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Daniel N, Le Barz M, Mitchell PL, Varin TV, Julien IB, Farabos D, Pilon G, Gauthier J, Garofalo C, Kang JX, Trottier J, Barbier O, Roy D, Chassaing B, Levy E, Raymond F, Lamaziere A, Flamand N, Silvestri C, Jobin C, Di Marzo V, Marette A. Comparing Transgenic Production to Supplementation of ω-3 PUFA Reveals Distinct But Overlapping Mechanisms Underlying Protection Against Metabolic and Hepatic Disorders. FUNCTION 2022; 4:zqac069. [PMID: 36778746 PMCID: PMC9909367 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared endogenous ω-3 PUFA production to supplementation for improving obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Fat-1 transgenic mice, who endogenously convert exogenous ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA, and wild-type littermates were fed a high-fat diet and a daily dose of either ω-3 or ω-6 PUFA-rich oil for 12 wk. The endogenous ω-3 PUFA production improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance but not hepatic steatosis. Conversely, ω-3 PUFA supplementation fully prevented hepatic steatosis but failed to improve insulin resistance. Both models increased hepatic levels of ω-3 PUFA-containing 2-monoacylglycerol and N-acylethanolamine congeners, and reduced levels of ω-6 PUFA-derived endocannabinoids with ω-3 PUFA supplementation being more efficacious. Reduced hepatic lipid accumulation associated with the endocannabinoidome metabolites EPEA and DHEA, which was causally demonstrated by lower lipid accumulation in oleic acid-treated hepatic cells treated with these metabolites. While both models induced a significant fecal enrichment of the beneficial Allobaculum genus, mice supplemented with ω-3 PUFA displayed additional changes in the gut microbiota functions with a significant reduction of fecal levels of the proinflammatory molecules lipopolysaccharide and flagellin. Multiple-factor analysis identify that the metabolic improvements induced by ω-3 PUFAs were accompanied by a reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα, and that ω-3 PUFA supplementation had a stronger effect on improving the hepatic fatty acid profile than endogenous ω-3 PUFA. While endogenous ω-3 PUFA production preferably improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, ω-3 PUFA intake appears to be required to elicit selective changes in hepatic endocannabinoidome signaling that are essential to alleviate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau Julien
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominique Farabos
- Saint Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University INSERM UMR 938; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinical Metabolomics department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Josée Gauthier
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, 32608, USA
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal QC H3T 1A8, Canada and Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129, USA
| | - Jocelyn Trottier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Quebec Research Centre, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Quebec Research Centre, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, Mucosal Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases’ Team, CNRS UMR 8104, University of Paris, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal QC H3T 1A8, Canada and Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Antonin Lamaziere
- Saint Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne University INSERM UMR 938; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinical Metabolomics department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, 75571, France
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Physiology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, 32608, USA
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Centre NUTRISS, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada,Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition between Laval University and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Campania, 80078, Italy
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Ramalho A, Leblanc N, Fortin MG, Marette A, Tchernof A, Jacques H. Characterization of a Coproduct from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria frondosa and Its Effects on Visceral Adipocyte Size in Male Wistar Rats. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E530. [PMID: 33114645 PMCID: PMC7693588 DOI: 10.3390/md18110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been shown to have potential health benefits and are a rich source of several bioactive compounds, particularly triterpenoid saponins. However, most studies concentrate on the body wall, and little is known about the health effects of the coproducts. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional composition of a coproduct from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa and the effects of the dietary consumption of this coproduct on cardiometabolic health in rats. Chemical, biochemical, and nutritional analyses were performed to characterize this coproduct. Forty (40) male Wistar rats were then equally divided into four groups and fed a purified control diet or a diet enriched with 0.5%, 1.5%, or 2.5% (by protein) of coproduct. After 28 days of feeding, the rats were sacrificed. Body and tissue weight, body composition, epididymal adipocyte diameter, plasma and hepatic lipids, glycemia, and insulinemia were measured at the end of the 28-day experiment. Analysis of the coproduct revealed high levels of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and saponins. The 1.5% group had significantly smaller epididymal adipocytes vs. the control. We conclude that dietary administration of this sea cucumber coproduct at 1.5% doses decreases visceral adiposity, potentially decreasing the risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction. The coproduct's saponin content may contribute to the observed effects, but the impact of other components cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ramalho
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Marie-Gil Fortin
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Innovation Centre, Merinov, Gaspé, QC G4X 2V6, Canada;
| | - André Marette
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.R.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.L.); (A.M.)
