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Zhang XE, Zheng P, Ye SZ, Ma X, Liu E, Pang YB, He QY, Zhang YX, Li WQ, Zeng JH, Guo J. Microbiome: Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1057-1082. [PMID: 38375021 PMCID: PMC10876011 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s441100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As the body's largest organ, the skin harbors a highly diverse microbiota, playing a crucial role in resisting foreign pathogens, nurturing the immune system, and metabolizing natural products. The dysregulation of human skin microbiota is implicated in immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses. This review delineates the microbial alterations and immune dysregulation features in common Inflammatory Skin Diseases (ISDs) such as psoriasis, rosacea, atopic dermatitis(AD), seborrheic dermatitis(SD), diaper dermatitis(DD), and Malassezia folliculitis(MF).The skin microbiota, a complex and evolving community, undergoes changes in composition and function that can compromise the skin microbial barrier. These alterations induce water loss and abnormal lipid metabolism, contributing to the onset of ISDs. Additionally, microorganisms release toxins, like Staphylococcus aureus secreted α toxins and proteases, which may dissolve the stratum corneum, impairing skin barrier function and allowing entry into the bloodstream. Microbes entering the bloodstream activate molecular signals, leading to immune disorders and subsequent skin inflammatory responses. For instance, Malassezia stimulates dendritic cells(DCs) to release IL-12 and IL-23, differentiating into a Th17 cell population and producing proinflammatory mediators such as IL-17, IL-22, TNF-α, and IFN-α.This review offers new insights into the role of the human skin microbiota in ISDs, paving the way for future skin microbiome-specific targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Er Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pai Zheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Zhen Ye
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - E Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Bin Pang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ying He
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Quan Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hao Zeng
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 6610072, People’s Republic of China
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Truglio M, Sivori F, Cavallo I, Abril E, Licursi V, Fabrizio G, Cardinali G, Pignatti M, Toma L, Valensise F, Cristaudo A, Pimpinelli F, Di Domenico EG. Modulating the skin mycobiome-bacteriome and treating seborrheic dermatitis with a probiotic-enriched oily suspension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2722. [PMID: 38302693 PMCID: PMC10834955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) affects 2-5% of the global population, with imbalances in the skin microbiome implicated in its development. This study assessed the impact of an oily suspension containing Lactobacillus crispatus P17631 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei I1688 (termed EUTOPLAC) on SD symptoms and the skin mycobiome-bacteriome modulation. 25 SD patients were treated with EUTOPLAC for a week. Symptom severity and skin mycobiome-bacteriome changes were measured at the start of the treatment (T0), after seven days (T8), and three weeks post-treatment (T28). Results indicated symptom improvement post-EUTOPLAC, with notable reductions in the Malassezia genus. Concurrently, bacterial shifts were observed, including a decrease in Staphylococcus and an increase in Lactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus. Network analysis highlighted post-EUTOPLAC instability in fungal and bacterial interactions, with increased negative correlations between Malassezia and Lactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus genera. The study suggests EUTOPLAC's potential as a targeted SD treatment, reducing symptoms and modulating the mycobiome-bacteriome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Truglio
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sivori
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Elva Abril
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fabrizio
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Toma
- Medical Directorate, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Valensise
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cristaudo
- Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Pimpinelli
- Microbiology and Virology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Luo Y, Tang JF, Gao FF, Quan JH, Ma CT, Li SJ, Fan YM. NLRP3 regulates CIITA/MHC II axis and interferon-γ-inducible chemokines in Malassezia globosa-infected keratinocytes. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13680. [PMID: 38214420 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
CIITA, a member of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, is the major MHC II trans-activator and mediator of Th1 immunity, but its function and interaction with NLRP3 have been little studied. We found activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, increased expression of CIITA, CBP, pSTAT1, STAT1, MHC II, IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines (CCL1 and CXCL8), and colocalisation of NLRP3 with CIITA in Malassezia folliculitis lesions, Malassezia globosa-infected HaCaT cells and mouse skin. CoIP with anti-CIITA or anti-NLRP3 antibody pulled down NLRP3 or both CIITA and ASC. NLRP3 silencing or knockout caused CIITA downexpression and their colocalisation disappearance in HaCaT cells and mouse skin of Nlrp3-/- mice, while CIITA knockdown had no effect on NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18 expression. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors and knockdown significantly suppressed IFN-γ, CCL1, CXCL8 and CXCL10 levels in M. globosa-infected HaCaT cells. CCL1 and CXCL8 expression was elevated in Malassezia folliculitis lesions and reduced in Nlrp3-/- mice. These results demonstrate that M. globosa can activate NLRP3 inflammasome, CIITA/MHC II signalling and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines in human keratinocytes and mouse skin. NLRP3 may regulate CIITA by their binding and trigger Th1 immunity by secreting CCL1 and CXCL8/IL-8, contributing to the pathogenesis of Malassezia-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fei-Fei Gao
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juan-Hua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chuan-Ting Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shi-Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Dermatology, Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center, First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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4
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Ruchti F, Tuor M, Mathew L, McCarthy NE, LeibundGut-Landmann S. γδ T cells respond directly and selectively to the skin commensal yeast Malassezia for IL-17-dependent fungal control. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011668. [PMID: 38215167 PMCID: PMC10810444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable microbial colonization of the skin depends on tight control by the host immune system. The lipid-dependent yeast Malassezia typically colonizes skin as a harmless commensal and is subject to host type 17 immunosurveillance, but this fungus has also been associated with diverse skin pathologies in both humans and animals. Using a murine model of Malassezia exposure, we show that Vγ4+ dermal γδ T cells expand rapidly and are the major source of IL-17A mediating fungal control in colonized skin. A pool of memory-like Malassezia-responsive Vγ4+ T cells persisted in the skin, were enriched in draining lymph nodes even after fungal clearance, and were protective upon fungal re-exposure up to several weeks later. Induction of γδT17 immunity depended on IL-23 and IL-1 family cytokine signalling, whereas Toll-like and C-type lectin receptors were dispensable. Furthermore, Vγ4+ T cells from Malassezia-exposed hosts were able to respond directly and selectively to Malassezia-derived ligands, independently of antigen-presenting host cells. The fungal moieties detected were shared across diverse species of the Malassezia genus, but not conserved in other Basidiomycota or Ascomycota. These data provide novel mechanistic insight into the induction and maintenance of type 17 immunosurveillance of skin commensal colonization that has significant implications for cutaneous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meret Tuor
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liya Mathew
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Li L, Huang X, Chen H. Unveiling the hidden players: exploring the role of gut mycobiome in cancer development and treatment dynamics. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2328868. [PMID: 38485702 PMCID: PMC10950292 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2328868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of gut fungal species in tumor-related processes remains largely unexplored, with most studies still focusing on fungal infections. This review examines the accumulating evidence suggesting the involvement of commensal and pathogenic fungi in cancer biological process, including oncogenesis, progression, and treatment response. Mechanisms explored include fungal influence on host immunity, secretion of bioactive toxins/metabolites, interaction with bacterial commensals, and migration to other tissues in certain types of cancers. Attempts to utilize fungal molecular signatures for cancer diagnosis and fungal-derived products for treatment are discussed. A few studies highlight fungi's impact on the responsiveness and sensitivity to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplant. Given the limited understanding and techniques in fungal research, the studies on gut fungi are still facing great challenges, despite having great potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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6
