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Park T, Yoon J, Yun Y, Unno T. Comparison of the fecal microbiota with high- and low performance race horses. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:425-437. [PMID: 38628692 PMCID: PMC11016738 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Exercise plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis, which affects the diversity of the intestinal microbial community in humans and animals. To the best of the authors' knowledge, few studies have reported the associations between horse gut microbiota along with their predicted metabolic activities and the athletic ability of Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds living in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the gut microbiota and athletic performance in horses. This study sequenced the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the partial 16S rRNA genes obtained from racehorse fecal samples and compared the fecal microbiota between high- and low-performance Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds. Forty-nine fecal samples were divided into four groups: high-performance Jeju horses (HJ, n = 13), low-performance Jeju horses (LJ, n = 17), high-performance Thoroughbreds (HT, n = 9), and low-performance Thoroughbreds (LT, n = 10). The high-performance horse groups had a higher diversity of the bacterial community than the low-performance horse groups. Two common functional metabolic activities of the hindgut microbiota (i.e., tryptophan and succinate syntheses) were observed between the low-performance horse groups, indicating dysbiosis of gut microbiota and fatigue from exercise. On the other hand, high-performance horse groups showed enriched production of polyamines, butyrate, and vitamin K. The racing performance may be associated with the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Racecourse, Korea
Racing Authority, Jeju 63066, Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Racecourse, Korea
Racing Authority, Jeju 63066, Korea
| | - YoungMin Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju
National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute,
Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Tatsuya Unno
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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2
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Bauck AG. Basic Postoperative Care of the Equine Colic Patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00022-6. [PMID: 37120332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3 time periods around colic surgery (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are all critical to successful outcomes. Although much focus is often paid to the first 2 time periods, the importance of sound clinical judgment and rational decision-making in the postoperative period cannot be overstated. This article will outline the basic principles of monitoring, fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, analgesia, nutrition, and other therapeutics routinely used in patients following colic surgery. Discussions of the economics of colic surgery and expectations for normal return to function will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anje G Bauck
- Large Animal Surgery, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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3
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Magondu B, Lee AB, Schulz A, Buchelli GC, Meng M, Kaminski C, Yang PJ, Carver S, Hu DL. Drying dynamics of pellet feces. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:723-732. [PMID: 36606374 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pellet feces are generated by a number of animals important to science or agriculture, including mice, rats, goats, and wombats. Understanding the factors that lead to fecal shape may provide a better understanding of animal health and diet. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we test the hypothesis that pellet feces are formed by drying processes in the intestine. Inspirational to our work is the formation of hexagonal columnar jointings in cooling lava beds, in which the width L of the hexagon scales as L ∼ J-1 where J is the heat flux from the bed. Across 22 species of mammals, we report a transition from cylindrical to pellet feces if fecal water content drops below 0.65. Using a mathematical model that accounts for water intake rate and intestinal dimensions, we show pellet feces length L scales as L ∼ J-2.08 where J is the flux of water absorbed by the intestines. We build a mimic of the mammalian intestine using a corn starch cake drying in an open trough, finding that corn starch pellet length scales with water flux-0.46. The range of exponents does not permit us to conclude that formation of columnar jointings is similar to the formation of pellet feces. Nevertheless, the methods and physical picture shown here may be of use to physicians and veterinarians interested in using feces length as a marker of intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Magondu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Alexander B Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Andrew Schulz
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, MRDC 1308, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Gabriel Cervantes Buchelli
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, MRDC 1308, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Michelle Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, MRDC 1308, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Candice Kaminski
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Patricia J Yang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - David L Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, MRDC 1308, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Harris P, Shepherd M. What Would Be Good for All Veterinarians to Know About Equine Nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:1-20. [PMID: 33820603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and management have enabling and supporting roles to play in the health, welfare, and performance of equines. Poor or inappropriate nutrition may therefore impose limits on an animal's ability to perform and adversely affect health and welfare. Understanding the gastrointestinal tract from a nutrition perspective can help to reduce the risk of certain clinical problems. This article outlines key factors with respect to the equine digestive tract and discusses relevant aspects of ration formation. Forage is highlighted, because inappropriate forage provision is one of the key limitations in many horse diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Harris
