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Polychronidis K, Håkansson S, Hosseini Ashtiani S, Idegård A, Larsson D, Zelano J. Second antiseizure medication monotherapy in patients with adult-onset epilepsy: A register-based analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109792. [PMID: 38669974 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Revision of therapy is fundamental in epilepsy care, since only half of patients achieve seizure freedom and tolerate the first antiseizure medication (ASM). We studied the selection and retention of second antiseizure medication monotherapy in adults who discontinued treatment with one of the three most frequently prescribed first ASMs, and the impact of age or brain comorbidities. METHODS Using Swedish national registers, we conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study from 2007 to 2019 on patients age ≥ 30 at the epilepsy diagnosis that had switched to a second monotherapy after the three most common initial monotherapies (n = 7369). Retention rates (RR) were estimated via Kaplan-Meier. Discontinuation of the second monotherapy was defined as 12-month prescription gap or initiation of a third ASM. Analyses were stratified by sex, age, and presence of stroke or dementia. RESULTS The three most commonly prescribed second ASMs were carbamazepine, levetiracetam, and lamotrigine. The 1-year retention rate was 63-76% in all patients. For groups with stroke or dementia, the maximal 1-year RRs were 77% and 87%, respectively. After five years, retention rates ranged from 12% to 39%. There were no major differences between ASMs, apart from in patients discontinuing carbamazepine, where lamotrigine had a superior retention compared to levetiracetam as second monotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The three most often prescribed second ASMs seem to be suitable treatment options according to present guidelines. The second ASMs' retention rates were initially high in all studied patient groups but dropped to approximately the expected proportion of second monotherapy responders over the next five years. This suggests that therapy revision could be expedited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Polychronidis
- Department of Neurology, North Älvsborg County Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Håkansson
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Saman Hosseini Ashtiani
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Idegård
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Larsson
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Goldenholz DM, Karoly PJ, Viana PF, Nurse E, Loddenkemper T, Schulze-Bonhage A, Vieluf S, Bruno E, Nasseri M, Richardson MP, Brinkmann BH, Westover MB. Minimum clinical utility standards for wearable seizure detectors: A simulation study. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1017-1028. [PMID: 38366862 PMCID: PMC11018505 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy management employs self-reported seizure diaries, despite evidence of seizure underreporting. Wearable and implantable seizure detection devices are now becoming more widely available. There are no clear guidelines about what levels of accuracy are sufficient. This study aimed to simulate clinical use cases and identify the necessary level of accuracy for each. METHODS Using a realistic seizure simulator (CHOCOLATES), a ground truth was produced, which was then sampled to generate signals from simulated seizure detectors of various capabilities. Five use cases were evaluated: (1) randomized clinical trials (RCTs), (2) medication adjustment in clinic, (3) injury prevention, (4) sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) prevention, and (5) treatment of seizure clusters. We considered sensitivity (0%-100%), false alarm rate (FAR; 0-2/day), and device type (external wearable vs. implant) in each scenario. RESULTS The RCT case was efficient for a wide range of wearable parameters, though implantable devices were preferred. Lower accuracy wearables resulted in subtle changes in the distribution of patients enrolled in RCTs, and therefore higher sensitivity and lower FAR values were preferred. In the clinic case, a wide range of sensitivity, FAR, and device type yielded similar results. For injury prevention, SUDEP prevention, and seizure cluster treatment, each scenario required high sensitivity and yet was minimally influenced by FAR. SIGNIFICANCE The choice of use case is paramount in determining acceptable accuracy levels for a wearable seizure detection device. We offer simulation results for determining and verifying utility for specific use case and specific wearable parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Goldenholz
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philippa J Karoly
- Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro F Viana
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ewan Nurse
- Seer Medical, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Epilepsy Center, University Medical Center Freiburg-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Vieluf
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elisa Bruno
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mona Nasseri
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark P Richardson
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - M Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- McCace Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hansen D, Shandley S, Olaya J, Hauptman J, Auguste K, Ostendorf AP, Depositario-Cabacar DF, Wong-Kisiel LC, Reddy SB, McCormack MJ, Gonzalez-Giraldo E, Sullivan J, Pradeep J, Singh RK, Romanowski EF, McNamara NA, Ciliberto MA, Tatachar P, Shrey DW, Karakas C, Karia S, Kheder A, Gedela S, Alexander A, Eschbach K, Bolton J, Marashly A, Wolf S, McGoldrick P, Nangia S, Grinspan Z, Coryell J, Samanta D, Armstrong D, Perry MS. A multi-center comparison of surgical techniques for corpus Callosotomy in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 2024; 65:422-429. [PMID: 38062633 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Corpus callosotomy (CC) is used to reduce seizures, primarily in patients with generalized drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The invasive nature of the procedure contributes to underutilization despite its potential superiority to other palliative procedures. The goal of this study was to use a multi-institutional epilepsy surgery database to characterize the use of CC across participating centers. METHODS Data were acquired from the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC) Surgery Database, a prospective observational study collecting data on children 0-18 years referred for surgical evaluation of DRE across 22 U.S. pediatric epilepsy centers. Patient, epilepsy, and surgical characteristics were collected across multiple CC modalities. Outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed statistically. RESULTS Eighty-three