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Ghonaim MM, Habeb MM, Mansour MTM, Mohamed HI, Omran AAA. Investigation of genetic diversity using molecular and biochemical markers associated with powdery mildew resistance in different flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:412. [PMID: 38760706 PMCID: PMC11100107 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Under greenhouse conditions, the resistance of 18 different genotypes of flax to powdery mildew was evaluated. To investigate genetic diversity and identify the molecular and biochemical markers linked to powdery mildew resistance in the tested genotypes, two molecular marker systems-start codon targeted (SCoT) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-as well as a biochemical marker (protein profiles, antioxidant enzyme activity, and secondary metabolites) were used. Based on the results, the genotypes were classified into four categories: highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant. The genotypes differed significantly in powdery mildew severity: Polk had a severity of 92.03% and Leona had a severity of 18.10%. Compared to the other genotypes, the moderately resistant genotypes had higher levels of flavonoids, antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, and straw yield; nevertheless, their hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels were lower. Protein profiles revealed 93.75% polymorphism, although the ISSR marker displayed more polymorphism (78.4%) than the SCoT marker (59.7%). Specific molecular and biochemical markers associated with powdery mildew resistance were identified. The 18 genotypes of flax were divided into two major clusters by the dendrogram based on the combined data of molecular markers. The first main cluster included Leona (genotype number 7), considered moderate resistance to powdery mildew and a separate phenetic line. The second main cluster included the other 17 genotypes, which are grouped together in a sub-cluster. This means that, besides SCoT, ISSR markers can be a useful supplementary technique for molecular flax characterization and for identifying genetic associations between flax genotypes under powdery mildew infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Ghonaim
- Cell Study Research Department, Agriculture Research Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marian M Habeb
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T M Mansour
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba I Mohamed
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A A Omran
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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Gandon S, Guillemet M, Gatchitch F, Nicot A, Renaud AC, Tremblay DM, Moineau S. Building pyramids against the evolutionary emergence of pathogens. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231529. [PMID: 38471546 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations allowing pathogens to escape host immunity promote the spread of infectious diseases in heterogeneous host populations and can lead to major epidemics. Understanding the conditions that slow down this evolution is key for the development of durable control strategies against pathogens. Here, we use theory and experiments to compare the efficacy of three strategies for the deployment of resistance: (i) a mixing strategy where the host population contains two single-resistant genotypes, (ii) a pyramiding strategy where the host carries a double-resistant genotype, (iii) a combining strategy where the host population is a mix of a single-resistant genotype and a double-resistant genotype. First, we use evolutionary epidemiology theory to clarify the interplay between demographic stochasticity and evolutionary dynamics to show that the pyramiding strategy always yields lower probability of evolutionary emergence. Second, we test experimentally these predictions with the introduction of bacteriophages into bacterial populations where we manipulated the diversity and the depth of immunity using a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR associated (CRISPR-Cas) system. These biological assays confirm that pyramiding multiple defences into the same host genotype and avoiding combination with single-defence genotypes is a robust way to reduce pathogen evolutionary emergence. The experimental validation of these theoretical recommendations has practical implications in various areas, including for the optimal deployment of resistance varieties in agriculture and for the design of durable vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Nicot
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ariane C Renaud
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Canada G1V0A6
- Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Denise M Tremblay
- Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Sylvain Moineau
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Canada G1V0A6
- Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada G1V 0A6
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4
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Stroupe S, Derr JN. Development and evaluation of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism panel for North American bison. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13658. [PMID: 38390379 PMCID: PMC10883761 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping platforms have become increasingly popular in characterizing livestock and wildlife populations, replacing traditional methods such as microsatellite fragment analysis. Herein, we report the development and evaluation of a novel bison SNP panel for population management and conservation. Initially, 2474 autosomal SNPs were selected from existing bison whole-genome sequences and variable sites among bison on the GGSP bovine 50K Chip, based on minor allele frequency, data completeness, and chromosome location. Additionally, 20 mitochondrial SNPs were chosen to identify known mitochondrial haplotypes in bison according to previous research. The SNPs were further evaluated using genotyping-by-sequencing with 190 bison, representing the historical lineages that survived the major population crash of the late 1800s. Variants with high potential for genotyping error were filtered out, and the remaining SNPs were placed on a custom Illumina™ array. The final panel consisting of 798 autosomal and 13 mitochondrial SNPs was used to establish baseline genetic parameters, compare populations, and assign mitochondrial haplotypes in 995 bison across ten populations. These SNPs were also found to be highly informative for individual animal identification and parentage assignment. This SNP panel provides a powerful new method to establish a baseline for estimating genetic health of bison populations and a new tool for bison managers to make informed management decisions based on genetic information specific to their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Stroupe