- Head of Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leics LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Megan Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Phase II Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech Mail Code 0442, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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5
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Robles M, Hammer C, Staniar B, Chavatte-Palmer P. Nutrition of Broodmares. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:177-205. [PMID: 33820606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forage availability should cover most needs for mares bred during spring and summer. Out-of-season breeding, lack of access to pasture, or good quality forage calls for nutritional supplementation. Current evaluations of broodmare needs are based on fetoplacental tissue requirements, but do not consider endocrine changes or that the maternal diet quality affects long-term foal health. This article reviews pregnant mares' current nutritional recommendations. Secondly, fetoplacental developmental stages during gestation are outlined, defining critical periods in the context of the developmental origins of health and disease. Last, examples of how maternal nutrition affects long-term foal health are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Robles
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand Frappier, 532 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - Carolyn Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1300 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Burt Staniar
- Penn State University, 316 Agricultural Sciences & Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
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6
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Hesta M, Costa M. How Can Nutrition Help with Gastrointestinal Tract-Based Issues? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:63-87. [PMID: 33820610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many horses are fed differently than their wild ancestors. They often have limited access to pasture and are fed conserved forage and concentrates rich in starch and sugars, in only 2 meals per day. Feeding practices in contrast to natural feeding behavior can lead to gastrointestinal issues. Standard nutritional evaluation is warranted because of its important role in prevention and in treatment and management of diseases. When medical and nutritional treatments are combined, success rates are higher. New techniques to characterize equine microbiota have been used, allowing for microbiota manipulation to prevent and treat intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Hesta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B9820, Belgium.
| | - Marcio Costa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Bessonnat A, Vanore M. Effect of topical cyclopentolate alone or combined with phenylephrine in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:582-590. [PMID: 33982406 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of repeated doses of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride alone and in combination with topical 2.5% phenylephrine on pupil diameter (PD), tear production (STT-1), intraocular pressure (IOP), digestive function (gut motility and feces production), and heart rate (HR). ANIMAL STUDIED Six healthy mares. PROCEDURES In a prospective, randomized, controlled, and crossover design study, the left eye of six healthy mares was administered 0.2 mL of cyclopentolate alone and in combination with 0.2 mL of phenylephrine. The drugs were administered 3 times a day for 1 day, twice a day for 1 day, and then once a day for 2 days, as commonly used in practice. Daily and two days after the last topical drug administration, HR, digestive auscultation, feces production, STT-1, IOP, and PD were recorded. RESULTS The cyclopentolate alone significantly increased the horizontal and vertical PD of the treated eye from day 2 to day 6 (p < .0001) compared with the baseline value. The combination with topical phenylephrine did not have any additional effect on mydriasis compare with the cyclopentolate alone. The other ocular and digestive parameters were not affected by repeated doses of cyclopentolate alone or combined. CONCLUSIONS Repeated administration of cyclopentolate alone or combined with phenylephrine induce a significant mydriasis for at least 48 h after the last administration in normal horses' eyes, and do not affect STT-1, IOP, digestive function, and HR. The phenylephrine combined with the cyclopentolate did not potentiate the pupil dilation when compared with cyclopentolate alone in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bessonnat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Vanore
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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8
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Wellard L, Medyk K, Pearson W. Effects of a nutraceutical supplement on gastrointestinal health in racing standardbreds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:558-568. [PMID: 33675264 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed additives that accelerate gastrointestinal transit time may help support normal gastrointestinal function in horses at risk for impaction colic. Previous research has demonstrated significant stimulatory effect of a hemp-based nutraceutical product (Gs Formula; GF) on contractility of gastric smooth muscle and gastrin production in vitro. OBJECTIVES To quantify effects of GF on indicators of GIT transit time and tight junction proteins. STUDY DESIGN Randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study. METHODS Eight Standardbreds were administered 200 plastic beads by nasogastric tube before (baseline; BL) and after receiving a diet containing GF (CON: 0 g/day, LO: 160 g/day or HI: 480 g/day) for 28 days. Total manure collection occurred every 2 hours for 72 hours after bead administration. Outcome measures included GIT transit time, faecal dry matter (DM), water intake, and complete biochemistry and haematology screens. RESULTS There was no effect of GF on GIT transit time. Faecal output was significantly lower in LO and HI horses than CON horses after 28 days on the supplement. HI horses have significantly lower rouleaux formation and lower faecal DM on Day 28 compared with BL. GF also produced changes in electrolytes associated with pH balance, which may indicate a role for GF as an alkalinizing compound in exercising horses. Clinical pathology results support the safety of GF up to 480 g/day for 28 days with no adverse effects being observed in haematology or biochemistry results. MAIN LIMITATIONS Future studies on GF should focus on evaluating effect of GF on gastrointestinal transit in horses with naturally or experimentally delayed gastrointestinal motility, and its effect on exercise performance and onset of fatigue. CONCLUSIONS GF may help support normal gastrointestinal function in horses at risk for impaction colic by reducing faecal DM and rouleaux formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Wellard
