1
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Herol L, Avidar M, Yirmiahu S, Zach YY, Klein T, Shemesh H, Livne-Luzon S. Context-dependent benefits of forest soil addition on Aleppo pine seedling performance under drought and grass competition. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:217-227. [PMID: 38762648 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Seedling establishment under natural conditions is limited by numerous interacting factors. Here, we tested the combined effects of drought, herbaceous competition, and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on the performance of Aleppo pine seedlings grown in a net-house. The roots of all pine seedlings were strongly dominated by Geopora, a fungal genus known to colonize seedlings in dry habitats. Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) inoculum significantly increased seedling height, biomass, and the number of side branches. However, under either competition or drought, the positive effect of EMF on seedling biomass and height was greatly reduced, while the effect on shoot branching was maintained. Further, under a combination of drought and competition, EMF had no influence on either plant growth or shape. The discrepancy in pine performance across treatments highlights the complexity of benefits provided to seedlings by EMF under ecologically relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Herol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Mor Avidar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Shahar Yirmiahu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Yair Yehoshua Zach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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2
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Cando‐Dumancela C, Davies T, Hodgson RJ, Liddicoat C, Peddle SD, Watson CD, Breed MF. A practical guide for restoration ecologists to manage microbial contamination risks before laboratory processes during microbiota restoration studies. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarryn Davies
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Riley J. Hodgson
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
- School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Shawn D. Peddle
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Carl D. Watson
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Martin F. Breed
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
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3
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Martinović T, Odriozola I, Mašínová T, Doreen Bahnmann B, Kohout P, Sedlák P, Merunková K, Větrovský T, Tomšovský M, Ovaskainen O, Baldrian P. Temporal turnover of the soil microbiome composition is guild-specific. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2726-2738. [PMID: 34595822 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although spatial and temporal variation are both important components structuring microbial communities, the exact quantification of temporal turnover rates of fungi and bacteria has not been performed to date. In this study, we utilised repeated resampling of bacterial and fungal communities at specific locations across multiple years to describe their patterns and rates of temporal turnover. Our results show that microbial communities undergo temporal change at a rate of 0.010-0.025 per year (in units of Sorensen similarity), and the change in soil is slightly faster in fungi than in bacteria, with bacterial communities changing more rapidly in litter than soil. Importantly, temporal development differs across fungal guilds and bacterial phyla with different ecologies. While some microbial guilds show consistent responses across regional locations, others show site-specific development with weak general patterns. These results indicate that guild-level resolution is important for understanding microbial community assembly, dynamics and responses to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinović
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Mašínová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Doreen Bahnmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sedlák
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Merunková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tomšovský
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
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4
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Livne-Luzon S, Perlson O, Avidan Y, Sivan G, Bruns TD, Shemesh H. A non-linear effect of the spatial structure of the soil ectomycorrhizal spore bank on the performance of pine seedlings. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:325-333. [PMID: 33620587 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial structure of the environment is known to affect ecological processes. Unlike the spatial structure of negative interactions, such as competition and predation, the role of spatial structure in positive interaction has received less attention. We tested how the spatial structure of spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in the soil affects the growth of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings. Spores were spatially distributed at four different levels of patchiness (1 patch, 4 patches, 8 patches and complete mixing) in 4 L pots (all pots received the same total amount of spores). Based on previous findings, we hypothesized that plant performance would gradually increase from the single patch treatment to the complete mixing. However, we found a non-linear response to patchiness. Specifically, plants were largest in the single patch and complete mixing while those in the 4 and 8 patch treatments were the smallest. This non-monotonic response, which might be the result of spatially determined colonization timing or community composition, suggests that the spatial structure of EMF spores has a complex effect on seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Perlson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Galilee, Israel
| | - Yael Avidan
- Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Blaustein Institutes of Desert Research, Mitrani Beersheba, Israel
| | - Guy Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Galilee, Israel
| | - Thomas D Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Galilee, Israel.