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Fusco A, Perfetto B, Savio V, Chiaromonte A, Torelli G, Donnarumma G, Baroni A. Regulatory Ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Human Skin Health by Counteracting In Vitro Malassezia furfur Effects. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1153. [PMID: 38132754 PMCID: PMC10744525 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin serves as the first barrier against pathogen attacks, thanks to its multifunctional microbial community. Malassezia furfur is a commensal organism of normal cutaneous microflora but is also a cause of skin diseases. It acts on different cell pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, AhR, NLRP3 inflammasome) leading to cellular damage, barrier impairment, and inflammatory cytokines production. Lactobacillus spp. Is an endogenous inhabitant of healthy skin, and studies have proven its beneficial role in wound healing, skin inflammation, and protection against pathogen infections. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the ability of live Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to interfere with the harmful effects of the yeast on human keratinocytes (HaCat) in vitro. To enable this, the cells were treated with M. furfur, either alone or in the presence of L. plantarum. To study the inflammasome activation, cells require a stimulus triggering inflammation (LPS) before M. furfur infection, with or without L. plantarum. L. plantarum effectively counteracts all the harmful strategies of yeast, reducing the phospholipase activity, accelerating wound repair, restoring barrier integrity, reducing AhR and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and, consequently, releasing inflammatory cytokines. Although lactobacilli have a long history of use in fermented foods, it can be speculated that they can also have health-promoting activities when topically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Brunella Perfetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Vittoria Savio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Adriana Chiaromonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanna Torelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Adone Baroni
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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Jung WH. Alteration in skin mycobiome due to atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011309. [PMID: 38505818 PMCID: PMC10903429 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A microbiome consists of viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microeukaryotes. It influences host immune systems and contributes to the development of various diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, asthma, and skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and has various microorganisms on its surface. Several studies on skin microbiomes have illustrated the effects of their composition, metabolites, and interactions with host cells on diseases. However, most studies have focused on the bacterial microbiome rather than the fungal microbiome, namely, mycobiome, although emerging evidence indicates that fungi also play a critical role in skin microbiomes through interactions with the host cells. I briefly summarize the current progress in the analysis of mycobiomes on human skin. I focused on alteration of the skin mycobiome caused by atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, with an emphasis on the Malassezia genus, which are the most dominant fungi residing here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea
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8
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Ruchti F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. New insights into immunity to skin fungi shape our understanding of health and disease. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12948. [PMID: 36047038 PMCID: PMC10078452 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fungi represent an integral part of the skin microbiota. Their complex interaction network with the host shapes protective immunity during homeostasis. If host defences are breached, skin-resident fungi including Malassezia and Candida, and environmental fungi such as dermatophytes can cause cutaneous infections. In addition, fungi are associated with diverse non-infectious skin disorders. Despite their multiple roles in health and disease, fungi remain elusive and understudied, and the mechanisms underlying the emergence of pathological conditions linked to fungi are largely unclear. The identification of IL-17 as an important antifungal effector mechanism represents a milestone for understanding homeostatic antifungal immunity. At the same time, host-adverse, disease-promoting roles of IL-17 have been delineated, as in psoriasis. Fungal dysbiosis represents another feature of many pathological skin conditions with an unknown causal link of intra- and interkingdom interactions to disease pathogenesis. The emergence of new fungal pathogens such as Candida auris highlights the need for more research into fungal immunology to understand how antifungal responses shape health and diseases. Recent technological advances for genetically manipulating fungi to target immunomodulatory fungal determinants, multi-omics approaches for studying immune cells in the human skin, and novel experimental models open up a promising future for skin fungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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The Role of the Cutaneous Mycobiome in Atopic Dermatitis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111153. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous lesions, itch, and a significant deterioration in the quality of life. Recently, microbiome dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Changes in the fungal microbiome (also termed mycobiome) appear to be an important factor influencing the clinical picture of this entity. This review summarizes the available insights into the role of the cutaneous mycobiome in atopic dermatitis and the new research possibilities in this field. The prevalence and characteristics of key fungal species, the most important pathogenesis pathways, as well as classic and emerging therapies of fungal dysbiosis and infections complicating atopic dermatitis, are presented.
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Ianiri G, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Dawson TL. Malassezia: A Commensal, Pathogen, and Mutualist of Human and Animal Skin. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:757-782. [PMID: 36075093 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-040820-010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identified in the late nineteenth century as a single species residing on human skin, Malassezia is now recognized as a diverse genus comprising 18 species inhabiting not only skin but human gut, hospital environments, and even deep-sea sponges. All cultivated Malassezia species are lipid dependent, having lost genes for lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. The surging interest in Malassezia results from development of tools to improve sampling, culture, identification, and genetic engineering, which has led to findings implicating it in numerous skin diseases, Crohn disease, and pancreatic cancer. However, it has become clear that Malassezia plays a multifaceted role in human health, with mutualistic activity in atopic dermatitis and a preventive effect against other skin infections due to its potential to compete with skin pathogens such as Candida auris. Improved understanding of complex microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions will be required to define Malassezia's role in human and animal health and disease so as to design targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Faculty of Vetsuisse, and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; .,Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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11
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Banerjee SK, Chatterjee A, Gupta S, Nagar A. Activation and Regulation of NLRP3 by Sterile and Infectious Insults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896353. [PMID: 35663964 PMCID: PMC9161712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nod-Like Receptor (NLR) is the largest family of Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that patrols the cytosolic environment. NLR engagement drives caspase-1 activation that cleaves pro-IL-1B which then gets secreted. Released IL-1B recruits immune cells to the site of infection/injury. Caspase-1 also cleaves Gasdermin-D (GSDM-D) that forms pores within the plasma membrane driving inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. NLRP3 is the most extensively studied NLR. The NLRP3 gene is encoded by 9 exons, where exon 1 codes for pyrin domain, exon 3 codes for NACHT domain, and Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) domain is coded by exon 4-9. Exon 2 codes for a highly disorganized loop that connects the rest of the protein to the pyrin domain and may be involved in NLRP3 regulation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by many structurally divergent agonists of microbial, environmental, and host origin. Activated NLRP3 interacts with an adaptor protein, ASC, that bridges it to pro-Caspase-1 forming a multi-protein complex called inflammasome. Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity is a hallmark of pathogenesis in several human diseases, indicating its highly significant clinical relevance. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about the mechanism of activation of NLRP3 and its regulation during activation by infectious and sterile triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijon K. Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shamba Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Abhinit Nagar
- Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Abhinit Nagar,
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12