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Mariqueo TA, Zúñiga-Hernández J. Omega-3 derivatives, specialized pro-resolving mediators: Promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of pain in chronic liver disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 158:102095. [PMID: 32450460 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main causes of liver injury are associated with inflammation and permanent damage. They can cause chronic liver disease (CLD), which is mainly related to viral hepatitis, alcohol consumption and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These conditions prevent the liver from working normally and make it begin to fail, which in turn may prompt a liver transplant. CLD and cirrhosis are the eleventh cause of death worldwide. At present, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to prevent, treat or resolve liver fibrosis. The prevalence of pain in the hepatic disease is elevated with ranges between 30% and 40%. Most of the pain drugs require hepatic function; therefore, the suitable control of pain is still a clinical challenge. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM): lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins, are potent endogenous molecules (nM concentrations) that modulate inflammatory body responses by reducing neutrophil infiltration, macrophage activity and pain sensitization. SPM have anti-inflammatory properties, stimulate tissue resolution, repair and regeneration, and exhibit anti-nociceptive actions. Furthermore, SPM were tried on different cellular, animal models and human observational data of liver injury, improving the pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis. In the present work, we will describe recent evidence that suggests that SPM can be used as a therapeutic option for CLD. Additionally, we will examine the role of SPM in the control of pain in pathologies associated with liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mariqueo
- Centro de Investigaciones Medicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - J Zúñiga-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Medicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
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Recent advances in the role of interleukin-6 in health and disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Deng M, Lei S, Huang D, Wang H, Xia S, Xu E, Wu Y, Zhang H. Suppressive effects of metformin on colorectal adenoma incidence and malignant progression. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152775. [PMID: 31818523 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The linear progression from normal colonic epithelium to adenoma initiation, carcinoma transformation and metastasis is considered the classical model of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Although metformin has been extensively reported to be negatively related to cancer incidence, the effect of metformin on CRC development remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the role of metformin in the entire CRC linear progression. METHODS Systematic searches and data extraction were performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases on Jan 31, 2019. The combined relative ratios (RRs) of colorectal tumor incidence and the hazard ratios (HRs) of overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were evaluated by a random-effects model. Then, the effects of metformin were further assessed through stratified analyses by population, medication duration and dosage, dose-response analysis and comparison with other antidiabetic agents. RESULTS A total of 50 studies consisting of 238,540 cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) were included in this study. Metformin use was negatively associated with the incidence of colorectal adenoma (RR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and CRC (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.90). Moreover, CRC patients benefited from metformin in terms of both OS (HR: 0.73, 95% Cl: 0.63-0.84) and CSS (HR: 0.60, 95% Cl: 0.50-0.73). Stratified analyses suggested that a long duration of high-dose metformin (RR: 0.52, 95% Cl: 0.36-0.83) was more effective than a short duration in Asian populations against colorectal adenoma (RR: 0.66, 95% Cl: 056-0.70) and CRC (RR: 0.45, 95% Cl: 0.29-0.70). Interestingly, metformin use decreased CRC risk in a dose-dependent manner (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.95). In addition, the benefit of metformin on CRC was more significant than that of other antidiabetic agents, including insulin. CONCLUSIONS The use of metformin is associated with a lower incidence of adenoma and CRC and a better prognosis, especially in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China.
