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Egu DT, Schmitt T, Ernst N, Ludwig RJ, Fuchs M, Hiermaier M, Moztarzadeh S, Morỏn CS, Schmidt E, Beyersdorfer V, Spindler V, Steinert LS, Vielmuth F, Sigmund AM, Waschke J. EGFR Inhibition by Erlotinib Rescues Desmosome Ultrastructure and Keratin Anchorage and Protects Against Pemphigus Vulgaris IgG-Induced Acantholysis in Human Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00301-4. [PMID: 38642796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe blistering disease caused by autoantibodies primarily against the desmosomal cadherins desmoglein (DSG)1 and DSG3 which impair desmosome integrity. Especially for the acute phase, additional treatment options allowing to reduce corticosteroids would fulfill an unmet medical need. Here, we provide evidence that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition by erlotinib ameliorates pemphigus vulgaris immunoglobulin G (PV-IgG) -induced acantholysis in intact human epidermis. PV-IgG caused phosphorylation of EGFR (Y845) and SRC in human epidermis. In line with that, a phosphotyrosine kinome analysis revealed a robust response associated with EGFR and SRC family kinase signaling in response to PV-IgG but not pemphigus foliaceus autoantibodies. Erlotinib inhibited PV-IgG-induced epidermal blistering and EGFR phosphorylation, loss of desmosomes as well as ultrastructural alterations of desmosome size, plaque symmetry, keratin filament insertion and restored the desmosome midline considered as hallmark of mature desmosomes. Erlotinib enhanced both single molecule DSG3 binding frequency and strength and delayed DSG3 fluorescence recovery supporting that EGFR inhibition increases DSG3 availability and cytoskeletal anchorage. Our data indicate that EGFR is a promising target for pemphigus therapy due to its link to several signaling pathways known to be involved in pemphigus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Tadesse Egu
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nancy Ernst
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Joachim Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Hiermaier
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sina Moztarzadeh
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Sebastià Morỏn
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vivien Beyersdorfer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Letyfee Sarah Steinert
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Magdalena Sigmund
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Rathod M, Franz H, Beyersdorfer V, Wanuske MT, Leal-Fischer K, Hanns P, Stüdle C, Zimmermann A, Buczak K, Schinner C, Spindler V. DPM1 modulates desmosomal adhesion and epidermal differentiation through SERPINB5. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305006. [PMID: 38477878 PMCID: PMC10937187 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is essential to facilitate cell-cell adhesion and differentiation. We determined the role of the dolichol phosphate mannosyltransferase (DPM) complex, a central regulator for glycosylation, for desmosomal adhesive function and epidermal differentiation. Deletion of the key molecule of the DPM complex, DPM1, in human keratinocytes resulted in weakened cell-cell adhesion, impaired localization of the desmosomal components desmoplakin and desmoglein-2, and led to cytoskeletal organization defects in human keratinocytes. In a 3D organotypic human epidermis model, loss of DPM1 caused impaired differentiation with abnormally increased cornification, reduced thickness of non-corneal layers, and formation of intercellular gaps in the epidermis. Using proteomic approaches, SERPINB5 was identified as a DPM1-dependent interaction partner of desmoplakin. Mechanistically, SERPINB5 reduced desmoplakin phosphorylation at serine 176, which was required for strong intercellular adhesion. These results uncover a novel role of the DPM complex in connecting desmosomal adhesion with epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyi Rathod
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vivien Beyersdorfer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Buczak
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biocentre, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Lao C, Zheng P, Chen H, Liu Q, An F, Li Z. DeepAEG: a model for predicting cancer drug response based on data enhancement and edge-collaborative update strategies. BMC Bioinformatics 2024; 25:105. [PMID: 38461284 PMCID: PMC10925015 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-024-05723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The prediction of cancer drug response is a challenging subject in modern personalized cancer therapy due to the uncertainty of drug efficacy and the heterogeneity of patients. It has been shown that the characteristics of the drug itself and the genomic characteristics of the patient can greatly influence the results of cancer drug response. Therefore, accurate, efficient, and comprehensive methods for drug feature extraction and genomics integration are crucial to improve the prediction accuracy. RESULTS Accurate prediction of cancer drug response is vital for guiding the design of anticancer drugs. In this study, we propose an end-to-end deep learning model named DeepAEG which is based on a complete-graph update mode to predict IC50. Specifically, we integrate an edge update mechanism on the basis of a hybrid graph convolutional network to comprehensively learn the potential high-dimensional representation of topological structures in drugs, including atomic characteristics and chemical bond information. Additionally, we present a novel approach for enhancing simplified molecular input line entry specification data by employing sequence recombination to eliminate the defect of single sequence representation of drug molecules. Our extensive experiments show that DeepAEG outperforms other existing methods across multiple evaluation parameters in multiple test sets. Furthermore, we identify several potential anticancer agents, including bortezomib, which has proven to be an effective clinical treatment option. Our results highlight the potential value of DeepAEG in guiding the design of specific cancer treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Lao