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Gueniche A, Liboutet M, Cheilian S, Fagot D, Juchaux F, Breton L. Vitreoscilla filiformis Extract for Topical Skin Care: A Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:747663. [PMID: 34976852 PMCID: PMC8717924 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.747663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term probiotic has been defined by experts as live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotics are, thus, by definition, live microorganisms, and the viability of probiotics is a prerequisite for certain benefits, such as the release of metabolites at the site or adhesion properties, for example. However, some semi-active or non-replicative bacterial preparations may retain a similar activity to the live forms. On cosmetic, lysates or fractions are generally used. Topically applied Vitreoscilla filiformis extract has shown to have some similar biological activity of probiotics in the gut, for example, regulating immunity by optimisation of regulatory cell function, protecting against infection, and helping skin barrier function for better recovery and resistance. Due to their mode of action and efficacy, V. filiformis extract (lysate including membrane and cytosol) may be considered as non-replicative probiotic fractions, and this review article presents all its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gueniche
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Luxury Division Dept, Chevilly-La-Rue, France
| | - Muriel Liboutet
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Luxury Division Dept, Chevilly-La-Rue, France
| | - Stephanie Cheilian
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Luxury Division Dept, Chevilly-La-Rue, France
| | - Dominique Fagot
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research Dept, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Franck Juchaux
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research Dept, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Lionel Breton
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research Dept, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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13
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Li W, Wang T, Huang WB, Li FG, Quan JH, Shi G, Zouboulis CC, Fan YM. Malassezia globosa activates NLRP3 inflammasome in human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:2042-2046.e11. [PMID: 34929176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wen-Bin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fang-Gu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juan-Hua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Dermatology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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14
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The human fungal pathogen Malassezia and its role in cancer. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Tao R, Li R, Wang R. Dysbiosis of skin mycobiome in atopic dermatitis. Mycoses 2021; 65:285-293. [PMID: 34817898 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide. The aetiology and pathogenesis of AD have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies have suggested the role of fungi as a triggering factor in the development AD. Here we conducted a systematic review to investigate the skin mycobiome profiles in AD and to address whether there is an association between fungal dysbiosis and AD. We searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for research studies published in English between January 1st, 2010 and April 21st, 2021. A total of 11 human studies and 3 animal studies were included in this analysis. Fungal dysbiosis was observed in AD lesions with a depleted amount of Malassezia and a higher abundance of filamentous fungi. A positive correlation between Candida and Staphylococcus was also demonstrated in AD. We supposed that specific species of Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD by interacting with the pathogenic bacteria. Topical application of emollients could improve the skin barrier function and restore the skin fungal flora by increasing the amount of Malassezia. Further studies focusing on the complex interplay between specific skin fungi and the host can provide better insight into the role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Polak K, Jobbágy A, Muszyński T, Wojciechowska K, Frątczak A, Bánvölgyi A, Bergler-Czop B, Kiss N. Microbiome Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Skin Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101436. [PMID: 34680552 PMCID: PMC8533290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing quantity of evidence on how skin and gut microbiome composition impacts the course of various dermatological diseases. The strategies involving the modulation of bacterial composition are increasingly in the focus of research attention. The aim of the present review was to analyze the literature available in PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE databases on the topic of microbiome modulation in skin diseases. The effects and possible mechanisms of action of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in dermatological conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, chronic ulcers, seborrheic dermatitis, burns and acne were analyzed. Due to the very limited number of studies available regarding the topic of microbiome modulation in all skin diseases except for AD, the authors decided to also include case reports and original studies concerning oral administration and topical application of the pro-, pre- and synbiotics in the final analysis. The evaluated studies mostly reported significant health benefits to the patients or show promising results in animal or ex vivo studies. However, due to a limited amount of research and unambiguous results, the topic of microbiome modulation as a therapeutic approach in skin diseases still warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Polak
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (K.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Antal Jobbágy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Tomasz Muszyński
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-530 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Kamila Wojciechowska
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (K.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Aleksandra Frątczak
- Chair and Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (B.B.-C.)
| | - András Bánvölgyi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Beata Bergler-Czop
- Chair and Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (B.B.-C.)
| | - Norbert Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (A.J.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Limbu SL, Purba TS, Harries M, Wikramanayake TC, Miteva M, Bhogal RK, O'Neill CA, Paus R. A folliculocentric perspective of dandruff pathogenesis: Could a troublesome condition be caused by changes to a natural secretory mechanism? Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100005. [PMID: 34486144 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common scalp condition, which frequently causes psychological distress in those affected. Dandruff is considered to be caused by an interplay of several factors. However, the pathogenesis of dandruff remains under-investigated, especially with respect to the contribution of the hair follicle. As the hair follicle exhibits unique immune-modulatory properties, including the creation of an immunoinhibitory, immune-privileged milieu, we propose a novel hypothesis taking into account the role of the hair follicle. We hypothesize that the changes and imbalance of yeast and bacterial species, along with increasing proinflammatory sebum by-products, leads to the activation of immune response and inflammation. Hair follicle keratinocytes may then detect these changes in scalp microbiota resulting in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation site. These changes in the scalp skin immune-microenvironment may impact hair follicle immune privilege status, which opens new avenues into exploring the role of the hair follicle in dandruff pathogenesis. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/mEZEznCYtNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Limbu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Talveen S Purba
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Harries
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mariya Miteva
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ranjit K Bhogal
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Neill
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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18
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Briard B, Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. Role of inflammasomes/pyroptosis and PANoptosis during fungal infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009358. [PMID: 33735255 PMCID: PMC7971547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Briard
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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19
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Tsang MSM, Hou T, Chan BCL, Wong CK. Immunological Roles of NLR in Allergic Diseases and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1507. [PMID: 33546184 PMCID: PMC7913164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding on the immunological roles of pathogen recognition in innate immunity has vastly increased over the past 20 years. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are responsible for sensing microbial motifs and endogenous damage signals in mammalian cytosol for immune surveillance and host defense. The accumulating discoveries on these NLR sensors in allergic diseases suggest that the pathogenesis of allergic diseases may not be confined to the adaptive immune response. Therapy targeting NLR in murine models also shields light on its potential in the treatment of allergies in man. In this review, we herein summarize the recent understanding of the role of NLR sensors and their molecular mechanisms involved in allergic inflammation, including atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.S.-M.T.); (T.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Tianheng Hou