| | - Siqin Lei
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongdong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Enping Xu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Zheng J, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhou N. Effects of insulin combined with metformin on serum cystatin C, homocysteine and maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:467-472. [PMID: 31853319 PMCID: PMC6909788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of insulin combined with metformin on serum cystatin C (Cys C), homocysteine (Hcy) and maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were investigated. In total, 80 cases of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Liaocheng Third People's Hospital from July 2015 to July 2017 were selected and divided into a study group (42 cases) and a control group (38 cases). The study group was treated with insulin combined with metformin, and the control group was treated with insulin. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose after 2 h (2hPG) of the two groups were compared before and after treatment. Levels of serum Cys C, Hcy, urinary protein (UmAlb), postpartum maternal outcomes and adverse reactions during pregnancy were compared in the two groups before and after treatment. After treatment, the level of FBG and 2hPG in the control group was higher than that in the treatment group (P<0.05). After treatment, the level of serum Cys C and Hcy in both groups were lower than that before the treatment, and the level in the study group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The total incidence of neonatal adverse outcomes and the number of adverse pregnancies in GDM patients in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in adverse reactions during pregnancy between the two groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, insulin combined with metformin is more effective than insulin alone in reducing serum Cys C and Hcy levels, with significant effect on the improvement of maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizeng Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, Shandong 277500, P.R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Health Care, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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Maternal folic acid supplementation does not counteract the deleterious impact of prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants on lipid homeostasis in male rat descendants. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:427-437. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome-related diseases in offspring. According to epidemiological studies, father’s transmission of environmental effects in addition to mother’s can influence offspring health. Moreover, maternal prenatal dietary folic acid (FA) may beneficially impact offspring health. The objective is to investigate whether prenatal FA supplementation can overcome the deleterious effects of prenatal exposure to POPs on lipid homeostasis and inflammation in three generations of male rat descendants through the paternal lineage. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (F0) were exposed to a POPs mixture (or corn oil) +/− FA supplementation for 9 weeks before and during gestation. F1 and F2 males were mated with untreated females. Plasma and hepatic lipids were measured in F1, F2, and F3 males after 12-h fast. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was determined by qPCR in epididymal adipose tissue. In F1 males, prenatal POPs exposure increased plasma lipids at 14 weeks old and hepatic lipids at 28 weeks old and prenatal FA supplementation decreased plasma total cholesterol at 14 weeks old. Prenatal POPs exposure decreased plasma triglycerides at 14 weeks old in F2 males. No change was observed in inflammatory markers. Our results show an impact of the paternal lineage on lipid homeostasis in rats up to the F2 male generation. FA supplementation of the F0 diet, regardless of POPs exposure, lowered plasma cholesterol in F1 males but failed to attenuate the deleterious effects of prenatal POPs exposure on plasma and hepatic lipids in F1 males.
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Guichardant M, Véricel E, Lagarde M. Biological relevance of double lipoxygenase products of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially within blood vessels and brain. Biochimie 2019; 159:55-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Peppler WT, Townsend LK, Meers GM, Panasevich MR, MacPherson REK, Rector RS, Wright DC. Acute administration of IL-6 improves indices of hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis in lean and obese mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G166-G178. [PMID: 30383412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity can lead to impairments in hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis, and although exercise is an effective treatment, the molecular targets remain incompletely understood. As IL-6 is an exercise-inducible cytokine, we aimed to identify whether IL-6 itself influences hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis and whether this response differs during obesity. In vivo, male mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal) for 7 wk, which induced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation. LFD- and HFD-fed mice were injected with IL-6 (400 ng, 75 min) or PBS and then with insulin (1 U/kg; ~15 min) or saline, at which point livers were collected. In both LFD- and HFD-fed mice, IL-6 decreased blood glucose and mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes alongside increased phosphorylation of AKT in comparison to PBS controls, and this occurred without changes in circulating insulin. To determine whether this effect of IL-6 was directly on the liver, we completed in vitro isolated primary hepatocyte experiments from chow-fed mice and cultured with or without exposure to free fatty acid (250 μm palmitate and 250 μm oleate, 24 h) to induce lipid accumulation. In both control and free fatty acid-treated hepatocytes, IL-6 (20 ng/ml, 75 min) slightly attenuated insulin-stimulated (10 nM; ~15 min) AKT phosphorylation. Together, these data suggest that IL-6 may lead to improvements in indices of hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis in vivo; however, this is likely due to an indirect effect on the hepatocyte. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we used lean and obese mice and found that a single injection of IL-6 improved glucose tolerance, decreased hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression, and increased hepatic phosphorylation of AKT. In primary hepatocytes cultured under control and lipid-laden conditions, IL-6 had a mild, but deleterious, effect on phosphorylation of AKT. Our results show that the beneficial effects of IL-6 on glucose and insulin homeostasis, in vivo, are maintained in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Grace M Meers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Matthew R Panasevich
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