- Research Center for Graph Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Yuhang, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Research Center for Graph Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Yuhang, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Research Center for Graph Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Yuhang, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Feng An
- Research Center for Graph Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Yuhang, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Research Center for Graph Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Yuhang, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
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Hartmann V, Hariton WV, Rahimi S, Hammers CM, Ludwig RJ, Müller EJ, Hundt JE. The human skin organ culture model as an optimal complementary tool for murine pemphigus models. Lab Anim 2023; 57:381-395. [PMID: 36647613 DOI: 10.1177/00236772221145647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune bullous disease of the skin and/or mucous membranes caused by autoantibodies that mainly target the adhesion proteins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 and/or Dsg1. Clinically, pemphigus is characterized by flaccid blistering, leading to severe water and electrolyte loss. Before the introduction of corticosteroid treatment, the disease turned out to be fatal in many cases. Despite recent therapeutic improvements, treatment of pemphigus patients is centred on prolonged systemic immunosuppression and remains challenging. Current drug development for pemphigus has a strong focus on disease-causing B cells and autoantibodies and, more recently, also on modulating autoantibody-induced tissue pathology and keratinocyte signalling. This drug development requires reliable pre-clinical model systems replicating the pathogenesis of the human disease. Among those are neonatal and adult mouse models based on the transfer of Dsg3, Dsg1/3 or Dsg1-specific autoantibodies. To reduce the number of animal experiments, we recently established a standardized human skin organ culture (HSOC) model for pemphigus. This model reproduces the clinical phenotype of autoantibody-induced tissue pathology in pemphigus vulgaris. For induction of blistering, a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) targeting both Dsg1 and 3 is injected into pieces of human skin (obtained from plastic surgeries). Further characterization of the HSOC model demonstrated that key morphologic, molecular and immunologic features of pemphigus are being replicated. Thus, the pemphigus HSOC model is an excellent alternative to pemphigus animal model systems that are based on the transfer of (auto)antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hartmann
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - William Vj Hariton
- Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Department for BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer E Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Germany
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Starr H, Howerth E, Gogal R, Barber J, Leon R, Blubaugh A, Banovic F. Characterization of the serum and skin inflammatory profile in canine pemphigus foliaceus using multiplex assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110631. [PMID: 37473673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a common autoimmune skin disease characterized by autoantibodies binding to epithelial adhesion molecules resulting inflammatory response. The immune network of cytokine and chemokine abnormalities that characterize the immune response in canine PF are poorly explored. This study evaluated serum and lesional skin cytokine and chemokine profiles of dogs diagnosed with PF compared to healthy control dogs. Serum samples obtained from 11 PF dogs and 16 healthy control dogs were analyzed using commercially available canine multiplex assay for 13 biomarkers (Canine Milliplex assay). Eight lesional skin samples from seven PF dogs and five healthy site-matched samples from five healthy dogs were evaluated for 20 immune markers using quantitative real-time PCR. Immunomodulating medications were suspended for at least four weeks in all dogs before obtaining serum and skin samples. PF patients showed significantly higher serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-8, IL-18, CCL2, KC-like, and granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor when compared to healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.05 for all). Lesional PF skin exhibited significant expression and upregulation of pro-inflammatory/T helper (Th1) 1 markers IL-1β, MX1, GZMB, OAS1, and IFN-γ as well as Th2 cytokines IL-13, IL-33, TSLP, IL-31 and Th17/22 markers IL-17A and IL-22 (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.05 for all). Taken together, the findings from this study describe the role of numerous cytokines and chemokines associated with immune response in the skin and serum of canine PF patients. Further larger-sample proteomics and RNA-sequencing transcriptomics studies are needed to understand the immune pathogenesis of canine PF skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Starr
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jamie Barber