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University System College Station Texas USA
| | - James N Derr
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University System College Station Texas USA
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Pagenkopp Lohan KM, Gignoux-Wolfsohn SA, Ruiz GM. Biodiversity differentially impacts disease dynamics across marine and terrestrial habitats. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:106-117. [PMID: 38212198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and infectious disease, where increased biodiversity leads to decreased disease risk, originated from research in terrestrial disease systems and remains relatively underexplored in marine systems. Understanding the impacts of biodiversity on disease in marine versus terrestrial systems is key to continued marine ecosystem functioning, sustainable aquaculture, and restoration projects. We compare the biodiversity-disease relationship across terrestrial and marine systems, considering biodiversity at six levels: intraspecific host diversity, host microbiomes, interspecific host diversity, biotic vectors and reservoirs, parasite consumers, and parasites. We highlight gaps in knowledge regarding how these six levels of biodiversity impact diseases in marine systems and propose two model systems, the Perkinsus-oyster and Labyrinthula-seagrass systems, to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Pagenkopp Lohan
- Coastal Disease Ecology Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.
| | - Sarah A Gignoux-Wolfsohn
- Coastal Disease Ecology Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; Current address: Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Marine Invasions Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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Jiang G, Zhang Y, Chen M, Ramoneda J, Han L, Shi Y, Peyraud R, Wang Y, Shi X, Chen X, Ding W, Jousset A, Hikichi Y, Ohnishi K, Zhao FJ, Xu Y, Shen Q, Dini-Andreote F, Zhang Y, Wei Z. Effects of plant tissue permeability on invasion and population bottlenecks of a phytopathogen. Nat Commun 2024; 15:62. [PMID: 38167266 PMCID: PMC10762237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogen genetic diversity varies in response to environmental changes. However, it remains unclear whether plant barriers to invasion could be considered a genetic bottleneck for phytopathogen populations. Here, we implement a barcoding approach to generate a pool of 90 isogenic and individually barcoded Ralstonia solanacearum strains. We used 90 of these strains to inoculate tomato plants with different degrees of physical permeability to invasion (intact roots, wounded roots and xylem inoculation) and quantify the phytopathogen population dynamics during invasion. Our results reveal that the permeability of plant roots impacts the degree of population bottleneck, genetic diversity, and composition of Ralstonia populations. We also find that selection is the main driver structuring pathogen populations when barriers to infection are less permeable, i.e., intact roots, the removal of root physical and immune barriers results in the predominance of stochasticity in population assembly. Taken together, our study suggests that plant root permeability constitutes a bottleneck for phytopathogen invasion and genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, College of Plant Protection, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Josep Ramoneda
- Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Liangliang Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Rémi Peyraud
- iMEAN, Ramonville Saint Agne, Occitanie, FR, France
| | - Yikui Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, College of Plant Protection, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinping Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, College of Plant Protection, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, College of Plant Protection, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science & Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The One Health Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, College of Plant Protection, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Shaw CL, Duffy MA. Rapid evolution of a bacterial parasite during outbreaks in two Daphnia populations. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9676. [PMID: 36694542 PMCID: PMC9843074 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myriad ecological and evolutionary factors can influence whether a particular parasite successfully transmits to a new host during a disease outbreak, with consequences for the structure and diversity of parasite populations. However, even though the diversity and evolution of parasite populations are of clear fundamental and applied importance, we have surprisingly few studies that track how genetic structure of parasites changes during naturally occurring outbreaks in non-human populations. Here, we used population genetic approaches to reveal how genotypes of a bacterial parasite, Pasteuria ramosa, change over time, focusing on how infecting P. ramosa genotypes change during the course of epidemics in Daphnia populations in two lakes. We found evidence for genetic change - and, therefore, evolution - of the parasite during outbreaks. In one lake, P. ramosa genotypes were structured by sampling date; in both lakes, genetic distance between groups of P. ramosa isolates increased with time between sampling. Diversity in parasite populations remained constant over epidemics, although one epidemic (which was large) had low genetic diversity while the other epidemic (which was small) had high genetic diversity. Our findings demonstrate that patterns of parasite evolution differ between outbreaks; future studies exploring the feedbacks among epidemic size, host diversity, and parasite genetic diversity would improve our understanding of parasite dynamics and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Shaw