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.S.-M.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Ben Chung-Lap Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.S.-M.T.); (T.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Vijaya Chandra SH, Srinivas R, Dawson TL, Common JE. Cutaneous Malassezia: Commensal, Pathogen, or Protector? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614446. [PMID: 33575223 PMCID: PMC7870721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microbial community is a multifunctional ecosystem aiding prevention of infections from transient pathogens, maintenance of host immune homeostasis, and skin health. A better understanding of the complex milieu of microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions will be required to define the ecosystem's optimal function and enable rational design of microbiome targeted interventions. Malassezia, a fungal genus currently comprising 18 species and numerous functionally distinct strains, are lipid-dependent basidiomycetous yeasts and integral components of the skin microbiome. The high proportion of Malassezia in the skin microbiome makes understanding their role in healthy and diseased skin crucial to development of functional skin health knowledge and understanding of normal, healthy skin homeostasis. Over the last decade, new tools for Malassezia culture, detection, and genetic manipulation have revealed not only the ubiquity of Malassezia on skin but new pathogenic roles in seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, and pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Application of these tools continues to peel back the layers of Malassezia/skin interactions, including clear examples of pathogenicity, commensalism, and potential protective or beneficial activities creating mutualism. Our increased understanding of host- and microbe-specific interactions should lead to identification of key factors that maintain skin in a state of healthy mutualism or, in turn, initiate pathogenic changes. These approaches are leading toward development of new therapeutic targets and treatment options. This review discusses recent developments that have expanded our understanding of Malassezia's role in the skin microbiome, with a focus on its multiple roles in health and disease as commensal, pathogen, and protector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramasamy Srinivas
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John E Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Corzo-León DE, MacCallum DM, Munro CA. Host Responses in an Ex Vivo Human Skin Model Challenged With Malassezia sympodialis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:561382. [PMID: 33552997 PMCID: PMC7859105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia species are a major part of the normal mycobiota and colonize mainly sebum-rich skin regions of the body. This group of fungi cause a variety of infections such as pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis, and fungaemia. In particular, Malassezia sympodialis and its allergens have been associated with non-infective inflammatory diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis and atopic eczema. The aim of this study was to investigate the host response to M. sympodialis on oily skin (supplemented with oleic acid) and non-oily skin using an ex vivo human skin model. Host-pathogen interactions were analyzed by SEM, histology, gene expression, immunoassays and dual species proteomics. The skin response to M. sympodialis was characterized by increased expression of the genes encoding β-defensin 3 and RNase7, and by high levels of S100 proteins in tissue. Supplementation of oleic acid onto skin was associated with direct contact of yeasts with keratinocytes and epidermal damage. In oily conditions, there was increased expression of IL18 but no expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in the skin’s response to M. sympodialis. In supernatants from inoculated skin plus oleic acid, TNFα, IL-6, and IL1-β levels were decreased and IL-18 levels were significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora E Corzo-León
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Donna M MacCallum
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A Munro
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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22
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Park HR, Oh JH, Lee YJ, Park SH, Lee YW, Lee S, Kang H, Kim JE. Inflammasome-mediated Inflammation by Malassezia in human keratinocytes: A comparative analysis with different strains. Mycoses 2020; 64:292-299. [PMID: 33206994 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malassezia species are associated with several common dermatologic conditions including pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis, folliculitis, and atopic dermatitis and dandruff. However, its causal role remains to be established. We intended to explore the role of inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes in response to three different Malassezia species. We compared the different activation patterns of inflammasomes and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides by three different Malassezia species-M. restricta, M. globosa and M. sympodialis-in human keratinocytes. We found that different Malassezia species, especially M. restricta and M. globosa could induce nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin-domain-containing protein (NLRP)3-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) inflammasome activation and subsequent interleukin (IL)-1β secretion in human keratinocytes. Malassezia species variably induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin, β-defensin 2, and LL-37. IL-8 mRNA and IL-22 protein significantly increased in the M. sympodialis-treated group, and Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)17 and CCL22 mRNA were increased in response to M. globosa- and M. restricta- treated keratinocytes, respectively. Our data show that various species of Malassezia promote variable inflammatory responses in keratinocytes by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ree Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hye Oh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Hee Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongju Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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23
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The Immune Function of Keratinocytes in Anti-Pathogen Infection in the Skin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jd9.0000000000000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Interplays between inflammasomes and viruses, bacteria (pathogenic and probiotic), yeasts and parasites. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:1-14. [PMID: 32971149 PMCID: PMC7505743 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scientists studying the molecular mechanisms of inflammation have discovered an amazing phenomenon - the inflammasome - a component of the innate immune system that can regulate the functional activity of effector cells during inflammation. At present, it is known that inflammasomes are multimolecular complexes (cytosolic multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system) that contain many copies of receptors recognizing the molecular structures of cell-damaging factors and pathogenic agents. Inflammasomes are mainly formed in myeloid cells, and their main function is participation in the cleavage of the pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 cytokines into their biologically active forms (IL-1β, IL-18). Each type of microorganism influences particular inflammasome activation, and long-term exposure of the organism to viruses, bacteria, yeasts or parasites, among others, can induce uncontrolled inflammation and autoinflammatory diseases. Therefore, this review aims to present the most current scientific data on the molecular interplay between inflammasomes and particular microorganisms. Knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the interaction between the host and certain types of microorganisms could contribute to the individuation of innovative strategies for the treatment of uncontrolled inflammation targeting a specific type of inflammasome activated by a specific type of pathogen.
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25
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Wolf AJ, Limon JJ, Nguyen C, Prince A, Castro A, Underhill DM. Malassezia spp. induce inflammatory cytokines and activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:161-172. [PMID: 32941658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0820-259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are common eukaryotic yeasts that colonize mammalian skin. Recently, the authors and others have observed that Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta can be found in the intestines in the context of certain diseases, including Crohn's disease and pancreatic cancer. In order to better understand the nature of innate inflammatory responses to these yeasts, inflammatory responses induced by M. restricta and M. globosa in mouse bone marrow-derived Mϕs (BMDM) and dendritic cells (BMDC) are evaluated. While Malassezia yeasts induce proinflammatory cytokine production from both Mϕs and dendritic cells, the levels of production from BMDC were more pronounced. Both M. restricta and M. globosa activated inflammatory cytokine production from BMDC in large part through Dectin2 and CARD9 signaling, although additional receptors appear to be involved in phagocytosis and activation of reactive oxygen production in response to the yeasts. Both M. restricta and M. globosa stimulate production of pro-IL-1β as well as activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Malassezia fungi requires SYK signaling, potassium efflux and actin rearrangement. Together, the data further the understanding of the coordinated involvement of multiple innate immune receptors in recognizing Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta and orchestrating phagocyte inflammatory and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jose J Limon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Lee K, Zhang I, Kyman S, Kask O, Cope EK. Co-infection of Malassezia sympodialis With Bacterial Pathobionts Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Distinct Sinonasal Inflammatory Responses in a Murine Acute Sinusitis Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:472. [PMID: 33014894 PMCID: PMC7498577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated bacteria and fungi, comprising the microbiota, are critical to host health. In the airways, the composition and diversity of the mucosal microbiota of patients are associated with airway health status. However, the relationship between airway microbiota and respiratory inflammation is not well-understood. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex disease that affects up to 14% of the US population. Previous studies have shown decreased microbial diversity in CRS patients and enrichment of either Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although bacterial community composition is variable across CRS patients, Malassezia is a dominant fungal genus in the upper airways of the majority of healthy and CRS subjects. We hypothesize that distinct bacterial-fungal interactions differentially influence host mucosal immune response. Thus, we investigated in vitro and in vivo interactions between Malassezia sympodialis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The in vitro interactions were evaluated using the modified Kirby-Bauer Assay, Crystal Violet assay for biofilm, and FISH. A pilot murine model of acute sinusitis was used to investigate relationships with the host immune response. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were intranasally instilled in the presence or absence of M. sympodialis (n = 66 total mice; 3–5/group). Changes in the microbiota were determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and host immune response was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In vitro, only late stage planktonic P. aeruginosa and its biofilms inhibited M. sympodialis. Co-infection of mice with M. sympodialis and P. aeruginosa or S. aureus differently influenced the immune response. In co-infected mice, we demonstrate different expression of fungal sensing (Dectin-1), allergic responses (IL-5, and IL-13) and inflammation (IL-10, and IL-17) in murine sinus depending on the bacterial species that co-infected with M. sympodialis (p < 0.05). The pilot results suggest that species-specific interactions in airway-associated microbiota may be implicated driving immune responses. The understanding of the role of bacterial-fungal interactions in CRS will contribute to development of novel therapies toward manipulation of the airway microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keehoon Lee
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Irene Zhang
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Shari Kyman
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Oliver Kask
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Emily Kathryn Cope
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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Lee K, Zhang I, Kyman S, Kask O, Cope EK. Co-infection of Malassezia sympodialis With Bacterial Pathobionts Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus Leads to Distinct Sinonasal Inflammatory Responses in a Murine Acute Sinusitis Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.10.3389/fcimb.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, Bensignor EJ, Robson D, Mason KV, Kano R, Hill PB. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:28-74. [PMID: 31957204 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIAL The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, France
| | | | - David Robson
- Animal Skin and Ear Specialists, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria, 3150, Australia
| | - Kenneth V Mason
- Dermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland, 4127, Australia
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Peter B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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29
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Paul AA, Hoffman KL, Hagan JL, Sampath V, Petrosino JF, Pammi M. Fungal cutaneous microbiome and host determinants in preterm and term neonates. Pediatr Res 2020; 88:225-233. [PMID: 31816621 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neonatal cutaneous mycobiome has not been characterized in preterm infants. Invasive fungal infections in preterm neonates are associated with high mortality. The immaturity of the preterm skin predisposes neonates to invasive infection by skin colonizers. We report the clinical and host determinants that influence the skin mycobiome. METHODS Skin swabs from the antecubital fossa, forehead, and gluteal region of 15 preterm and 15 term neonates were obtained during the first 5 weeks of life. The mycobiome was sequenced using the conserved pan-fungal ITS2 region. Blood samples were used to genotype immune modulating genes. Clinical metadata was collected to determine the clinical predictors of the abundance and diversity of the skin mycobiome. RESULTS The neonatal mycobiome is characterized by few taxa. Alpha diversity of the mycobiome is influenced by antibiotic exposure, the forehead body site, and the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment. Beta diversity varies with mode of delivery, diet, and body site. The host determinants of the cutaneous microbiome include single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR4, NLRP3,CARD8, and NOD2. CONCLUSION The neonatal cutaneous mycobiome is composed of few genera and is influenced by clinical factors and host genetics, the understanding of which will inform preventive strategies against invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu A Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Alkek Center for Microbiome and Metagenomics Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph L Hagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Department of Pediatrics, Section: Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Microbiome and Metagenomics Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohan Pammi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Thammahong A, Kiatsurayanon C, Edwards SW, Rerknimitr P, Chiewchengchol D. The clinical significance of fungi in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:926-935. [PMID: 32441807 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases and is caused by multiple factors including genetic factors, skin barrier defects, host immune responses, allergen sensitivity, environmental effects, and infections. Commonly, bacterial and viral infections are present in the eczematous lesions of AD patients and clearly aggravate the symptoms. However, studies of fungal infections in AD are limited in spite of the fact that there are reports showing that Malassezia, Candida, and some dermatophytes can affect the symptoms of AD. Moreover, certain fungal infections are sometimes overlooked and need to be considered particularly in AD patients with treatment failure as clinical features of those fungal infections could mimic eczematous lesions in AD. Here, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and overlooked features of fungal infections associated with the symptoms of AD including the diagnosis and effectiveness of fungal treatments in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsa Thammahong
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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31
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Tang L, Zhou F. Inflammasomes in Common Immune-Related Skin Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32528469 PMCID: PMC7247819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is an important protein complex that cleaves the proinflammatory cytokines pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active forms. Owing to its critical role in eliciting innate immune responses, IL-1β has been suggested to contribute to various skin diseases, including psoriasis, vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and atopic dermatitis (AD). Recently, several types of activators and inhibitors of different inflammasomes, as well as inflammasome-related genes and genetic susceptibility loci, have been identified in these immune-related common skin diseases. In particular, inflammasome activators and inhibitors presented highly cell-type-specific activity, suggesting that the inflammasome might perform different functions in different cell types. Moreover, most of these findings were based on experimental disease models, and the clinical features of the models partly resemble the typical symptoms of the diseases. In this review, from the perspective of activators and inhibitors, we collected evidence from the widely-studied inflammasomes, NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRP1, in psoriasis, vitiligo, SLE, and AD. Importantly, some small-molecule inhibitors hold therapeutic promise for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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32