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Renato Leon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Emtenani S, Hertl M, Schmidt E, Hudemann C. Mouse models of pemphigus: valuable tools to investigate pathomechanisms and novel therapeutic interventions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169947. [PMID: 37180099 PMCID: PMC10172572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBD) are paradigms of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders that involve skin and/or mucous membranes. Compared to other autoimmune diseases, the pathogenicity of autoantibodies in AIBD is relatively well described. Pemphigus is a potentially lethal autoantibody driven autoimmune disorder with a strong HLA class II association. It is mainly characterized by IgG against the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Several murine pemphigus models were developed subsequently, each allowing the analysis of a characteristic feature, such as pathogenic IgG or Dsg3-specific T or B cells. Thus, the models can be employed to preclinically evaluate potentially novel therapies. We here thoroughly summarize past and recent efforts in developing and utilizing pemphigus mouse models for pathomechanistic investigation and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Emtenani
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Hudemann,
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Brescacin A, Baig Z, Bhinder J, Lin S, Brar L, Cirillo N. What protein kinases are crucial for acantholysis and blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris? A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2825-2837. [PMID: 35616233 PMCID: PMC9540544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the signaling mechanisms that associate with skin/mucosal blistering are being elucidated, specific treatment strategies targeting PV-specific pathomechanisms, particularly kinase signaling, have yet to be established. Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. English articles from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched, and included in vitro, in vivo, and human studies that investigated the role of kinases in PV. We selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicates and the results were reported according to the methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The risk of bias assessment was performed on in vivo studies utilizing SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Thirty-five studies were included that satisfied the pathogenicity criterion of kinases in PV, the vast majority being experimental models that used PV sera (n = 13) and PV-IgG (n = 22). Inhibition of kinase activity (p38MAPK, PKC, TK, c-Src, EGFR, ERK, mTOR, BTK, and CDK2) was achieved mostly by pharmacological means. Overall, we found substantial evidence that kinase inhibition reduced PV-associated phosphorylation events and keratinocyte disassociation, prevented acantholysis, and blocked blister formation. However, the scarce adherence to standardized reporting systems and the experimental protocols/models used did limit the internal and external validity of these studies. In summary, this systematic review highlighted the pathogenic intracellular events mediated by kinases in PV acantholysis and presented kinase signaling as a promising avenue for translational research. In particular, the molecules identified and discussed in this study represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based interventions in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brescacin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zunaira Baig
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaspreet Bhinder
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sen Lin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lovejot Brar
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Huda S, Chau B, Chen C, Somal H, Chowdhury N, Cirillo N. Caspase Inhibition as a Possible Therapeutic Strategy for Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020314. [PMID: 35205180 PMCID: PMC8869094 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pemphigus vulgaris is a potentially fatal disease characterised by blister formation affecting the skin and mouth. The mechanisms of blister formation may involve a biological process called apoptosis—a type of cell death—and some death-associated molecules known as caspases. Our review of the existing literature shows that caspase inhibitors exhibit an inhibitory effect on PV-induced apoptosis formation in vitro. In particular, activity of caspase 1 and caspase 3 is essential for the development of PV in vitro and in vivo. However, a majority of in vivo studies assessing caspase inhibition in PV models have a high risk of bias. Abstract Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an IgG-mediated autoimmune disease characterised by epithelial cell–cell detachment (acantholysis) resulting in mucocutaneous blistering. The exact pathogenesis of blister formation is unknown and this has hampered the development of non-steroidal, mechanism-based treatments for this autoimmune disease. This systematic review aims to investigate the role of caspases in the pathogenesis of PV to inform the choice of more targeted therapeutic agents. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to identify eligible studies. Multiple phases of inclusion and exclusion of the primary articles were conducted in pairs, and studies were recorded and analysed according to the latest version of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Risk of bias assessment was conducted for extracted in vivo animal intervention studies using SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results: Eight articles from a total of 2338 in vitro, in vivo, and human studies met the inclusion criteria, with a high degree of inter-rater reliability. By and large, the results show that caspase activation was pathogenic in experimental PV because pan-caspase inhibitors could block or reduce PV acantholysis and blistering in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The pathogenic pathways identified involved caspase-1 and caspase-3. One study failed to show any improvement in the PV model with a caspase inhibitor. The majority of animal studies had high or unclear risk of bias. Conclusion: There are consistent data pointing towards a pathogenic role of caspase activation in PV acantholysis. However, high-quality evidence to confirm that caspase inhibition can prevent PV-induced blistering in vivo is limited. Therefore, further research is required to test the preclinical efficacy of caspase inhibitors in PV.