patients undergoing 85 CC procedures at 14 participating epilepsy centers met inclusion criteria. Mean age at seizure onset was 2.3 years (0-9.4); mean age for Phase I evaluation and surgical intervention were 9.45 (.1-20) and 10.46 (.2-20.6) years, respectively. Generalized seizure types were the most common (59%). Complete CC was performed in 88%. The majority of CC procedures (57%) were via open craniotomy, followed by laser interstitial thermal therapy (LiTT) (20%) and mini-craniotomy/endoscopic (mc/e) (22%). Mean operative times were significantly longer for LiTT, whereas mean estimated blood loss was greater in open cases. Complications occurred in 11 cases (13%) and differed significantly between surgical techniques (p < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in length of postoperative stay across approaches. Mean follow-up was 12.8 months (range 1-39). Favorable Engel outcomes were experienced by 37 (78.7%) of the patients who underwent craniotomy, 10 (58.8%) with LiTT, and 12 (63.2%) with mc/e; these differences were not statistically significant. SIGNIFICANCE CC is an effective surgical modality for children with DRE. Regardless of surgical modality, complication rates are acceptable and seizure outcomes generally favorable. Newer, less-invasive, surgical approaches may lead to increased adoption of this efficacious therapeutic option for pediatric DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hansen
- Jane and John Justin Institute for Mind Health, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Sabrina Shandley
- Jane and John Justin Institute for Mind Health, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Joffre Olaya
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Jason Hauptman
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Washington/Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kurtis Auguste
- University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam P Ostendorf
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dewi F Depositario-Cabacar
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lily C Wong-Kisiel
- Department of Neurology, Divisions of Child Neurology and Epilepsy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shilpa B Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael J McCormack
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ernesto Gonzalez-Giraldo
- University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph Sullivan
- University of California San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Javarayee Pradeep
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rani K Singh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Atrium Health/Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Fedak Romanowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nancy A McNamara
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael A Ciliberto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Priya Tatachar
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel W Shrey
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Cemal Karakas
- Department of Neurology, Norton Children's Hospital, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Samir Karia
- Department of Neurology, Norton Children's Hospital, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ammar Kheder
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University College of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Gedela
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University College of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Allyson Alexander
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Krista Eschbach
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bolton
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ahmad Marashly
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Wolf
- Boston Children's Health Physicians of New York and Connecticut, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Patricia McGoldrick
- Boston Children's Health Physicians of New York and Connecticut, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Coryell
- Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Oregon Health Science Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Debopam Samanta
- Department of Neurology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Dallas Armstrong
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - M Scott Perry
- Jane and John Justin Institute for Mind Health, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Tomson T, Zelano J, Dang YL, Perucca P. The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in adults. Epileptic Disord 2023; 25:649-669. [PMID: 37386690 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy entails several critical decisions that need to be based on an individual careful risk-benefit analysis. These include when to initiate treatment and with which antiseizure medication (ASM). With more than 25 ASMs on the market, physicians have opportunities to tailor the treatment to individual patients´ needs. ASM selection is primarily based on the patient's type of epilepsy and spectrum of ASM efficacy, but several other factors must be considered. These include age, sex, comorbidities, and concomitant medications to mention the most important. Individual susceptibility to adverse drug effects, ease of use, costs, and personal preferences should also be taken into account. Once an ASM has been selected, the next step is to decide on an individual target maintenance dose and a titration scheme to reach this dose. When the clinical circumstances permit, a slow titration is generally preferred since it is associated with improved tolerability. The maintenance dose is adjusted based on the clinical response aiming at the lowest effective dose. Therapeutic drug monitoring can be of value in efforts to establish the optimal dose. If the first monotherapy fails to control seizures without significant adverse effects, the next step will be to gradually switch to an alternative monotherapy, or sometimes to add another ASM. If an add-on is considered, combining ASMs with different modes of action is usually recommended. Misdiagnosis of epilepsy, non-adherence and suboptimal dosing are frequent causes of treatment failure and should be excluded before a patient is regarded as drug-resistant. Other treatment modalities, including epilepsy surgery, neuromodulation, and dietary therapies, should be considered for truly drug-resistant patients. After some years of seizure freedom, the question of ASM withdrawal often arises. Although successful in many, withdrawal is also associated with risks and the decision needs to be based on careful risk-benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Zelano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yew Li Dang
- Bladin-Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- Bladin-Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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