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5
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Cando‐Dumancela C, Liddicoat C, McLeod D, Young JM, Breed MF. A guide to minimize contamination issues in microbiome restoration studies. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Daphne McLeod
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Young
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Martin F. Breed
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
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6
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Munoz‐Ucros J, Zwetsloot MJ, Cuellar‐Gempeler C, Bauerle TL. Spatiotemporal patterns of rhizosphere microbiome assembly: From ecological theory to agricultural application. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Munoz‐Ucros
- School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | | | | | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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7
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Livne-Luzon S, Shemesh H, Osem Y, Carmel Y, Migael H, Avidan Y, Tsafrir A, Glassman SI, Bruns TD, Ovadia O. High resilience of the mycorrhizal community to prescribed seasonal burnings in eastern Mediterranean woodlands. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:203-216. [PMID: 33475801 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fire effects on ecosystems range from destruction of aboveground vegetation to direct and indirect effects on belowground microorganisms. Although variation in such effects is expected to be related to fire severity, another potentially important and poorly understood factor is the effect of fire seasonality on soil microorganisms. We carried out a large-scale field experiment examining the effects of spring (early-dry season) versus autumn (late-dry- season) burns on the community composition of soil fungi in a typical Mediterranean woodland. Although the intensity and severity of our prescribed burns were largely consistent between the two burning seasons, we detected differential fire season effects on the composition of the soil fungal community, driven by changes in the saprotrophic fungal guild. The community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, assayed both in pine seedling bioassays and from soil sequencing, appeared to be resilient to the variation inflicted by seasonal fires. Since changes in the soil saprotrophic fungal community can directly influence carbon emission and decomposition rates, we suggest that regardless of their intensity and severity, seasonal fires may cause changes in ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, 1220800, Israel
| | - Yagil Osem
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yohay Carmel
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hen Migael
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, 1220800, Israel
| | - Yael Avidan
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Anat Tsafrir
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Sydney I Glassman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Thomas D Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Ofer Ovadia
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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8
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McIlroy SE, Cunning R, Baker AC, Coffroth MA. Competition and succession among coral endosymbionts. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12767-12778. [PMID: 31788212 PMCID: PMC6875658 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host species often support a genetically diverse guild of symbionts, the identity and performance of which can determine holobiont fitness under particular environmental conditions. These symbiont communities are structured by a complex set of potential interactions, both positive and negative, between the host and symbionts and among symbionts. In reef-building corals, stable associations with specific symbiont species are common, and we hypothesize that this is partly due to ecological mechanisms, such as succession and competition, which drive patterns of symbiont winnowing in the initial colonization of new generations of coral recruits. We tested this hypothesis using the experimental framework of the de Wit replacement series and found that competitive interactions occurred among symbionts which were characterized by unique ecological strategies. Aposymbiotic octocoral recruits within high- and low-light environments were inoculated with one of three Symbiodiniaceae species as monocultures or with cross-paired mixtures, and we tracked symbiont uptake using quantitative genetic assays. Priority effects, in which early colonizers excluded competitive dominants, were evidenced under low light, but these early opportunistic species were later succeeded by competitive dominants. Under high light, a more consistent competitive hierarchy was established in which competitive dominants outgrew and limited the abundance of others. These findings provide insight into mechanisms of microbial community organization and symbiosis breakdown and recovery. Furthermore, transitions in competitive outcomes across spatial and temporal environmental variation may improve lifetime host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E. McIlroy
- Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and BehaviorState University of New YorkUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
- Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological ScienceThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Present address:
Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological ScienceThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Ross Cunning
- Department of Marine Biology and EcologyRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
- Present address:
Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and ResearchJohn G. Shedd AquariumChicagoIllinois
| | - Andrew C. Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and EcologyRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Mary Alice Coffroth
- Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and BehaviorState University of New YorkUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
- Department of GeologyState University of New YorkUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
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9
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Breed MF, Harrison PA, Blyth C, Byrne M, Gaget V, Gellie NJC, Groom SVC, Hodgson R, Mills JG, Prowse TAA, Steane DA, Mohr JJ. The potential of genomics for restoring ecosystems and biodiversity. Nat Rev Genet 2019; 20:615-628. [PMID: 31300751 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-019-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Billions of hectares of natural ecosystems have been degraded through human actions. The global community has agreed on targets to halt and reverse these declines, and the restoration sector faces the important but arduous task of implementing programmes to meet these objectives. Existing and emerging genomics tools offer the potential to improve the odds of achieving these targets. These tools include population genomics that can improve seed sourcing, meta-omics that can improve assessment and monitoring of restoration outcomes, and genome editing that can generate novel genotypes for restoring challenging environments. We identify barriers to adopting these tools in a restoration context and emphasize that regulatory and ethical frameworks are required to guide their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Breed
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter A Harrison
- School of Natural Sciences, Australian Research Council Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Colette Blyth
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Virginie Gaget
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C Gellie
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Scott V C Groom
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Riley Hodgson
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jacob G Mills
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas A A Prowse
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorothy A Steane
- School of Natural Sciences, Australian Research Council Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jakki J Mohr
- College of Business, Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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10
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11
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Harmon LJ, Andreazzi CS, Débarre F, Drury J, Goldberg EE, Martins AB, Melián CJ, Narwani A, Nuismer SL, Pennell MW, Rudman SM, Seehausen O, Silvestro D, Weber M, Matthews B. Detecting the macroevolutionary signal of species interactions. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:769-782. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho
| | | | - Florence Débarre
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR7618) Paris France
| | | | - Emma E. Goldberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota
| | - Ayana B. Martins
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Instituto de Física ‘Gleb Wataghin’ Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Carlos J. Melián
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Anita Narwani
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho
| | - Matthew W. Pennell
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia
| | - Seth M. Rudman
- Department of Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marjorie Weber
- Department of Plant Biology & Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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12
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Chase JM, McGill BJ, McGlinn DJ, May F, Blowes SA, Xiao X, Knight TM, Purschke O, Gotelli NJ. Embracing scale‐dependence to achieve a deeper understanding of biodiversity and its change across communities. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1737-1751. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Computer Science Martin Luther University 06099 Halle Germany
| | - Brian J. McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA
- Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA
| | | | - Felix May
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leuphana University Lüneburg Universitätsallee 1 D‐21335 Lüneburg Germany
| | - Shane A. Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor‐Lieser‐Strasse 4 06120 Halle Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle Germany
| | - Oliver Purschke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
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