We also recommend robust and continuous coordination between the local communities and the concerned departments.
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9
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Khattak RH, Mehmood T, Teng L, Ahmad S, Rehman EU, Liu Z. Assessing human–Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) conflicts in Kumrat Valley—Western flanks of Hindu Kush Region, northern Pakistan. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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10
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Tavolaro FM, Woodgate Z, Brown C, Redpath SM, O'Riain MJ. Multispecies study of patterns and drivers of wildlife impacts on human livelihoods in communal conservancies. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marina Tavolaro
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Namibian Chamber of Environment (NCE) Windhoek Namibia
| | - Zoe Woodgate
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Chris Brown
- Namibian Chamber of Environment (NCE) Windhoek Namibia
| | - Steve M. Redpath
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Mannus Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
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11
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van de Water A, Di Minin E, Slotow R. Human-elephant coexistence through aligning conservation with societal aspirations. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Kansky R. Unpacking the challenges of wildlife governance in community‐based conservation programs to promote human–wildlife coexistence. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kansky
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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13
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Public attitudes and willingness to pay toward the conservation of Crested Ibis: Insights for management. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Lehnen L, Arbieu U, Böhning‐Gaese K, Díaz S, Glikman JA, Mueller T. Rethinking individual relationships with entities of nature. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lehnen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ugo Arbieu
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| | - Katrin Böhning‐Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) CONICET Córdoba Argentina
- Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba Argentina
| | - Jenny A. Glikman
- Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados (IESA‐CSIC) Córdoba Spain
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Front Royal VA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
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15
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Kansky R, Maassarani T. Teaching nonviolent communication to increase empathy between people and toward wildlife to promote human–wildlife coexistence. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kansky
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
| | - Tarek Maassarani
- Justice and Peace Program Georgetown University N.W. Washington District of Columbia
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16
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Carpenter S. Exploring the impact of climate change on the future of
community‐based
wildlife conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Carpenter
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Studies Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Florida USA
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17
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Jiren TS, Riechers M, Kansky R, Fischer J. Participatory scenario planning to facilitate human-wildlife coexistence. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1957-1965. [PMID: 33634504 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fostering human-wildlife coexistence requires transdisciplinary approaches that integrate multiple sectors, account for complexity and uncertainty, and ensure stakeholder participation. One such approach is participatory scenario planning, but to date, this approach has not been used in human-wildlife contexts. We devised a template for how participatory scenario planning can be applied to identify potential avenues for improving human-wildlife coexistence. We drew on 3 conceptual building blocks, namely the SEEDS framework, the notion of critical uncertainties, and the three-horizons technique. To illustrate the application of the proposed template, we conducted a case study in the Zambezi region of Namibia. We held 5 multistakeholder workshops that involved local people as well as numerous nongovernment and government stakeholders. We identified 14 important wildlife species that generated multiple services and disservices. The subsequent benefits and burdens, in turn, were inequitably distributed among stakeholders. Government actors played particularly influential roles in shaping social-ecological outcomes. We identified 2 critical uncertainties for the future: the nature of governance (fragmented vs. collaborative) and the type of wildlife economy (hunting vs. photography based). Considering these uncertainties resulted in 4 plausible scenarios describing future human-wildlife coexistence. Stakeholders did not agree on a single preferred scenario, but nevertheless agreed on several high-priority strategies. Bridging the remaining gaps among actors will require ongoing deliberation among stakeholders. Navigating the complex challenges posed by living with wildlife requires moving beyond disciplinary approaches. To that end, our template could prove useful in many landscapes around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maraja Riechers
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Kansky
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Joern Fischer
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
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18
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Salerno J, Stevens FR, Gaughan AE, Hilton T, Bailey K, Bowles T, Cassidy L, Mupeta-Muyamwa P, Biggs D, Pricope N, Mosimane AW, Henry LM, Drake M, Weaver A, Kosmas S, Woodward K, Kolarik N, Hartter J. Wildlife impacts and changing climate pose compounding threats to human food security. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5077-5085.e6. [PMID: 34562383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-level policy debates surrounding elephant management often dominate global conservation headlines, yet realities for people living with wildlife are not adequately incorporated into policymaking or evident in related discourse.1,2 Human health and livelihoods can be severely impacted by wildlife and indirectly by policy outcomes.3 In landscapes where growing human and elephant (Loxodonta spp. and Elephas maximus) populations compete over limited resources, human-elephant conflict causes crop loss, human injury and death, and retaliatory killing of wildlife.4-6 Across Africa, these problems may be increasingly compounded by climate change, which intensifies resource competition and food insecurity.6-9 Here, we examine how human-wildlife impacts interact with climate change and household food insecurity across the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, the world's largest terrestrial transboundary conservation area, spanning five African nations. We use hierarchical Bayesian statistical models to analyze multi-country household data together with longitudinal satellite-based climate measures relevant to rainfed agriculture. We find that crop depredation by wildlife, primarily elephants, impacts 58% of sampled households annually and is associated with significant increases in food insecurity. These wildlife impacts compound effects of changing climate on food insecurity, most notably observed as a 5-day shortening of the rainy season per 10 years across the data record (1981-2018). To advance sustainability goals, global conservation policy must better integrate empirical evidence on the challenges of human-wildlife coexistence into longer term strategies at transboundary scales, specifically in the context of climate change.3,9-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Salerno
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1480, USA.
