1
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Kessler N, Akabayov SR, Cohen LS, Scherf T, Naider F, Anglister J. The chemokines CCL5 and CXCL12 exhibit high-affinity binding to N-terminal peptides of the non-cognate receptors CXCR4 and CCR5, respectively. FEBS J 2024; 291:458-476. [PMID: 37997026 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
CC and CXC chemokines are distinct chemokine subfamilies. CC chemokines usually do not bind CXC-chemokine receptors and vice versa. CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors are activated by CCL5 and CXCL12 chemokines, respectively, and are also used as HIV-1 coreceptors. CCL5 contains one conserved binding site for a sulfated tyrosine residue, whereas CXCL12 is unique in having two additional sites for sulfated/nonsulfated tyrosine residues. In this study, N-terminal (Nt) CXCR4 peptides were found to bind CCL5 with somewhat higher affinities in comparison to those of short Nt-CCR5(8-20) peptides with the same number of sulfated tyrosine residues. Similarly, a long Nt-CCR5(1-27)(s Y3,s Y10,s Y14) peptide cross reacts with CXCL12 and with lower KD in comparison to its binding to CCL5. Intermolecular nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) measurements were used to decipher the mechanism of the chemokine/Nt-receptor peptide binding. The Nt-CXCR4 peptides interact with the conserved CCL5 tyrosine sulfate-binding site by an allovalency mechanism like that observed for CCL5 binding of Nt-CCR5 peptides. Nt-CCR5 peptides bind CXCL12 in multiple modes analogous to their binding to HIV-1 gp120 and interact with all three tyrosine/sulfated tyrosine-binding pockets of CXCL12. We suggest that the chemokine-receptors Nt-segments bind promiscuously to cognate and non-cognate chemokines and in a mechanism that is dependent on the number of binding pockets for tyrosine residues found on the chemokine. In conclusion, common features shared among the chemokine-receptors' Nt-segments such as multiple tyrosine residues that are potentially sulfated, and a large number of negatively charged residues are the reason of the cross binding observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kessler
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sabine R Akabayov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leah S Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Tali Scherf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Senapathi J, Bommakanti A, Vangara S, Kondapi AK. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of HIV-1 entry inhibitors based on broadly neutralizing antibody 447-52D and gp120 V3loop interactions. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105313. [PMID: 34517280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The third variable loop region (V3 loop) on gp120 plays an important role in cellular entry of HIV-1. Its interaction with the cellular CD4 and coreceptors is an important hallmark in facilitating the bridging by gp41 and subsequent fusion of membranes for transfer of viral genetic material. Further, the virus phenotype determines the cell tropism via respective co- receptor binding. Thus, coreceptor binding motif of envelope is considered to be a potent anti-viral drug target for viral entry inhibition. However, its high variability in sequence is the major hurdle for developing inhibitors targeting the region. In this study, we have used an in silico Virtual Screening and "Fragment-based" method to design small molecules based on the gp120 V3 loop interactions with a potent broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, 447-52D. From the in silico analysis a potent scaffold, 1,3,5-triazine was identified for further development. Derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine with specific functional groups were designed and synthesized keeping the interaction with co-receptor intact. Finally, preliminary evaluation of molecules for HIV-1 inhibition on two different virus strains (clade C, clade B) yielded IC50 < 5.0 μM. The approach used to design molecules based on broadly neutralizing antibody, was useful for development of target specific potent antiviral agents to prevent HIV entry. The study reported promising inhibitors that could be further developed and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Senapathi
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Akhila Bommakanti
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Vangara
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Anand K Kondapi
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India.