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA,Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Meghan A. Duffy
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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8
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Mundim FM, Gibson AK. A diverse parasite pool can improve effectiveness of biological control constrained by genotype‐by‐genotype interactions. Evol Appl 2022; 15:2078-2088. [PMID: 36540638 PMCID: PMC9753821 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of biological control programs can be highly variable, with natural enemies often failing to establish or spread in pest populations. This variability has posed a major obstacle in use of the bacterial parasite Pasteuria penetrans for biological control of Meloidogyne species, economically devastating plant-parasitic nematodes for which there are limited management options. A leading hypothesis for this variability in control is that infection is successful only for specific combinations of bacterial and nematode genotypes. Under this hypothesis, failure of biological control results from the use of P. penetrans genotypes that cannot infect local Meloidogyne genotypes. We tested this hypothesis using isofemale lines of M. arenaria derived from a single field population and multiple sources of P. penetrans from the same and nearby fields. In strong support of the hypothesis, susceptibility to infection depended on the specific combination of host line and parasite source, with lines of M. arenaria varying substantially in which P. penetrans source could infect them. In light of this result, we tested whether using a diverse pool of P. penetrans could increase infection and thereby control. We found that increasing the diversity of the P. penetrans inoculum from one to eight sources more than doubled the fraction of M. arenaria individuals susceptible to infection and reduced variation in susceptibility across host lines. Together, our results highlight genotype-by-genotype specificity as an important cause of variation in biological control and call for the maintenance of genetic diversity in natural enemy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane M. Mundim
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Amanda K. Gibson
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
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9
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Smith D, O'Brien D, Hall J, Sergeant C, Brookes LM, Harrison XA, Garner TWJ, Jehle R. Challenging a host-pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:589-598. [PMID: 35167143 PMCID: PMC9306973 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The putatively positive association between host genetic diversity and the ability to defend against pathogens has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has emerged in recent decades as a cause of dramatic declines and extinctions across the amphibian clade. Bd susceptibility can vary widely across populations of the same species, but the relationship between standing genetic diversity and susceptibility has remained notably underexplored so far. Here, we focus on a putatively Bd‐naive system of two mainland and two island populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) at the edge of the species’ range and use controlled infection experiments and dd‐RAD sequencing of >10 000 SNPs across 95 individuals to characterize the role of host population identity, genetic variation and individual body mass in mediating host response to the pathogen. We found strong genetic differentiation between populations and marked variation in their susceptibility to Bd. This variation was not, however, governed by isolation‐mediated genetic erosion, and individual heterozygosity was even found to be negatively correlated with survival. Individual survival during infection experiments was strongly positively related to body mass, which itself was unrelated to population of origin or heterozygosity. Our findings underscore the general importance of context‐dependency when assessing the role of host genetic variation for the ability of defence against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Smith
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Salford, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - David O'Brien
- Highland Amphibian and Reptile Project, Woodlands, Brae of Kinkell, Dingwall, IV7 8HZ, UK
| | - Jeanette Hall
- Highland Amphibian and Reptile Project, Woodlands, Brae of Kinkell, Dingwall, IV7 8HZ, UK
| | - Chris Sergeant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Lola M Brookes
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.,MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College School of Public Health, Floor 11, Sir Michael Uren Building, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.,Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Salford, UK
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10
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Rebolleda-Gómez M, Shaw RG. Society for the study of evolution at 75 years: Introduction to the symposium papers. Evolution 2022; 76:4-5. [PMID: 34978723 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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