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Hegazy M, Perl AL, Svoboda SA, Green KJ. Desmosomal Cadherins in Health and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:47-72. [PMID: 34425055 PMCID: PMC8792335 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-092912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomal cadherins are a recent evolutionary innovation that make up the adhesive core of highly specialized intercellular junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomal cadherins, which are grouped into desmogleins and desmocollins, are related to the classical cadherins, but their cytoplasmic domains are tailored for anchoring intermediate filaments instead of actin to sites of cell-cell adhesion. The resulting junctions are critical for resisting mechanical stress in tissues such as the skin and heart. Desmosomal cadherins also act as signaling hubs that promote differentiation and facilitate morphogenesis, creating more complex and effective tissue barriers in vertebrate tissues. Interference with desmosomal cadherin adhesive and supra-adhesive functions leads to a variety of autoimmune, hereditary, toxin-mediated, and malignant diseases. We review our current understanding of how desmosomal cadherins contribute to human health and disease, highlight gaps in our knowledge about their regulation and function, and introduce promising new directions toward combatting desmosome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Abbey L. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sophia A. Svoboda
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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10
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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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11
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Liu Q, Hu Z, Jiang R, Zhou M. DeepCDR: a hybrid graph convolutional network for predicting cancer drug response. Bioinformatics 2021; 36:i911-i918. [PMID: 33381841 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Accurate prediction of cancer drug response (CDR) is challenging due to the uncertainty of drug efficacy and heterogeneity of cancer patients. Strong evidences have implicated the high dependence of CDR on tumor genomic and transcriptomic profiles of individual patients. Precise identification of CDR is crucial in both guiding anti-cancer drug design and understanding cancer biology. RESULTS In this study, we present DeepCDR which integrates multi-omics profiles of cancer cells and explores intrinsic chemical structures of drugs for predicting CDR. Specifically, DeepCDR is a hybrid graph convolutional network consisting of a uniform graph convolutional network and multiple subnetworks. Unlike prior studies modeling hand-crafted features of drugs, DeepCDR automatically learns the latent representation of topological structures among atoms and bonds of drugs. Extensive experiments showed that DeepCDR outperformed state-of-the-art methods in both classification and regression settings under various data settings. We also evaluated the contribution of different types of omics profiles for assessing drug response. Furthermore, we provided an exploratory strategy for identifying potential cancer-associated genes concerning specific cancer types. Our results highlighted the predictive power of DeepCDR and its potential translational value in guiding disease-specific drug design. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION DeepCDR is freely available at https://github.com/kimmo1019/DeepCDR. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Research Department of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center, Information Science and Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology.,Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,SenseTime Research, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Research Department of Bioinformatics, Beijing National Research Center, Information Science and Technology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology.,Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mu Zhou
- SenseBrain Research, San Jose, CA 95131, USA
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12
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Minabe M, Akiyama Y, Higa K, Tachikawa T, Takahashi S, Nomura T, Kouno M. A potential link between desmoglein 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its effect on cetuximab treatment efficacy. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:614-617. [PMID: 30907457 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Desmoglein (DSG) 3 is overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor cetuximab is widely used for OSCC treatment. Several evidences suggest a correlation between DSG3 and EGFR in epidermal keratinocytes. EGFR inhibition has been shown to enhance cell-cell adhesion and induce terminal differentiation in epidermal cells. Thus, here we investigated the DSG3-EGFR interaction in OSCC and its effect on cetuximab treatment. Cell lines established from the primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes of four OSCC patients and three commercial OSCC cell lines were used for the experiments. Cells from metastatic lymph nodes of each patient expressed increased DSG3 and EGFR than cells from the primary tumor in the same patient. Cetuximab treatment increased DSG3 expression by up to 3.5-fold in seven of the 11 cell lines. A high calcium concentration increased the expression of DSG3 and EGFR in a dose-dependent manner. Strikingly, a high calcium-associated DSG3 induction enhanced cetuximab efficacy by up to 23% increase in cetuximab-low-sensitive cell lines. Our findings also suggest a correlation between DSG3 and EGFR in OSCC, and this affects cetuximab treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Minabe
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Yurie Akiyama
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Cornea Center Eye Bank, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Tachikawa
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, Kitaadachi-gun, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Japan
| | - Michiyoshi Kouno
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa-shi, Japan
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13