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3
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Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Rong Y, Runner K, Johnson H, O'Connor MH, Haddad EK, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine Levels Induced by Substance Abuse Alter Efficacy of Maraviroc and Expression of CCR5 Conformations on Myeloid Cells: Implications for NeuroHIV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663061. [PMID: 34093554 PMCID: PMC8170305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV remains a major public health issue. Even with effective ART many infected individuals still suffer from the constellation of neurological symptoms now known as neuroHIV. These symptoms can be exacerbated by substance abuse, a common comorbidity among HIV-infected individuals. The mechanism(s) by which different types of drugs impact neuroHIV remains unclear, but all drugs of abuse increase central nervous system (CNS) dopamine and elevated dopamine increases HIV infection and inflammation in human myeloid cells including macrophages and microglia, the primary targets for HIV in the brain. Thus, drug-induced increases in CNS dopamine may be a common mechanism by which distinct addictive substances alter neuroHIV. Myeloid cells are generally infected by HIV strains that use the chemokine receptor CCR5 as a co-receptor, and our data indicate that in a subset of individuals, drug-induced levels of dopamine could interfere with the effectiveness of the CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc. CCR5 can adopt distinct conformations that differentially regulate the efficiency of HIV entry and subsequent replication and using qPCR, flow cytometry, Western blotting and high content fluorescent imaging, we show that dopamine alters the expression of specific CCR5 conformations of CCR5 on the surface of human macrophages. These changes are not affected by association with lipid rafts, but do correlate with dopamine receptor gene expression levels, specifically higher levels of D1-like dopamine receptors. These data also demonstrate that dopamine increases HIV replication and alters CCR5 conformations in human microglia similarly to macrophages. These data support the importance of dopamine in the development of neuroHIV and indicate that dopamine signaling pathways should be examined as a target in antiretroviral therapies specifically tailored to HIV-infected drug abusers. Further, these studies show the potential immunomodulatory role of dopamine, suggesting changes in this neurotransmitter may also affect the progression of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Runner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret H O'Connor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Kessler N, Akabayov SR, Moseri A, Cohen LS, Sakhapov D, Bolton D, Fridman B, Kay LE, Naider F, Anglister J. Allovalency observed by transferred NOE: interactions of sulfated tyrosine residues in the N-terminal segment of CCR5 with the CCL5 chemokine. FEBS J 2020; 288:1648-1663. [PMID: 32814359 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal segment of the chemokine receptor Human CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), Nt-CCR5, contains four tyrosine residues, Y3, Y10, Y14, and Y15. Sulfation of at least two of these tyrosine residues was found to be essential for high-affinity binding of CCR5 to its chemokine ligands. Here, we show that among the monosulfated Nt-CCR5(8-20) peptide surrogates (sNt-CCR5) those sulfated at Y15 and Y14 have the highest affinity for the CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) chemokine in comparison with monosulfation at position Y10. Sulfation at Y3 was not investigated. A peptide sulfated at both Y14 and Y15 has the highest affinity for CCL5 by up to a factor of 3, in comparison with the other disulfated (sNt-CCR5) peptides. Chemical shift perturbation analysis and transferred nuclear Overhauser effect measurements indicate that the sulfated tyrosine residues interact with the same CCL5-binding pocket and that each of the sulfated tyrosines at positions 10, 14, and 15 can occupy individually the binding site on CCL5 in a similar manner, although with somewhat different affinity, suggesting the possibility of allovalency in sulfated Nt-CCR5 peptides. The affinity of the disulfated peptides to CCL5 could be increased by this allovalency and by stronger electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kessler
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sabine R Akabayov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Moseri
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leah S Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA.,PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damir Sakhapov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Bolton
- Department of Molecular Biology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Office for People with Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Fridman
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Lewis E Kay
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA.,PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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5
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Antagonistic Peptides That Specifically Bind to the First and Second Extracellular Loops of CCR5 and Anti-IL-23p19 Antibody Reduce Airway Inflammation by Suppressing the IL-23/Th17 Signaling Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1719467. [PMID: 32410846 PMCID: PMC7204182 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1719467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with a complex etiology, which involves a variety of cells and cellular components. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of antagonistic peptides that specifically bind to the first and second extracellular loops of CCR5 (GH and HY peptides, respectively) and anti-interleukin-23 subunit p19 (anti-IL-23p19) in the airway and thereby mediate inflammation and the IL-23/T helper 17 (Th17) cell pathway in asthmatic mice. An experimental asthma model using BALB/c mice was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) and treated with peptides that are antagonistic to CCR5 or with anti-IL-23p19. The extents of the asthmatic inflammation and mucus production were assessed. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, the cells were counted, and the IL-4 level was detected by ELISA. The IL-23/Th17 pathway-related protein and mRNA levels in the lung tissues were measured, and the positive production rates of Th17 cells in the thymus, spleen, and peripheral blood were detected. The groups treated with one of the two peptides and/or anti-IL-23p19 showed significant reductions in allergic inflammation and mucus secretion; decreased expression levels of IL-23p19, IL-23R, IL-17A and lactoferrin (LTF); and reduced proportions of Th17 cells in the thymus, spleen, and peripheral blood. Specifically, among the four treatment groups, the anti-IL-23p19 with HY peptide group exhibited the lowest positive production rate of Th17 cells. Our data also showed a significant and positive correlation between CCR5 and IL-23p19 protein expression. These findings suggest that the administration of peptides antagonistic to CCR5 and/or anti-IL-23p19 can reduce airway inflammation in asthmatic mice, most likely through inhibition of the IL-23/Th17 signaling pathway, and the HY peptide can alleviate inflammation not only through the IL-23/Th17 pathway but also through other mechanisms that result in the regulation of inflammation.