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Katryna Medyk
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Pearson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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9
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Freeman DE. Effect of Feed Intake on Water Consumption in Horses: Relevance to Maintenance Fluid Therapy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:626081. [PMID: 33732739 PMCID: PMC7956953 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.626081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance fluid therapy is challenging in horses that cannot drink or are denied feed and water because of concerns about gastrointestinal tract function and patency. Intravenous fluid delivery to meet water needs based on current recommendations for maintenance requirements were obtained in fed horses and therefore might not apply to horses that are not being fed. This is a critical flaw because of the interdependence between intestinal tract water and extracellular water to support digestion while preserving water balance, a concept explained by the enterosystemic cycle. Because horses drink less when they are not eating and hence have lower water needs than fed horses, maintenance water requirements need to be adjusted accordingly. This article reviews this topic and identifies benefits of adjusting maintenance fluid therapy to meet lower demands from gastrointestinal function, such as reduced volumes, lower cost, avoidance of overhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Freeman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Van Diest TJ, Kogan CJ, Kopper JJ. The Effect of Water Flavor on Voluntary Water Intake in Hospitalized Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 98:103361. [PMID: 33663710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hospitalized horses are at risk for colic due to several factors, all of which may reduce voluntary water intake (VWI) further contributing to the development of colic during hospitalization. Our objectives were to determine if using flavored water (sweet feed, peppermint, or apple-flavored electrolyte) increases VWI of hospitalized horses and to determine if horses consumed more flavored water versus plain water. We hypothesized that (1) in hospitalized horses the availability of flavored water results in more VWI than the availability of unflavored water and that (2) average intake of flavored water is larger for flavored versus unflavored within the experimental (flavored) group. Four groups of hospitalized horses (n = 10/group) were recruited. All horses were provided two buckets of water. Control horses were provided two buckets of plain water. The other three groups were provided one bucket of plain water and one bucket of flavored water (sweet feed, peppermint, or a commercial apple-flavored electrolyte). The total and the flavor-specific water consumed was recorded during a 72-hour period. There was weak evidence to suggest that the use of flavored water increases median total water intake of hospitalized horses by a factor of 1.76 [95% CI: 0.98 to 3.11] for sweet feed (P = .05) and 1.85 [95% CI: 1.03 to 3.33] for peppermint (P = .04). The results strongly supported that horses consumed more sweet feed-flavored water (27.0 mL/kg/day [95% CI: 14.6 to 39.3] more water) compared with plain water (P = .0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Van Diest
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Clark J Kogan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Jamie J Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
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11
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Cianci J, Boyle AG, Stefanovski D, Biddle AS. Lack of Association Between Barometric Pressure and Incidence of Colic in Equine Academic Ambulatory Practice. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 97:103342. [PMID: 33478758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal accounts correlate equine colic onset to changing weather conditions; however, atmospheric effects on colic have not been studied extensively. We hypothesized that changes in barometric pressure would increase the likelihood of a colic diagnosis compared with other noncolic sick events. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to look for associations between colic diagnosis and barometric pressure. The University of Pennsylvania Field Service electronic medical records were searched by identifiable examination type via billing procedure codes collecting 3,108 emergent and nonemergent medical events along with corresponding weather data from the National Weather Service from January 1, 2005, through January 1, 2017. Barometric pressure values and changes were not found to be statistically associated with a diagnosis of colic (P = .1). Horses that did not survive were almost 12 times more likely to have a diagnosis of colic (odds ratio [OR]: 11.97; P < .0001). Horses with disease recurrence were 30% more likely to have a diagnosis of colic (OR: 1.29; P = .006). The likelihood of colic diagnosis increased with increasing latitude (OR: 2.43; P = .04). Horses were more likely to be diagnosed with colic in the fall (OR: 1.72; P < .0001), spring (OR: 1.29; P = .04), and summer (OR: 1.85; P < .0001), compared with winter. Stallions were 48% less likely to colic compared with mares (OR: 0.52; P = .016) and Quarter Horses were 32% less likely to colic compared with Thoroughbreds and Arabians (OR: 0.68; P = .047). This study provided evidence that changes in barometric pressure were not a contributing risk factor for colic, although seasons with changing weather and latitude may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Cianci
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE; Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - Ashley G Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA.