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Sancéau JY, Maltais R, Poirier D, Marette A. Total Synthesis of the Antidiabetic (Type 2) Lipid Mediator Protectin DX/PDX. J Org Chem 2018; 84:495-505. [PMID: 30586310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of a lipid mediator derived from natural ω-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 10 S,17 S-diHDHA (also referred to as protectin DX/PDX), was achieved in a convergent route (29 steps). The two chiral hydroxyl groups at C-10 and C-17 were derived from readily available ( S)-1,2,4-butanetriol and ( R)-glycidol, respectively. The two stereodefined E-double bonds were generated by a Takai olefination, and the skipped diene side chain was introduced with a stereocontrolled Wittig olefination. Importantly, the sensitive conjugated E, Z, E-triene intermediate was generated by a Boland reduction of the central triple bond of a E, E-dienyne. Overall, this synthetic strategy should allow the preparation of a larger quantity of PDX, which is inaccessible via previously reported biosynthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Sancéau
- Organic Synthesis Service, Medicinal Chemistry Platform , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Research Center , Québec , QC , G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Organic Synthesis Service, Medicinal Chemistry Platform , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Research Center , Québec , QC , G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Organic Synthesis Service, Medicinal Chemistry Platform , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Research Center , Québec , QC , G1V 4G2 , Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Université Laval , Québec , QC , G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine , Québec Heart and Lung Institute , Laval Hospital, Québec , QC G1V 4G5 , Canada
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Zhuo XJ, Hao Y, Cao F, Yan SF, Li H, Wang Q, Cheng BH, Ying BY, Smith FG, Jin SW. Protectin DX increases alveolar fluid clearance in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-13. [PMID: 29700291 PMCID: PMC5938057 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a life-threatening critical syndrome resulting largely from the accumulation of and the inability to clear pulmonary edema. Protectin DX, an endogenously produced lipid mediator, is believed to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects. Protectin DX (5 µg/kg) was injected i.v. 8 h after LPS (14 mg/kg) administration, and alveolar fluid clearance was measured in live rats (n = 8). In primary rat ATII epithelial cells, protectin DX (3.605 × 10−3 mg/l) was added to the culture medium with LPS for 6 h. Protectin DX improved alveolar fluid clearance (9.65 ± 1.60 vs. 15.85 ± 1.49, p < 0.0001) and decreased pulmonary edema and lung injury in LPS-induced lung injury in rats. Protectin DX markedly regulated alveolar fluid clearance by upregulating sodium channel and Na, K-ATPase protein expression levels in vivo and in vitro. Protectin DX also increased the activity of Na, K-ATPase and upregulated P-Akt via inhibiting Nedd4–2 in vivo. In addition, protectin DX enhanced the subcellular distribution of sodium channels and Na, K-ATPase, which were specifically localized to the apical and basal membranes of primary rat ATII cells. Furthermore, BOC-2, Rp-cAMP, and LY294002 blocked the increased alveolar fluid clearance in response to protectin DX. Protectin DX stimulates alveolar fluid clearance through a mechanism partly dependent on alveolar epithelial sodium channel and Na, K-ATPase activation via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4–2 signaling pathway. Treatment that involves boosting levels of a signaling molecule could help reduce fluid on the lungs in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This condition usually affects critically ill patients with illnesses such as pneumonia or sepsis, and leads to severe inflammation and flooding of the lungs with fluid. This prevents microscopic air sacs called aveoli from processing oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively. At present there is no effective management for the condition. Now, Sheng-Wei Jin at Wenzhou Medical University, China, and co-workers have shown that boosting levels of a signaling molecule called protectin DX can help with aveolar fluid clearance in rats. They found that protectin DX activates sodium channels within the aveoli, helping clear fluid, and also acts as an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediator to protect lung tissues from further injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Zhuo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song-Fan Yan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bi-Huan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin-Yu Ying
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Gao Smith
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, Pain and Resuscitation, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Sheng-Wei Jin
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Blumrich EM, Dringen R. Metformin Accelerates Glycolytic Lactate Production in Cultured Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Neurochem Res 2017; 44:188-199. [PMID: 28688035 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the most frequently used drug for the treatment of type-II diabetes. As metformin has been reported to cross the blood-brain barrier, brain cells will encounter this drug. To test whether metformin may affect the metabolism of neurons, we exposed cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons to metformin. Treatment with metformin caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in glycolytic lactate release from viable neurons as demonstrated by the three-to fivefold increase in extracellular lactate concentration determined after exposure to metformin. Half-maximal stimulation of lactate production was found after incubation of neurons for 4 h with around 2 mM or for 24 h with around 0.5 mM metformin. Neuronal cell viability was not affected by millimolar concentrations of metformin during acute incubations in the hour range nor during prolonged incubations, although alterations in cell morphology were observed during treatment with 10 mM metformin for days. The acute stimulation of neuronal lactate release by metformin was persistent upon removal of metformin from the medium and was not affected by the presence of modulators of adenosine monophosphate activated kinase activity. In contrast, rabeprazole, an inhibitor of the organic cation transporter 3, completely prevented metformin-mediated stimulation of neuronal lactate production. In summary, the data presented identify metformin as a potent stimulator of glycolytic lactate production in viable cultured neurons and suggest that organic cation transporter 3 mediates the uptake of metformin into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Blumrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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