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6
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Schnur E, Rudd TR. The interaction between oxytocin and heparin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28300-28313. [PMID: 35519099 PMCID: PMC9055672 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04204h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin interacts with the nonapeptide oxytocin, the binding region preferentially involves the 6-O- and N-sulfates of glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Schnur
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Control
- Potters Bar
- UK
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Control
- Potters Bar
- UK
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7
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Sanchez J, E Huma Z, Lane JR, Liu X, Bridgford JL, Payne RJ, Canals M, Stone MJ. Evaluation and extension of the two-site, two-step model for binding and activation of the chemokine receptor CCR1. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3464-3475. [PMID: 30567735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between secreted immune proteins called chemokines and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in inflammatory responses. The two-site, two-step model describes these interactions. It involves initial binding of the chemokine N-loop/β3 region to the receptor's N-terminal region and subsequent insertion of the chemokine N-terminal region into the transmembrane helical bundle of the receptor concurrent with receptor activation. Here, we test aspects of this model with C-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) and several chemokine ligands. First, we compared the chemokine-binding affinities of CCR1 with those of peptides corresponding to the CCR1 N-terminal region. Relatively low affinities of the peptides and poor correlations between CCR1 and peptide affinities indicated that other regions of the receptor may contribute to binding affinity. Second, we evaluated the contributions of the two CCR1-interacting regions of the cognate chemokine ligand CCL7 (formerly monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3)) using chimeras between CCL7 and the non-cognate ligand CCL2 (formerly MCP-1). The results revealed that the chemokine N-terminal region contributes significantly to binding affinity but that differences in binding affinity do not completely account for differences in receptor activation. On the basis of these observations, we propose an elaboration of the two-site, two-step model-the "three-step" model-in which initial interactions of the first site result in low-affinity, nonspecific binding; rate-limiting engagement of the second site enables high-affinity, specific binding; and subsequent conformational rearrangement gives rise to receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sanchez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Zil E Huma
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - J Robert Lane
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Xuyu Liu
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Jessica L Bridgford
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Meritxell Canals
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Stone
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
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8
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Abayev M, Rodrigues JPGLM, Srivastava G, Arshava B, Jaremko Ł, Jaremko M, Naider F, Levitt M, Anglister J. The solution structure of monomeric CCL5 in complex with a doubly sulfated N-terminal segment of CCR5. FEBS J 2018; 285:1988-2003. [PMID: 29619777 PMCID: PMC6433596 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory chemokine CCL5, which binds the chemokine receptor CCR5 in a two-step mechanism so as to activate signaling pathways in hematopoetic cells, plays an important role in immune surveillance, inflammation, and development as well as in several immune system pathologies. The recently published crystal structure of CCR5 bound to a high-affinity variant of CCL5 lacks the N-terminal segment of the receptor that is post-translationally sulfated and is known to be important for high-affinity binding. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of monomeric CCL5 bound to a synthetic doubly sulfated peptide corresponding to the missing first 27 residues of CCR5. Our structures show that two sulfated tyrosine residues, sY10 and sY14, as well as the unsulfated Y15 form a network of strong interactions with a groove on a surface of CCL5 that is formed from evolutionarily conserved basic and hydrophobic amino acids. We then use our NMR structures, in combination with available crystal data, to create an atomic model of full-length wild-type CCR5:CCL5. Our findings reveal the structural determinants involved in the recognition of CCL5 by the CCR5 N terminus. These findings, together with existing structural data, provide a complete structural framework with which to understand the specificity of receptor:chemokine interactions. DATABASE Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession number 6FGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Abayev
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Gautam Srivastava
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Boris Arshava
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Levitt
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Rational CCL5 mutagenesis integration in a lactobacilli platform generates extremely potent HIV-1 blockers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1890. [PMID: 29382912 PMCID: PMC5790001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to improve existing anti-HIV-1 therapies or develop preventatives have identified CCR5 as an important target and CCL5 as an ideal scaffold to sculpt potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors. We created novel human CCL5 variants that exhibit exceptional anti-HIV-1 features using recombinant lactobacilli (exploited for live microbicide development) as a screening platform. Protein design, expression and anti-HIV-1 activity flowed in iterative cycles, with a stepwise integration of successful mutations and refinement of an initial CCL5 mutant battery towards the generation of two ultimate CCL5 derivatives, a CCR5 agonist and a CCR5 antagonist with similar anti-HIV-1 potency. The CCR5 antagonist was tested in human macrophages and against primary R5 HIV-1 strains, exhibiting cross-clade low picomolar IC50 activity. Moreover, its successful combination with several HIV-1 inhibitors provided the ground for conceiving therapeutic and preventative anti-HIV-1 cocktails. Beyond HIV-1 infection, these CCL5 derivatives may now be tested against several inflammation-related pathologies where the CCL5:CCR5 axis plays a relevant role.