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Adalsteinsson JA, Kaushik S, Muzumdar S, Guttman-Yassky E, Ungar J. An update on the microbiology, immunology and genetics of seborrheic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:481-489. [PMID: 32125725 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is poorly understood but major scientific progress has been made in recent years related to microbiology, immunology and genetics. In light of this, the major goal of this article was to summarize the most recent articles on SD, specifically related to underlying pathophysiology. SD results from Malassezia hydrolysation of free fatty acids with activation of the immune system by the way of pattern recognition receptors, inflammasome, IL-1β and NF-kB. M. restricta and M. globosa are likely the most virulent subspecies, producing large quantities of irritating oleic acids, leading to IL-8 and IL-17 activation. IL-17 and IL-4 might play a big role in pathogenesis, but this needs to be further studied using novel biologics. No clear genetic predisposition has been established; however, recent studies implicated certain increased-risk human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, such as A*32, DQB1*05 and DRB1*01 as well as possible associations with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) through the LCE3 gene cluster while SD, and SD-like syndromes, shares genetic mutations that appear to impair the ability of the immune system to restrict Malassezia growth, partially due to complement system dysfunction. A paucity of studies exists looking at the relationship between SD and systemic disease. In HIV, SD is thought to be secondary to a combination of immune dysregulation and disruption in skin microbiota with unhindered Malassezia proliferation. In Parkinson's disease, SD is most likely secondary to parasympathetic hyperactivity with increased sebum production as well as facial immobility which leads to sebum accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivani Kaushik
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sonal Muzumdar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Ungar
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Sparber F, De Gregorio C, Steckholzer S, Ferreira FM, Dolowschiak T, Ruchti F, Kirchner FR, Mertens S, Prinz I, Joller N, Buch T, Glatz M, Sallusto F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. The Skin Commensal Yeast Malassezia Triggers a Type 17 Response that Coordinates Anti-fungal Immunity and Exacerbates Skin Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:389-403.e6. [PMID: 30870621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Commensal fungi of the mammalian skin, such as those of the genus Malassezia, are associated with atopic dermatitis and other common inflammatory skin disorders. Understanding of the causative relationship between fungal commensalism and disease manifestation remains incomplete. By developing a murine epicutaneous infection model, we found Malassezia spp. selectively induce IL-17 and related cytokines. This response is key in preventing fungal overgrowth on the skin, as disruption of the IL-23-IL-17 axis compromises Malassezia-specific cutaneous immunity. Under conditions of impaired skin integrity, mimicking a hallmark of atopic dermatitis, the presence of Malassezia dramatically aggravates cutaneous inflammation, which again was IL-23 and IL-17 dependent. Consistently, we found a CCR6+ Th17 subset of memory T cells to be Malassezia specific in both healthy individuals and atopic dermatitis patients, whereby the latter showed enhanced frequency of these cells. Thus, the Malassezia-induced type 17 response is pivotal in orchestrating antifungal immunity and in actively promoting skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Corinne De Gregorio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Simone Steckholzer
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Filipa M Ferreira
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Tamas Dolowschiak
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Florian R Kirchner
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mertens
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Martin Glatz
- Department of Dermatology, University and University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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Gruber JV, Holtz R. In vitro expression of NLRP inflammasome-induced active Caspase-1 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) by various exogenous threats and subsequent inhibition by naturally derived ingredient blends. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:219-230. [PMID: 31692589 PMCID: PMC6716588 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s215776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of the nod-like receptor protein (NLRP) inflammasomes in 2002 has led to the rapid identification of these unique cellular proteins as key targets for studies on innate inflammation pathways. The NLRP inflammasomes have been shown to be expressed in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). NLRP inflammasomes in keratinocytes are interesting as these skin cells are the first living cells in the skin to contact external exogenous threats such as UV energy, chemicals, physical trauma, and bacteria and viruses. Activation of the NLRP Inflammasomes by exogenous threats results in the release of active Caspase-1 (ACasp-1), a key protease enzyme, which targets inactive forms of IL-1β, IL-18 as well as IL-1α and IL-33. Purpose This article discusses efforts to examine the release of active Caspase-1 from NHEKs activated by various exogenous threats including UVB energy, ATP, Nigericin and Urban Dust. The work further examines if, after inflammasome activation and Caspase-1 release, certain naturally derived botanical ingredients known to have anti-inflammatory effects can function to inhibit upregulation of active Caspase-1. Methods NHEK were treated with various doses of UVB, ATP and Nigericin and with a single dose of Urban Dust. ACasp-1 expression was measured after 3 and 20 hours using the Promega Caspase Glo-1 bioluminescent assay. After confirmation that 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB and 5mM of ATP were effective to activate NHEK ACasp-1 release after 20 hrs, these conditions were employed to examine the influence of three botanical blends of ingredients on their ability to inhibit ACasp-1 expression. Results Initial results demonstrate that NHEKs can be activated to release active Caspase-1 by ATP and UVB, but not by Nigericin or Urban Dust. In addition, it was unexpectedly found that, while ATP and UVB activated NHEKs, the release of ACasp-1-did not happen within the first 3 hours after exposure but did become significant after 20 hours. Additional results indicate that a blend of polysaccharides and two blends of antioxidants, one oil-soluble and the other water-soluble, known for their anti-inflammatory effects, can reduce expression of active Caspase-1 in activated NHEKs when applied extracellularly. Conclusion Expression of NLRP activated release of ACasp-1 was found to be influenced by UVB and ATP but not by Nigericin or Urban Dust. The effects were also time dependent. Several botanical extract blends were found to reduce ACasp-1 expression in previously activated NHEKs. Links between these inflammatory effects and processes of cellular inflammaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Gruber
- Research and Development, BotanicalsPlus, Little Falls, NJ 07424, USA
| | - Robert Holtz
- Research and Development, Bioinnovation Laboratories, Inc, Lakewood, CO 80235, USA
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35
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Wikramanayake TC, Borda LJ, Miteva M, Paus R. Seborrheic dermatitis—Looking beyondMalassezia. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:991-1001. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu C. Wikramanayake
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Luis J. Borda
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Mariya Miteva
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester Manchester UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
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36
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Roesner LM, Ernst M, Chen W, Begemann G, Kienlin P, Raulf MK, Lepenies B, Werfel T. Human thioredoxin, a damage-associated molecular pattern and Malassezia-crossreactive autoallergen, modulates immune responses via the C-type lectin receptors Dectin-1 and Dectin-2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11210. [PMID: 31371767 PMCID: PMC6671947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thioredoxin (hTrx), which can be secreted from cells upon stress, functions in allergic skin inflammation as a T cell antigen due to homology and cross-reactivity with the fungal allergen Mala s13 of the skin-colonizing yeast Malassezia sympodialis. Recent studies have shown that cell wall polysaccharides of Malassezia are detected by the immune system via the C-type lectin receptors Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, which are expressed on myeloid cells. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a putative interaction between Dectin-1, Dectin-2 and the allergens Mala s13 and hTrx. Stimulation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells or macrophages with Mala s13 or hTrx resulted in remarkable secretion of IL-1β and IL-23. Blocking experiments suggest that hTrx induces IL-23 by Dectin-1 binding and IL-1β by binding to either Dectin-1 or Dectin-2. Regarding Mala s13, Dectin-1 appears to be involved in IL-1β signaling. Interference of Syk kinase function was performed to investigate downstream signaling, which led to diminished hTrx responses. In our experiments, we observed rapid internalization of Mala s13 and hTrx upon cell contact and we were able to confirm direct interaction with Dectin-1 as well as Dectin-2 applying a fusion protein screening platform. We hypothesize that this cytokine response may result in a Th2/Th17-polarizing milieu, which may play a key role during the allergic sensitization in the skin, where allergen presentation to T cells is accompanied by microbial colonization and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Roesner
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Ernst
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Chen
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Begemann
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Kienlin
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - M K Raulf
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Hannover, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Parasitology, Hannover, Germany
| | - B Lepenies
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - T Werfel
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover, Germany