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Burmester IAK, Flaswinkel S, Thies CS, Kasprick A, Kamaguchi M, Bumiller-Bini V, Emtenani S, Feldmann N, Kridin K, Schmidt E, van Beek N, Zillikens D, Hammers CM, Hundt JE, Ludwig RJ. Identification of novel therapeutic targets for blocking acantholysis in pemphigus. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5114-5130. [PMID: 32815159 PMCID: PMC7588822 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Pemphigus is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1, Dsg3, and/or non‐Dsg antigens. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common manifestation of pemphigus, with painful erosions on mucous membranes. In most cases, blistering also occurs on the skin, leading to areas of extensive denudation. Despite improvements in pemphigus treatment, time to achieve remission is long, severe adverse events are frequent and 20% of patients do not respond adequately. Current clinical developments focus exclusively on modulating B cell function or autoantibody half‐life. However, topical modulation of PV autoantibody‐induced blistering is an attractive target because it could promptly relieve symptoms. Experimental Approach To address this issue, we performed an unbiased screening in a complex biological system using 141 low MW inhibitors from a chemical library. Specifically, we evaluated PV IgG‐induced Dsg3 internalization in HaCaT keratinocytes. Validation of the 20 identified compounds was performed using keratinocyte fragmentation assays, as well as a human skin organ culture (HSOC) model. key Results Overall, this approach led to the identification of four molecules involved in PV IgG‐induced skin pathology: MEK1, TrkA, PI3Kα, and VEGFR2. Conclusion and Implications This unbiased screening revealed novel mechanisms by which PV autoantibodies induce blistering in keratinocytes and identified new treatment targets for this severe and potentially life‐threatening skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke A K Burmester
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Flaswinkel
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clara-Sophie Thies
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anika Kasprick
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mayumi Kamaguchi
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shirin Emtenani
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nick Feldmann
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Khalaf Kridin
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina van Beek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer E Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Walter E, Vielmuth F, Wanuske MT, Seifert M, Pollmann R, Eming R, Waschke J. Role of Dsg1- and Dsg3-Mediated Signaling in Pemphigus Autoantibody-Induced Loss of Keratinocyte Cohesion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1128. [PMID: 31178865 PMCID: PMC6543754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is an autoimmune dermatosis in which mucocutaneous blisters are induced primarily by autoantibodies against Desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and 3. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) usually is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg3 whereas pemphigus foliaceus (PF) patients present autoantibodies against Dsg1. Several signaling pathways were proposed to cause loss of keratinocyte adhesion. However, relevance of different signaling pathways and role of Dsg1 and 3 to trigger signaling are not fully understood. Here, we show that Ca2+ chelation reduced PV-IgG- and PF-IgG-mediated loss of HaCaT keratinocyte cohesion whereas EGFR inhibition did not inhibit effects of PF-IgG. PV-IgG activated EGFR in a Src-dependent manner whereas both PV-IgG and PF-IgG caused Ca2+ influx independent of EGFR. ERK activation was Src-dependent in response to PV-IgG but not PF-IgG. To delineate the roles of Dsg isoforms to trigger signaling pathways, Dsg3- and Dsg2-deficient HaCaT keratinocyte cell lines were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Dsg3- but not Dsg2-deficient cells were protected against PV-IgG-induced loss of cell adhesion. Ca2+ influx and ERK activation in response to PF-IgG were preserved in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Walter
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Pollmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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15
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Radeva MY, Walter E, Stach RA, Yazdi AS, Schlegel N, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Waschke J. ST18 Enhances PV-IgG-Induced Loss of Keratinocyte Cohesion in Parallel to Increased ERK Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31057535 PMCID: PMC6478701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease targeting the desmosomal proteins desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3. Recently, a genetic variant of the Suppression of tumorigenicity 18 (ST18) promoter was reported to cause ST18 up-regulation, associated with pemphigus vulgaris (PV)-IgG-mediated increase in cytokine secretion and more prominent loss of keratinocyte cohesion. Here we tested the effects of PV-IgG and the pathogenic pemphigus mouse anti-Dsg3 antibody AK23 on cytokine secretion and ERK activity in human keratinocytes dependent on ST18 expression. Without ST18 overexpression, both PV-IgG and AK23 induced loss of keratinocyte cohesion which was accompanied by prominent fragmentation of Dsg3 immunostaining along cell borders. In contrast, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-6, TNFα, and IFN-γ was not altered significantly in both HaCaT and primary NHEK cells. These experiments indicate that cytokine expression is not strictly required for loss of keratinocyte cohesion. Upon ST18 overexpression, fragmentation of cell monolayers increased significantly in response to autoantibody incubation. Furthermore, production of IL-1α and IL-6 was enhanced in some experiments but not in others whereas release of TNF-α dropped significantly upon PV-IgG application in both EV- and ST18-transfected HaCaT cells. Additionally, in NHEK, application of PV-IgG but not of AK23 significantly increased ERK activity. In contrast, ST18 overexpression in HaCaT cells augmented ERK activation in response to both c-IgG and AK23 but not PV-IgG. Because inhibition of ERK by U0126 abolished PV-IgG- and AK23-induced loss of cell cohesion in ST18-expressing cells, we conclude that autoantibody-induced ERK activation was relevant in this scenario. In summary, similar to the situation in PV patients carrying ST18 polymorphism, overexpression of ST18 enhanced keratinocyte susceptibility to autoantibody-induced loss of cell adhesion, which may be caused in part by enhanced ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Y Radeva
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Walter
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Alexandra Stach