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - Amy S Biddle
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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Stewart HL, Pitta D, Indugu N, Vecchiarelli B, Hennessy ML, Engiles JB, Southwood LL. Changes in the faecal bacterial microbiota during hospitalisation of horses with colic and the effect of different causes of colic. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1119-1131. [PMID: 33222287 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified alterations in the faecal microbiota of horses with colic; however, further work is needed to interpret these findings. OBJECTIVES To compare the faecal microbiota of horses presenting for colic at hospital admission, day 1 and day 3/discharge and with different colic duration and lesion locations. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational clinical study. METHODS Faecal samples were collected from 17 colic cases at hospital admission, on day 1 and on day 3 post-admission or at the time of hospital discharge if prior to 72 hours. Faecal samples were extracted for genomic DNA, PCR-amplified, sequenced and analysed using QIIME. Species richness and Shannon diversity (alpha diversity) were estimated. The extent of the relationship between bacterial communities (beta diversity) was quantified using pairwise UniFrac distances, visualised using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and statistically analysed using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). The relative abundance of bacterial populations at the different time points and in different types of colic was compared using ANCOM. RESULTS There was a decrease in species richness from admission to day 3/hospital discharge (P < .05), and a lower species richness (P = .005) and Shannon diversity (P = .02) in horses with colic ≥60 h compared to <60 h. Based on PCoA and PERMANOVA, there was a significant difference in bacterial community composition for horses with different colic duration (P = .001) and lesion location (P = .006). Several differences in bacterial phyla and genera were observed at different time points and with different types of colic. MAIN LIMITATIONS Relatively low numbers and a diverse population of horses. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota change from hospital admission to day 3/discharge in horses with colic and horses with colic ≥60 h and large colon lesions have a distinct bacterial population compared to horses with colic <60 h and small intestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Dipti Pitta
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Nagaraju Indugu
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie Vecchiarelli
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Meagan L Hennessy
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Louise L Southwood
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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13
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Williams JM, Randle H, Marlin D. COVID-19: Impact on United Kingdom Horse Owners. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1862. [PMID: 33066021 PMCID: PMC7600939 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020; the United Kingdom (UK) implemented quarantine measures shortly afterward, resulting in rapid changes in how owners managed and interacted with their horses. This study provides a rapid analysis of the initial impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the management of UK leisure and competition horses. A 17 question online survey was distributed via equestrian social media sites to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 on horse and yard management and on human-horse interactions. Frequency analysis combined with Chi-squared and thematic analyses identified the impact of COVID-19 on UK horse owners. Major changes within horse management and horse-human interactions were reported for the majority of horse owners (>65%), regardless of the establishment type or region. Social distancing and visiting restrictions were implemented at most yards, but nearly half were not providing hand sanitization or disinfection protocols for the shared areas/equipment to prevent cross-contamination between users. The financial impact of the pandemic combined with restricted access to veterinary professionals resulted in owners expressing concerns that horse health and welfare may be compromised as a result. Horse owners also felt that the reduced opportunities for horse-human interactions were negatively affecting their mental health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley Randle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga Campus, Charles Sturt University, North Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia;
| | - David Marlin
- David Marlin Consulting, P.O. BOX 187, Cambridge CB4 0WZ, UK
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14
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Freeman DE, Mooney A, Giguère S, Claire J, Evetts C, Diskant P. Effect of feed deprivation on daily water consumption in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:117-124. [PMID: 32150657 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurements of water consumed by fed healthy horses might not apply to horses that are unwilling or unable to drink or are not fed for any reason. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of feed deprivation on voluntary water consumption compared with fed conditions. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Eight healthy adult Thoroughbred geldings were used in a randomised crossover design so that each horse served as its own control for fed vs feed-deprived conditions. Water intake, bodyweight, physical findings and vital signs were measured during 4 days of feeding and 4 days of feed deprivation. Daily measurements during the trial periods were PCV, TPP, electrolytes, osmolality and triglycerides. Plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were measured in the last 8 hours of the trial periods. Data were analysed with a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, and statistical significance was P ≤ .05. RESULTS Feed deprivation immediately and persistently reduced water consumption to ~16% of fed values, with laboratory evidence of mild dehydration on day 4. MAIN LIMITATIONS Changes in total body water and in water and electrolyte excretion or conservation through faeces and urine were not measured. CONCLUSIONS Feed consumption has a marked effect on water requirements in healthy horses. Because current guidelines for water needs were obtained in the fed state, they might not apply to horses that are denied feed for any reason or have reduced feed intake. This study provides new information on water consumption in horses that should apply to this essential nutrient in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Freeman