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Pedrosa AF, Lisboa C, Branco J, Pellevoisin C, Miranda IM, Rodrigues AG. Malassezia interaction with a reconstructed human epidermis: Keratinocyte immune response. Mycoses 2019; 62:932-936. [PMID: 31278884 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immediate immune response developed by the keratinocytes against Malassezia yeasts has been addressed yielding conflicting results. This study aims the assessment of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides gene expression elicited by M. sympodialis and M. furfur once in contact with a reconstructed human epidermis. A yeast suspension was prepared in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with Tween 60 and oleic acid to obtain approximately 1 × 106 cells in a volume of 100 μL. Clinical isolates of M. sympodialis (from pityriasis versicolor) and M. furfur (from seborrhoeic dermatitis) were inoculated, separately, onto a reconstructed human epidermis. A distinct expression pattern was found between the two tested species, with a tendency for overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines very soon after infection, whereas no significant expression or gene downregulation was often noticed following 24 and 48 h of incubation. A possible Malassezia species-dependent immune response pattern is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Pedrosa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar S.João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar S.João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Branco
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel Marcos Miranda
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular R&D Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Acacio G Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centro Hospitalar S.João EPE, Porto, Portugal
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38
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Pedrosa AF, Lisboa C, Faria-Ramos I, Silva R, Ricardo E, Teixeira-Santos R, Miranda I, Rodrigues AG. Epidemiology and susceptibility profile to classic antifungals and over-the-counter products of Malassezia clinical isolates from a Portuguese University Hospital: a prospective study. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:778-784. [PMID: 30907722 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical epidemiological data about the distinct Malassezia species remain scarce. The recurrence of Malassezia-related skin diseases, despite long-term use of antifungals, raises concern about the hypothetical emergence of antifungal resistance. We aimed to assess the distribution of Malassezia species among patients from a University Hospital with pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and healthy volunteers, and to evaluate the susceptibility profile to classic antifungals and over-the-counter compounds, searching for clinical associations. METHODOLOGY The enrollment of volunteers was conducted at the Dermatology Department of a University Hospital over a 3 year period. Malassezia culture isolates were identified to the species-level by sequencing. The drug susceptibility profile was assessed according to a broth microdilution assay, as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A total of 86 Malassezia isolates were recovered from 182 volunteers. Malassezia sympodialis was the most frequent isolated species. We found high MIC values and a wide MIC range in the case of tested azoles, and very low terbinafine MIC values against most isolates. Previous topical corticosteroid therapy was associated with a significant increase of MIC values of fluconazole and of terbinafine. CONCLUSION Conversely to other European studies, M. sympodialis was the most common isolated species, which might be related to geographic reasons. The impact of previous topical corticotherapy upon the antifungal susceptibility profile was hereby demonstrated. In vitro susceptibility test results suggest that terbinafine might be a valid alternative for Malassezia-related skin diseases nonresponsive to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Pedrosa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences - iBiMED & IEETA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ricardo
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Teixeira-Santos
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Miranda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Acácio Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Burn Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centro Hospitalar S. João EPE, Porto, Portugal
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39
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Feng S, Huang Q, Ye C, Wu R, Lei G, Jiang J, Chen T, Peng Y, Fang R. Syk and JNK signaling pathways are involved in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:217-222. [PMID: 30446225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen of significant clinical importance worldwide that can cause severe invasive diseases, such as pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis. Inflammsomes has been reported to participate in host defense against S. pneumoniae infection. S. pneumoniae could induce the assembly of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)/absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome, which mediates the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent maturation of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, the precise signals that activate inflammasomes during pneumococcal infection remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, primary mouse macrophages were selected as a cell model, and the effects of kinases on inflammasome activity induced by S. pneumoniae infection were examined by ELISA and western blotting after pretreatment with a kinase inhibitor. Here, we show that Syk and JNK signaling are required for S. pneumoniae-induced activation of the inflammasome. Inhibitors of Syk and JNK almost abolished the oligomerization of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activating and recruitment domain (ASC) and subsequent caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Moreover, pneumolysin (PLY) participated in this process and was critical for Syk/JNK activation. These results suggested that the Syk/JNK signaling pathway may play a vital role in the inflammasome activation and modulate host immune responses against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chao Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guihua Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rendong Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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40
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Cytosolic Recognition of Microbes and Pathogens: Inflammasomes in Action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/4/e00015-18. [PMID: 30209070 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a dynamic biological process underpinned by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host. Microbes from all domains of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan parasites, have the capacity to cause infection. Infection is sensed by the host, which often leads to activation of the inflammasome, a cytosolic macromolecular signaling platform that mediates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cleavage of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, leading to pyroptosis. Host-mediated sensing of the infection occurs when pathogens inject or carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the cytoplasm or induce damage that causes cytosolic liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the host cell. Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, AIM2, and Pyrin, initiates a cascade of events that culminate in inflammation and cell death. However, pathogens can deploy virulence factors capable of minimizing or evading host detection. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of microbe-induced activation of the inflammasome and the functional consequences of inflammasome activation in infectious diseases. We also explore the microbial strategies used in the evasion of inflammasome sensing at the host-microbe interaction interface.
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41
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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42
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Abstract
Over the last decade, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health worldwide and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this context, investigations into host-pathogen interactions represent an important and promising field of research. Antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are strategically located at the frontline of defence against potential invaders. Importantly, these cells express germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved entities from pathogens and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, we review the latest findings regarding the biology and functions of the different classes of PRRs involved in pathogenic fungal recognition. We also discuss recent literature on PRR collaboration/crosstalk and the mechanisms involved in inhibiting/regulating PRR signalling. Finally, we discuss how the accumulated knowledge on PRR biology, especially Dectin-1, has been used for the design of new immunotherapies against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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43
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Abstract
Fungi have emerged as premier opportunistic microbes of the 21st century, having a considerable impact on human morbidity and mortality. The huge increase in incidence of these diseases is largely due to the HIV pandemic and use of immunosuppressive therapies, underscoring the importance of the immune system in defense against fungi. This article will address how the mammalian immune system recognizes and mounts a defense against medically relevant fungal species.