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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16
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Hariton WVJ, Galichet A, Vanden Berghe T, Overmiller AM, Mahoney MG, Declercq W, Müller EJ. Feasibility study for clinical application of caspase-3 inhibitors in Pemphigus vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:1274-1277. [PMID: 29105150 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potentially severe side effects of systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants used in Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) call for novel therapeutic approaches. In this context, pharmacological inhibition of major pathogenic signalling effectors represents a promising alternative. However, we have also shown that overinhibition of effectors required for epidermal homeostasis can exacerbate PV pathophysiology implicating transepidermal keratinocyte fragility. A feedforward target validation therefore preferentially includes studies on knockout mouse models. We previously reported on successful amelioration of PV blisters following inhibition of non-apoptotic, low-level caspase-3. Here, we use conditional, keratinocyte-specific caspase-3-deficient mice (casp3EKO ) to demonstrate (i) absence of keratinocyte fragility upon injection of the potent Dsg3-specific antibody AK23 and (ii) amelioration of blistering on the background of known signalling effectors. Our results provide the experimental proof of concept justifying translation of the caspase-3 inhibitor approach into PV clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V J Hariton
- Department of BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- Department of BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew M Overmiller
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - My G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wim Declercq
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Department of BioMedical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Spindler V, Waschke J. Pemphigus-A Disease of Desmosome Dysfunction Caused by Multiple Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2018; 9:136. [PMID: 29449846 PMCID: PMC5799217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune-blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes caused by autoantibodies reducing desmosomal adhesion between epithelial cells. Autoantibodies against the desmosomal cadherins desmogleins (Dsgs) 1 and 3 as well as desmocollin 3 were shown to be pathogenic, whereas the role of other antibodies is unclear. Dsg3 interactions can be directly reduced by specific autoantibodies. Autoantibodies also alter the activity of signaling pathways, some of which regulate cell cohesion under baseline conditions and alter the turnover of desmosomal components. These pathways include Ca2+, p38MAPK, PKC, Src, EGFR/Erk, and several others. In this review, we delineate the mechanisms relevant for pemphigus pathogenesis based on the histology and the ultrastructure of patients’ lesions. We then dissect the mechanisms which can explain the ultrastructural hallmarks detectable in pemphigus patient skin. Finally, we reevaluate the concept that the spectrum of mechanisms, which induce desmosome dysfunction upon binding of pemphigus autoantibodies, finally defines the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune blistering disease mediated by pathogenic anti-desmoglein antibodies leading to an inter keratinocyte disjunction. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD-20 antigen of B lymphocytes, which causes B-cell depletion and a subsequent reduction in pathogenic autoantibodies. Its therapeutic role in pemphigus has been progressively growing with increasing evidence of successful outcomes. Rituximab was initially off-labeled used as an alternative in patients with recalcitrant or relapsing pemphigus and in patients with contraindications to systemic corticosteroids. Recently, a large randomized clinical trial has shown that first-line use of rituximab combined with short-term prednisone regimen was both more effective and potentially safer than a standard regimen of high doses of corticosteroids in patients with moderate to severe pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Hebert
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, & INSERM U 1234, Centre de référence des maladies bulleuses autoimmunes, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Joly
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospital, & INSERM U 1234, Centre de référence des maladies bulleuses autoimmunes, Normandie University, Rouen, France
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19
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Spindler V, Eming R, Schmidt E, Amagai M, Grando S, Jonkman MF, Kowalczyk AP, Müller EJ, Payne AS, Pincelli C, Sinha AA, Sprecher E, Zillikens D, Hertl M, Waschke J. Mechanisms Causing Loss of Keratinocyte Cohesion in Pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:32-37. [PMID: 29037765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus is caused by IgG autoantibodies against desmosomal cadherins, but the precise mechanisms are in part a matter of controversial discussions. This review focuses on the currently existing models of the disease and highlights the relevance of desmoglein-specific versus nondesmoglein autoantibodies, the contribution of nonautoantibody factors, and the mechanisms leading to cell dissociation and blister formation in response to autoantibody binding. As the review brings together the majority of laboratories currently working on pemphigus pathogenesis, it aims to serve as a solid basis for further investigations for the entire field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sergei Grando