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Mooney
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jami Claire
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chloe Evetts
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Diskant
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Hassel DM, Curley T, Hoaglund EL. Evaluation of Fecal Sand Clearance in Horses With Naturally Acquired Colonic Sand Accumulation With a Product Containing Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Psyllium. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:102970. [PMID: 32534763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of sand and dirt in horses can cause chronic diarrhea and colic because of irritation and obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract of horses. Prevention has primarily focused on changes in management to reduce the intake of sand and feeding of psyllium products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a product containing probiotics, prebiotics, and psyllium in the clearance of colonic sand in horses with naturally acquired sand accumulation using a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial format. After identification of 10 horses with sand accumulation as determined by both auscultation and abdominal radiography, quantitative assessment of changes in colonic sand content in response to management changes combined with treatment with the probiotic/psyllium product or no treatment was assessed by blinded observers. Fecal sand output was monitored in both groups via sand sedimentation analysis of fecal samples every 3 days for 35 days and with pre- and post-treatment abdominal radiography. There was a significant reduction in sand accumulation in both treatment and control groups, but there were no significant differences between treatment and control groups in clearance of colonic sand as measured by both fecal sand sedimentation and quantitative radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| | - Taylor Curley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Elizabeth L Hoaglund
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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16
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Tessier C, Pitaud JP, Thorin C, Touzot-Jourde G. Systemic morphine administration causes gastric distention and hyperphagia in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:653-657. [PMID: 30835841 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no data investigating the effect of systemic morphine on the size of the stomach or the food consumption in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate gastrointestinal side effects of morphine administered systemically in healthy horses by the means of clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS On day 1 of the experiment, six healthy French Trotter mares were evaluated clinically and an abdominal ultrasonography was performed three times 4 h apart to record the size of the stomach, the number of contractions per minute of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum, left and right ventral colons. On Day 2, morphine was administered three times 4 h apart at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. and the same ultrasonographic examinations performed. On Day 3, only clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were performed as on Day 1. Amounts of hay and water ingested, frequency and weight of faeces were recorded throughout the study. RESULTS Number of contractions of the duodenum, caecum, left and right ventral colons were significantly decreased after morphine administration. Size of the stomach was increased significantly with a cumulative effect of repeated doses of morphine. Hay (+0.4 kg/h, P<0.001) and water (+1.1 L/h, P<0.001) consumption were significantly increased. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study was performed in healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS Systemic morphine administration causes gastrointestinal depression, gastric distention and hyperphagia in horses. Clinical and ultrasonographical examinations are valuable tools to identify side effects of morphine administration in horses. Further studies are needed to assess side effects and monitoring in clinically painful cases. Horses receiving systemic morphine administration should be closely monitored for signs of gastric distention and, specifically, the amount of food given while receiving treatment should be controlled to avoid complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tessier
- ONIRIS-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Equine Hospital, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - J-P Pitaud
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Faluns, Saint Grégoire, France
| | - C Thorin
- Department of Animal Physiopathology and Physiology, ONIRIS-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - G Touzot-Jourde
- Department of Anesthesia and Analgesia, ONIRIS-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
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17
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Colic Prevention to Avoid Colic Surgery: A Surgeon's Perspective. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 76:1-5. [PMID: 31084747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Management factors associated with colic, particularly related to stall confinement and nutrition, have been linked to alterations in gastrointestinal mucosal transport, motility, and microbiome, which in turn creates conditions that induce colic. In particular, meal feeding creates large changes in water movement in and out of the colon and alters the microbiome. These conditions may in turn result in colic conditions such as large colon impaction or large colon volvulus. In addition, a range of management and nutritional factors have been found to place horses at risk of select colic conditions such as ileal impaction. Other specific colic conditions, such as strangulating lipomas, may be related to fat metabolism in geldings and ponies, although the association with nutrition and the endocrine system are less well defined. It has long been understood that parasites are associated with colic, and with the advent of highly effective anthelmintics, parasite-induced colic has been markedly reduced. Nonetheless, equine mangers and veterinarians have to be aware of changes in parasite resistance or patterns of activity, such as the resurgence of large strongyles with surveillance-based management of parasites. Overall, understanding management risk factors can lead to recommendations that prevent colic in horses. Additional study of these factors may ultimately lead to reductions in the prevalence of colic by suggesting optimal management practices.