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44
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Tang J, Lin G, Langdon WY, Tao L, Zhang J. Regulation of C-Type Lectin Receptor-Mediated Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:123. [PMID: 29449845 PMCID: PMC5799234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the pathogen recognition receptor families, C-type lectin receptor (CLR)-induced intracellular signal cascades are indispensable for the initiation and regulation of antifungal immunity. Ongoing experiments over the last decade have elicited diverse CLR functions and novel regulatory mechanisms of CLR-mediated-signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight novel insights in antifungal innate and adaptive-protective immunity mediated by CLRs and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies against fungal infection based on targeting the mediators in the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoxin Lin
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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45
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Dautova Y, Kapustin AN, Pappert K, Epple M, Okkenhaug H, Cook SJ, Shanahan CM, Bootman MD, Proudfoot D. Calcium phosphate particles stimulate interleukin-1β release from human vascular smooth muscle cells: A role for spleen tyrosine kinase and exosome release. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 115:82-93. [PMID: 29274344 PMCID: PMC5823844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Calcium phosphate (CaP) particle deposits are found in several inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. CaP, and other forms of crystals and particles, can promote inflammasome formation in macrophages leading to caspase-1 activation and secretion of mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Given the close association of small CaP particles with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerotic fibrous caps, we aimed to determine if CaP particles affected pro-inflammatory signalling in human VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Using ELISA to measure IL-1β release from VSMCs, we demonstrated that CaP particles stimulated IL-1β release from proliferating and senescent human VSMCs, but with substantially greater IL-1β release from senescent cells; this required caspase-1 activity but not LPS-priming of cells. Potential inflammasome agonists including ATP, nigericin and monosodium urate crystals did not stimulate IL-1β release from VSMCs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that CaP particles induced rapid activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) (increased phospho-Y525/526). The SYK inhibitor R406 reduced IL-1β release and caspase-1 activation in CaP particle-treated VSMCs, indicating that SYK activation occurs upstream of and is required for caspase-1 activation. In addition, IL-1β and caspase-1 colocalised in intracellular endosome-like vesicles and we detected IL-1β in exosomes isolated from VSMC media. Furthermore, CaP particle treatment stimulated exosome secretion by VSMCs in a SYK-dependent manner, while the exosome-release inhibitor spiroepoxide reduced IL-1β release. CONCLUSIONS CaP particles stimulate SYK and caspase-1 activation in VSMCs, leading to the release of IL-1β, at least in part via exosomes. These novel findings in human VSMCs highlight the pro-inflammatory and pro-calcific potential of microcalcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Dautova
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alexander N Kapustin
- Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London,125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Kevin Pappert
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Essen-Duisburg, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Essen-Duisburg, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Hanneke Okkenhaug
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London,125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Martin D Bootman
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Diane Proudfoot
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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46
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Braegelmann C, Hölzel M, Ludbrook V, Dickson M, Turan N, Ferring-Schmitt S, Sternberg S, Bieber T, Kuhn A, Wenzel J. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a potential target for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients. Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:375-9. [PMID: 26910509 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a protein kinase involved in cell proliferation and the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Due to the increasing evidence that kinase inhibitors have potential as specific anti-inflammatory drugs, we have investigated the potential for SYK inhibition as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, particularly cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Skin samples of patients with different CLE subtypes and appropriate controls were analysed for the expression of SYK and SYK-associated pro-inflammatory mediators via gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry. The functional role of SYK in keratinocytes was investigated in vitro, using LE-typical pro-inflammatory stimuli and a selective inhibitor of SYK. SYK-associated genes are strongly upregulated in CLE skin lesions. Importantly, phosphorylated SYK (pSYK) is strongly expressed by several immune cell types and also keratinocytes in CLE skin. In vitro, immunostimulatory nucleic acids are capable of inducing SYK phosphorylation in keratinocytes leading to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while small-molecule SYK inhibition decreases the expression of these proteins. The results demonstrate that pSYK is expressed by immune cells and keratinocytes in skin lesions of CLE patients. LE-typical stimuli induce the expression of pSYK in vitro. Small-molecule SYK inhibition leads to a reduction of pSYK expression and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes. We therefore believe that pSYK provides a potential future drug target for the treatment of patients who suffer from CLE and related skin disorders. Specifically, our study reveals evidence supporting the use of topical SYK inhibitors in treating lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sonja Sternberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annegret Kuhn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Trials (IZKS), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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47
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Seborrheic Dermatitis. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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48
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Glatz M, Bosshard P, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. The Role of Fungi in Atopic Dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37:63-74. [PMID: 27886911 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt that Malassezia spp plays a role in atopic dermatitis because it may interact with the local skin immune responses and barrier function, and sensitization against this skin-colonizing yeast can correlate with disease activity. Also, antifungal therapy shows beneficial effects in some patients. However, the pathogenetic mechanism and mutual interaction between Malassezia spp and atopic dermatitis still remain partly unclear and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Glatz
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, Zurich 8091, Switzerland; Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Bosshard
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, Zurich 8091, Switzerland; Christine-Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 1, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
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49
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Sparber F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Host Responses to Malassezia spp. in the Mammalian Skin. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1614. [PMID: 29213272 PMCID: PMC5702624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin of mammalian organisms is home for a myriad of microbes. Many of these commensals are thought to have beneficial effects on the host by critically contributing to immune homeostasis. Consequently, dysbiosis can have detrimental effects for the host that may manifest with inflammatory diseases at the barrier tissue. Besides bacteria, fungi make an important contribution to the microbiota and among these, the yeast Malassezia widely dominates in most areas of the skin in healthy individuals. There is accumulating evidence that Malassezia spp. are involved in a variety of skin disorders in humans ranging from non- or mildly inflammatory conditions such as dandruff and pityriasis versicolor to more severe inflammatory skin diseases like seborrheic eczema and atopic dermatitis. In addition, Malassezia is strongly linked to the development of dermatitis and otitis externa in dogs. However, the association of Malassezia spp. with such diseases remains poorly characterized. Until now, studies on the fungus–host interaction remain sparse and they are mostly limited to experiments with isolated host cells in vitro. They suggest a multifaceted crosstalk of Malassezia spp. with the skin by direct activation of the host via conserved pattern recognition receptors and indirectly via the release of fungus-derived metabolites that can modulate the function of hematopoietic and/or non-hematopoietic cells in the barrier tissue. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the host response to Malassezia spp. in the mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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50
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de Castro RJA, Siqueira IM, Jerônimo MS, Basso AMM, Veloso Junior PHDH, Magalhães KG, Leonhardt LC, de Oliveira SAM, Bürgel PH, Tavares AH, Bocca AL. The Major Chromoblastomycosis Etiologic Agent Fonsecaea pedrosoi Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1572. [PMID: 29209318 PMCID: PMC5702042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the main etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis (CBM), one of the most prevalent subcutaneous mycosis in tropical and subtropical countries. CBM is a poorly characterized chronic infection that commonly starts after transcutaneous inoculation of conidia and saprophytic hyphae of F. pedrosoi. Recently, we have shown that unlike conidia, hyphae and muriform cells (the parasitic morphotype) of F. pedrosoi promotes an intense inflammatory response pattern in vivo, which comprises the production of an inflammasome-derived cytokine, IL-1β. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying IL-1β production and maturation upon F. pedrosoi infection and its functional output in the course of CBM remains unknown. We show here that F. pedrosoi hyphae, differently from conidia, induce IL-1β secretion in both bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. Using inhibitors and knockout cells, we demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying IL-1β production by hyphae-infected macrophages were dependent on dectin-1, -2, and -3 receptors and the Syk-NF-kB signaling pathway. Furthermore, F. pedrosoi promoted a NLRP3-dependent inflammasome activation, which required potassium efflux, reactive oxygen species production, phagolysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B release as triggers. IL-1β processing and release was mediated primarily by caspase-1 and, to a lesser extent, by caspase-8-dependent cleavage. Finally, we showed using a murine CBM model that F. pedrosoi elicits a NLRP3-regulated IL-1β and interleukin-18 release in vivo, but without NLRP3 inflammasome activation interfering in the course of the experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Júnio Araújo de Castro
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Isaque Medeiros Siqueira
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sousa Jerônimo
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Angelina Maria Moreschi Basso
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luiza Chaves Leonhardt
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Stephan Alberto Machado de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Bürgel
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Aldo Henrique Tavares
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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