- Institute for Immunology and Departments of Dermatology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology, Bern, Switzerland; Vetsuisse Faculty, DermFocus, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Walter E, Vielmuth F, Rotkopf L, Sárdy M, Horváth ON, Goebeler M, Schmidt E, Eming R, Hertl M, Spindler V, Waschke J. Different signaling patterns contribute to loss of keratinocyte cohesion dependent on autoantibody profile in pemphigus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3579. [PMID: 28620161 PMCID: PMC5472593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering skin disease caused primarily by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg)1 and 3. Here, we characterized the mechanisms engaged by pemphigus IgG from patients with different clinical phenotypes and autoantibody profiles. All pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) IgG and AK23, a monoclonal mouse antibody against Dsg3, caused loss of cell cohesion, cytokeratin retraction and p38MAPK activation. Strong alterations in Dsg3 distribution were caused by mucosal (aDsg3 antibodies), mucocutaneous (aDsg1 + aDsg3) as well as atypical (aDsg3) PV-IgG. All PV-IgG fractions and AK23 compromised Dsg3 but not Dsg1 binding and enhanced Src activity. In contrast, rapid Ca2+ influx and Erk activation were induced by mucocutaneous PV-IgG and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) IgG (aDsg1) whereas cAMP was increased by mucosal and mucocutaneous PV-IgG only. Selective inhibition of p38MAPK, Src or PKC blocked loss of keratinocyte cohesion in response to all autoantibody fractions whereas Erk inhibition was protective against mucocutaneous PV-IgG and PF-IgG only. These results demonstrate that signaling patterns parallel the clinical phenotype as some mechanisms involved in loss of cell cohesion are caused by antibodies targeting Dsg3 whereas others correlate with autoantibodies against Dsg1. The concept of key desmosome regulators may explain observations from several experimental models of pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Walter
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Lukas Rotkopf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Orsolya N Horváth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (Lied), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases of stratified squamous epithelia, such as the skin and oral mucosa, in which acantholysis (the loss of cell adhesion) causes blisters and erosions. Pemphigus has three major subtypes: pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus and paraneoplastic pemphigus. IgG autoantibodies are characteristically raised against desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3, which are cell-cell adhesion molecules found in desmosomes. The sites of blister formation can be physiologically explained by the anti-desmoglein autoantibody profile and tissue-specific expression pattern of desmoglein isoforms. The pathophysiological roles of T cells and B cells have been characterized in mouse models of pemphigus and patients, revealing insights into the mechanisms of autoimmunity. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations and confirmed with histological and immunochemical testing. The current first-line treatment is systemic corticosteroids and adjuvant therapies, including immunosuppressive agents, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against CD20+ B cells, is a promising therapeutic option that may soon become first-line therapy. Pemphigus is one of the best-characterized human autoimmune diseases and provides an ideal paradigm for both basic and clinical research, especially towards the development of antigen-specific immune suppression treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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22
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Di Zenzo G, Borradori L, Muller EJ. The pathogenesis of pemphigus: Controversy vs complexity. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1271-1273. [PMID: 27571938 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Zenzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Borradori
- Vetsuisse Faculty, DermFocus, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J Muller
- Vetsuisse Faculty, DermFocus, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Paus R, Burgoa I, Platt CI, Griffiths T, Poblet E, Izeta A. Biology of the eyelash hair follicle: an enigma in plain sight. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:741-52. [PMID: 26452071 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Because of their crucial impact on our perception of beauty, eyelashes constitute a prime target for the cosmetic industry. However, when compared with other hair shafts and the mini-organs that produce them [eyelash hair follicles (ELHFs)], knowledge on the biology underlying growth and pigmentation of eyelashes is still rudimentary. This is due in part to the extremely restricted availability of human ELHFs for experimental study, underappreciation of their important sensory and protective functions and insufficient interest in understanding why they are distinct from scalp hair follicles (HFs) (e.g. ELHFs produce shorter hair shafts, do not possess an arrector pili muscle, have a shorter hair cycle and undergo greying significantly later than scalp HFs). Here we synthesize the limited current knowledge on the biology of ELHFs, in humans and other species, their role in health and disease, the known similarities with and differences from other HF populations, and their intrinsic interethnic variations. We define major open questions in the biology of these intriguing mini-organs and conclude by proposing future research directions. These include dissecting the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie trichomegaly and the development of in vitro models in order to interrogate the distinct molecular controls of ELHF growth, cycling and pigmentation and to probe novel strategies for the therapeutic and cosmetic manipulation of ELHFs beyond prostaglandin receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - I Burgoa
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - C I Platt
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - T Griffiths
- The Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - E Poblet
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Izeta
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
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24
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Di Zenzo G, Amber KT, Sayar BS, Müller EJ, Borradori L. Immune response in pemphigus and beyond: progresses and emerging concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:57-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions that mediate adhesion and couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cell-cell contact. This architectural arrangement integrates adhesion and cytoskeletal elements of adjacent cells. The importance of this robust adhesion system is evident in numerous human diseases, both inherited and acquired, which occur when desmosome function is compromised. This review focuses on autoimmune and infectious diseases that impair desmosome function. In addition, we discuss emerging evidence that desmosomal genes are often misregulated in cancer. The emphasis of our discussion is placed on the way in which human diseases can inform our understanding of basic desmosome biology and in turn, the means by which fundamental advances in the cell biology of desmosomes might lead to new treatments for acquired diseases of the desmosome.