| | - Forrest R Stevens
- Department of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Andrea E Gaughan
- Department of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tom Hilton
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1480, USA
| | - Karen Bailey
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Timothy Bowles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lin Cassidy
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana
| | | | - Duan Biggs
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Resilient Conservation, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Narcisa Pricope
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Alfons Wahabe Mosimane
- Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Michael Drake
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Ariel Weaver
- Department of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Selma Kosmas
- Department of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism, Katima Mulilo Campus, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kyle Woodward
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Nicholas Kolarik
- Department of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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19
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Dai Y, Hacker CE, Cao Y, Cao H, Xue Y, Ma X, Liu H, Zahoor B, Zhang Y, Li D. Implementing a comprehensive approach to study the causes of human-bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) conflicts in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145012. [PMID: 33581527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Personal injury and property loss caused by wildlife often deteriorates the relationship between humans and animals, prompting retaliatory killings that threaten species survival. Conflicts between humans and Tibetan brown bears (Ursus arctos pruinosus) (Human-Bear Conflicts, HBC) in the Sanjiangyuan region have recently dramatically increased, seriously affecting community enthusiasm for brown bears and the conservation of other species. In order to understand the driving mechanisms of HBC, we proposed six potential drivers leading to increased occurrences of HBC. We conducted field research in Zhiduo County of the Sanjiangyuan region from 2017 to 2019 to test hypotheses through semi-constructed interviews, marmot (Marmota himalayana) density surveys and brown bear diet analysis based on metagenomic sequencing. Analysis of herder perceptions revealed that the driving factors of HBC were related to changes in their settlement practice and living habits, changes in foraging behavior of brown bears and recovery of the brown bear population. Since the establishment of winter homes, brown bears have gradually learned to utilize the food in unattended homes. Although 91.4% (n = 285) of the respondents no longer store food in unattended homes, brown bears were reported to still frequently approach winter homes for food due to improper disposal of dead livestock and household garbage. The frequency and abundance of marmots were found to be high in brown bear diet, indicating that marmots were the bears' primary food. However, marmot density had no significant effect on brown bears utilizing human food (P = 0.329), and HBC appears to not be caused by natural food shortages. Distance to rocky outcrops (P = 0.022) and winter homes (P = 0.040) were the key factors linked to brown bears pursuing human food. The number of brown bears has increased over the past decade, and HBC is likely linked to its population recovery. Our findings will provide scientific basis for formulating effective mitigation measures and protection countermeasures for brown bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Dai
- Institute for Ecology and Environmental Resources, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China; Research Center for Ecological Security and Green Development, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Charlotte E Hacker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Public Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Hanning Cao
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 10097, China
| | - Haodong Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Babar Zahoor
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuguang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Diqiang Li
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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20
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Montero‐Botey M, Soliño M, Perea R, Martínez‐Jauregui M. Exploring rangers' preferences for community‐based strategies to improve human‐elephant coexistence in African natural corridors. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Montero‐Botey
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - M. Soliño
- Department of Economic Analysis & ICEI Complutense University of Madrid Pozuelo de Alarcón Spain
| | - R. Perea
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - M. Martínez‐Jauregui
- National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA) Forest Research Centre (CIFOR) Madrid Spain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute University of Valladolid & INIA Palencia Spain
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21
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Drake MD, Salerno J, Langendorf RE, Cassidy L, Gaughan AE, Stevens FR, Pricope NG, Hartter J. Costs of elephant crop depredation exceed the benefits of trophy hunting in a community‐based conservation area of Namibia. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Drake
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Jonathan Salerno
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Collins Colorado USA
| | - Ryan E. Langendorf
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Lin Cassidy
- Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana
| | - Andrea E. Gaughan
- Department of Geography and Geosciences University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - Forrest R. Stevens
- Department of Geography and Geosciences University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - Narcisa G. Pricope
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington North Carolina USA
| | - Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
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22
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Carpio AJ, Apollonio M, Acevedo P. Wild ungulate overabundance in Europe: contexts, causes, monitoring and management recommendations. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Carpio
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM) Ronda Toledo 12 Ciudad Real13071 Spain
- Department of Zoology University of Cordoba Campus of Rabanales Córdoba14071 Spain
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari Via Vienna 2 Sassari07100 Italy
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM) Ronda Toledo 12 Ciudad Real13071 Spain
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23
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König HJ, Kiffner C, Kramer-Schadt S, Fürst C, Keuling O, Ford AT. Human-wildlife coexistence in a changing world. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:786-794. [PMID: 32406977 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence-based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human-wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri-urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife-related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human-wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban-dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife-induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter- and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human-wildlife coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes J König
- Junior Research Group Human-Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, Müncheberg, D-15374, Germany
| | - Christian Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies (SFS), PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Rothenburgstr. 12, Berlin, D-12165, Germany
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo- and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, Berlin, D-10315, Germany
| | - Christine Fürst
- Institute for Geosciences and Geography, Dept. Sustainable Landscape Development, Martin-Luther University Halle (MLU), Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, D-30173, Germany
| | - Adam T Ford
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia (UBC), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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