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Thompson KR, Clarkson L, Riley CB, van den Berg M. Horse-keeping practices in Australia: findings from a national online survey of horse owners. Aust Vet J 2018; 95:437-443. [PMID: 29076216 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain an understanding of general horse-keeping practices in Australia, including shelter, social contact, exercise, watering and supplementary feeding. METHODS An online survey was conducted with 505 owners in relation to one 'representative' horse in their care. RESULTS The majority (83%) of horses were managed at pasture. Approximately one-quarter of those horses were housed alone (26%) or with one companion animal (27%). If horses were confined to a stable or small yard, the most recorded means of exercise was riding (65%) at a daily frequency (60%). Over half of the horse owners provided water in a trough or drinker with an automatic refill system (58%) and most horse owners supplied hay to their horses (82%), most commonly in combination with grazing. Areas of potential concern included one-quarter of stabled horses being prevented from unmediated social and physical contact with conspecifics and one-fifth of stabled horses being exercised less than daily. CONCLUSION The horse-keeping profile in this study should be considered in the public communication of guidelines as well as interactions between veterinarians and clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Thompson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Clarkson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | - C B Riley
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M van den Berg
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,MB Equine Services, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Right dorsal colon ultrasonography in normal adult ponies and miniature horses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186825. [PMID: 29065146 PMCID: PMC5655355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the normal location, wall thickness and motility of the right dorsal colon in adult ponies and miniature horses. The abdominal ultrasonography examination was performed in a study group consisting of 23 ponies and miniature horses and in a control group comprising ten Thoroughbred horses. The procedure was performed in unsedated standing animals. The location and the thickness of the right dorsal colonic wall was examined on the right side of the abdomen between the 10th and the 14th intercostal space. The contractility was recorded in the 12th intercostal space. A comparative analysis between the study group and control group was carried out using the Student’s t-test. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between the thickness of the colonic wall as well as the number of peristaltic movements and age, wither height and body mass of the animals. The right dorsal colon was identified in all the horses in the 12th intercostal space. In all the intercostal spaces the mean ± standard deviation (SD) wall thickness of the right dorsal colon was 0.27 ± 0.03 cm in the horses from the study group and 0.37 ± 0.03 cm in the control horses. The mean number of peristaltic contractions was 4.05 ± 1.07 per minute in the animals from the study group and 1.7 ± 0.46 contractions per minute in the control group. The values of the ultrasonographic wall thickness and peristaltic motility in small breed horses in the present study were different from the values obtained for large breed horses. The study also found that the right dorsal colon in small breed horses is physiologically located in the 12th intercostal space. This suggests that different reference values should be used in small horse breeds when performing an ultrasound examination.
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bailey PA, Hague BA, Davis M, Major MD, Zubrod CJ, Brakenhoff JE. Incidence of post-anesthetic colic in non-fasted adult equine patients. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:1263-1266. [PMID: 27928173 PMCID: PMC5109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of post-anesthetic colic in non-fasted adult horses undergoing isoflurane inhalant anesthesia for an elective, non-abdominal procedure at a single referral center. Medical records were searched from May 1, 2012 to May 31, 2014. Inclusion criteria included non-fasted patients ≥ 2 years of age that were anesthetized for an elective, non-abdominal procedure. The incidence of post-anesthetic colic for this study population was 2.5%. None of the risk factors examined (season, age, gender, breed, surgeon, procedure, recumbency, butorphanol administration, additional surgical complications, and the length of anesthesia) were associated with an increased risk of post-anesthetic colic. Providing food may maintain normal gastrointestinal motility and may decrease the risk of post-anesthetic colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. D. Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Leicestershire UK
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