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26
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Luyet C, Schulze K, Sayar BS, Howald D, Müller EJ, Galichet A. Preclinical studies identify non-apoptotic low-level caspase-3 as therapeutic target in pemphigus vulgaris. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119809. [PMID: 25748204 PMCID: PMC4352034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients suffer from a live-threatening loss of intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes (acantholysis). The disease is caused by auto-antibodies that bind to desmosomal cadherins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 or Dsg3 and Dsg1 in mucous membranes and skin. A currently unresolved controversy in PV is whether apoptosis is involved in the pathogenic process. The objective of this study was to perform preclinical studies to investigate apoptotic pathway activation in PV pathogenesis with the goal to assess its potential for clinical therapy. For this purpose, we investigated mouse and human skin keratinocyte cultures treated with PV antibodies (the experimental Dsg3 monospecific antibody AK23 or PV patients IgG), PV mouse models (passive transfer of AK23 or PVIgG into adult and neonatal mice) as well as PV patients' biopsies (n=6). A combination of TUNEL assay, analyses of membrane integrity, early apoptotic markers such as cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and the collapse of actin cytoskeleton failed to provide evidence for apoptosis in PV pathogenesis. However, the in vitro and in vivo PV models, allowing to monitor progression of lesion formation, revealed an early, transient and low-level caspase-3 activation. Pharmacological inhibition confirmed the functional implication of caspase-3 in major events in PV such as shedding of Dsg3, keratin retraction, proliferation including c-Myc induction, p38MAPK activation and acantholysis. Together, these data identify low-level caspase-3 activation downstream of disrupted Dsg3 trans- or cis-adhesion as a major event in PV pathogenesis that is non-synonymous with apoptosis and represents, unlike apoptotic components, a promising target for clinical therapy. At a broader level, these results posit that an impairment of adhesive functions in concert with low-level, non-lethal caspase-3 activation can evoke profound cellular changes which may be of relevance for other diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Luyet
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Schulze
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beyza S. Sayar
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise Howald
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J. Müller
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- Molecular Dermatology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li X, Ishii N, Ohata C, Furumura M, Hashimoto T. Signalling pathways in pemphigus vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:155-6. [PMID: 24387643 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris is induced by binding of autoantibodies to desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). The roles of signalling pathways on development of acantholysis have recently been extensively studied. In the study by Sayar et al., recently published in Exp Dermatol, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling was activated in both in vivo and in vitro pemphigus vulgaris experimental models. However, while EGFR inhibitors suppressed activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) linearly, they suppressed activity of c-Myc and acantholysis in a non-linear, V-shaped relationship. These findings indicated complicated interactions among EGFR, p38MAPK and c-Myc in pemphigus vulgaris pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine and Kurume University Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Jaka A, Gutiérrez-Rivera A, Ormaechea N, Blanco J, La Casta A, Sarasqueta C, Izeta A, Tuneu A. Association betweenEGFRgene polymorphisms, skin rash and response to anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:751-3. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Jaka
- Department of Dermatology; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Araika Gutiérrez-Rivera
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Biodonostia; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Nerea Ormaechea
- Department of Dermatology; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jesus Blanco
- Department of Oncology; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Adelaida La Casta
- Department of Oncology; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Cristina Sarasqueta
- Research Unit; Instituto Biodonostia; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Lab; Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Biodonostia; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
| | - Anna Tuneu
- Department of Dermatology; Donostia University Hospital; San Sebastián Spain
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