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Yahyazadeh R, Baradaran Rahimi V, Yahyazadeh A, Mohajeri SA, Askari VR. Promising effects of gingerol against toxins: A review article. Biofactors 2021; 47:885-913. [PMID: 34418196 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginger is a medicinal and valuable culinary plant. Gingerols, as an active constituent in the fresh ginger rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, exhibit several promising pharmacological properties. This comprehensive literature review was performed to assess gingerol's protective and therapeutic efficacy against the various chemical, natural, and radiational stimuli. Another objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties of gingerol. It should be noted that the data were gathered from in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. Gingerols can exert their protective activity through different mechanisms and cell signaling pathways. For example, these are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), Wnt/β-catenin, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE), transforming growth factor beta1/Smad3 (TGF-β1/Smad3), and extracellular signal-related kinase/cAMP-response element-binding protein (ERK/CREB). We hope that more researchers can benefit from this review to conduct preclinical and clinical studies, treat cancer, inflammation, and attenuate the side effects of drugs and industrial pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Yahyazadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yahyazadeh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Bregnhøj A, Sommerlund M. Severe bullous allergic contact dermatitis caused by diethylthiourea 20 years after sensitization to neoprene. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 76:236-237. [PMID: 28317196 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bregnhøj
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Ramzy AG, Lammintausta K, Matura M, Bråred Christensson J, Nilsson U, Hagvall L. Isothiocyanates are important as haptens in contact allergy to chloroprene rubber. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:522-530. [PMID: 28295200 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to chloroprene rubber products is well known. Thiourea compounds are considered the cause of allergy. Diethylthiourea commonly occurs in this type of product and can decompose to the sensitizer ethyl isothiocyanate. OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical importance of degradation products and metabolites from organic thioureas in contact allergy to chloroprene rubber with a focus on isothiocyanates and isocyanates. METHODS Patients with contact allergy to diphenylthiourea were patch tested with phenyl isothiocyanate and phenyl isocyanate. Patients with known contact allergy to diethylthiourea were retested with diethylthiourea, while chemical analyses of their chloroprene rubber products were performed. The stability of diethylthiourea, diphenylthiourea and dibutylthiourea in patch-test preparations was investigated. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography were used for determination of organic thioureas and isothiocyanates. RESULTS All patients allergic to diphenylthiourea reacted to phenyl isothiocyanate, two of eight reacted to phenyl isocyanate and six of eight reacted to diphenylthiourea. Four patients allergic to diethylthiourea reacted at retest; diethylthiourea was detected in all chloroprene rubber samples, with levels of 2-1200 nmol cm-2 . At 35 °C, ethyl isothiocyanate was emitted from all samples. Patch-test preparations of diethylthiourea, diphenylthiourea and dibutylthiourea all emitted the corresponding isothiocyanate, with diethylthiourea showing the highest rate of isothiocyanate emission. CONCLUSIONS Thiourea compounds are degraded to isothiocyanates, which are generally strong or extreme sensitizers, thus acting as prehaptens. This process occurs in both chloroprene rubber products and patch-test preparations. Positive reactions to phenyl isocyanate indicate cutaneous metabolism, as the only known source of exposure to phenyl isocyanate is through bioactivation of diphenylthiourea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Ramzy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - K Lammintausta
- Department of Dermatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - M Matura
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - J Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden.,Dermatochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - U Nilsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - L Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
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Okawa T, Hotta A, Sato M, Takahashi S, Komori J, Aihara M. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by diethyl thiourea in a neoprene-containing wet suit. J Dermatol 2017; 45:365-366. [PMID: 28432694 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okawa
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Asa Hotta
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Sato
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sanami Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junko Komori
- Sugita Ekimae Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiko Aihara
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Franklin G, Harari H, Ahsan S, Bello D, Sterling DA, Nedrelow J, Raynaud S, Biswas S, Liu Y. Residual Isocyanates in Medical Devices and Products: A Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:175-190. [PMID: 27773989 PMCID: PMC5067089 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s39149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a pilot qualitative and quantitative assessment of residual isocyanates and their potential initial exposures in neonates, as little is known about their contact effect. After a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stockroom inventory, polyurethane (PU) and PU foam (PUF) devices and products were qualitatively evaluated for residual isocyanates using Surface SWYPE™. Those containing isocyanates were quantitatively tested for methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) species, using UPLC-UV-MS/MS method. Ten of 37 products and devices tested, indicated both free and bound residual surface isocyanates; PU/PUF pieces contained aromatic isocyanates; one product contained aliphatic isocyanates. Overall, quantified mean MDI concentrations were low (4,4'-MDI = 0.52 to 140.1 pg/mg) and (2,4'-MDI = 0.01 to 4.48 pg/mg). The 4,4'-MDI species had the highest measured concentration (280 pg/mg). Commonly used medical devices/products contain low, but measurable concentrations of residual isocyanates. Quantifying other isocyanate species and neonatal skin exposure to isocyanates from these devices and products requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Franklin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Current Affiliation: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Homero Harari
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samavi Ahsan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- CACI International Inc., Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - David A. Sterling
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Nedrelow
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Scott Raynaud
- Research Administration, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Youcheng Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Peptide Reactivity of Isothiocyanates--Implications for Skin Allergy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21203. [PMID: 26883070 PMCID: PMC4756319 DOI: 10.1038/srep21203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin allergy is a chronic condition that affects about 20% of the population of the western world. This disease is caused by small reactive compounds, haptens, able to penetrate into the epidermis and modify endogenous proteins, thereby triggering an immunogenic reaction. Phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) and ethyl isothiocyanate (EITC) have been suggested to be responsible for allergic skin reactions to chloroprene rubber, the main constituent of wetsuits, orthopedic braces, and many types of sports gear. In the present work we have studied the reactivity of the isothiocyanates PITC, EITC, and tetramethylrhodamine-6-isothiocyanate (6-TRITC) toward peptides under aqueous conditions at physiological pH to gain information about the types of immunogenic complexes these compounds may form in the skin. We found that all three compounds reacted quickly with cysteine moieties. For PITC and 6-TRITC the cysteine adducts decomposed over time, while stable adducts with lysine were formed. These experimental findings were verified by DFT calculations. Our results may suggest that the latter are responsible for allergic reactions to isothiocyanates. The initial adduct formation with cysteine residues may still be of great importance as it prevents hydrolysis and facilitates the transport of isothiocyanates into epidermis where they can form stable immunogenic complexes with lysine-containing proteins.
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