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10
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Bujarbaruah D, Kalita MP, Baruah V, Basumatary TK, Hazarika S, Begum RH, Medhi S, Bose S. RANTES levels as a determinant of falciparum malaria severity or recovery. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28686299 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study explored the role of differential RANTES concentrations, its receptor CCR5 expression and resulting immunomodulation in the pathogenesis and/or recovery from falciparum malaria. The study population included cases of uncomplicated malaria (UC-M, N=128, enrolled on follow-up basis), severe malaria (SM, N=25), and healthy controls (N=112). Serum RANTES and TNF-α levels were evaluated by ELISA. Monocyte levels and activation profile were studied by flow cytometry. Differential mRNA expression profile was studied by real-time PCR. Blood parasite count was evaluated by registered pathologists. RANTES concentration was significantly downregulated in SM cases compared to UC-M (P=.046) and controls (P<.001). Expression of monocyte marker mCD14, activation markers CCR5 and CD40, and downstream effector cytokine TNF-α was significantly higher in malaria cases compared to controls, in SM cases compared to UC-M. TNF-α expression correlated positively with CD40 and CCR5 expressions. Follow-up-based analysis showed that RANTES concentrations increased on recovery compared to baseline in UC-M cases (P=.106) and inversely correlated with malaria parasite load, mCD14, CCR5 and CD40, and TNF-α expressions. These findings suggest an important association of RANTES concentrations in Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease pathogenesis, as well as recovery, mediated through differential modulation and regulated activation of monocytes and cytokine TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bujarbaruah
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Dimoria College, Khetri, Assam, India
| | - M P Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Diphu Campus, Assam University, Diphu, Assam, India
| | - V Baruah
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - T K Basumatary
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Diphu Campus, Assam University, Diphu, Assam, India
| | | | - R H Begum
- Diphu Campus, Assam University, Diphu, Assam, India
| | - S Medhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - S Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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11
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David KS, Oliveira ERA, Horta BAC, Valente AP, de Paula VS. Insights into CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Chemokine Receptor 2 Molecular Recognition: A Step Forward toward Antichemotactic Agents. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3197-3210. [PMID: 28570817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), is a chemokine that recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites by interacting with G protein-coupled receptor CCR2. The CCL2/CCR2 axis is also involved in pathological processes such as tumor growth and metastasis and hence is currently considered as an important drug target. CCL2 exists in a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium that is modulated by CCR2 binding. We used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions between CCL2 and a sulfopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of CCR2 (CCR218-31). Peptide binding induced the dissociation of CCL2 into monomers, forming stable CCL2/CCR218-31 complexes. NMR relaxation measurements indicated that residues around the CCR218-31 binding site, which are located at the dimer interface, undergo a complex regime of motions. NMR data were used to construct a three-dimensional structural model of the CCL2/CCR218-31 complex, revealing that CCR218-31 occupies a binding site juxtaposed to the dimer interface, partially replacing monomer-monomer contacts, explaining why CCR218-31 binding weakens the dimer interface and induces dissociation. We found that the main interactions governing receptor binding are highly stable salt bridges with conserved chemokine residues as well as hydrophobic interactions. These data provide new insights into the structure-function relationship of the CCL2-CCR2 interaction and may be helpful for the design of novel antichemotactic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn S David
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bruno A C Horta
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
| | - Viviane S de Paula
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
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12
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Brown AJ, Sepuru KM, Rajarathnam K. Structural Basis of Native CXCL7 Monomer Binding to CXCR2 Receptor N-Domain and Glycosaminoglycan Heparin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030508. [PMID: 28245630 PMCID: PMC5372524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL7, a chemokine highly expressed in platelets, orchestrates neutrophil recruitment during thrombosis and related pathophysiological processes by interacting with CXCR2 receptor and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). CXCL7 exists as monomers and dimers, and dimerization (~50 μM) and CXCR2 binding (~10 nM) constants indicate that CXCL7 is a potent agonist as a monomer. Currently, nothing is known regarding the structural basis by which receptor and GAG interactions mediate CXCL7 function. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we characterized the binding of CXCL7 monomer to the CXCR2 N-terminal domain (CXCR2Nd) that constitutes a critical docking site and to GAG heparin. We found that CXCR2Nd binds a hydrophobic groove and that ionic interactions also play a role in mediating binding. Heparin binds a set of contiguous basic residues indicating a prominent role for ionic interactions. Modeling studies reveal that the binding interface is dynamic and that GAG adopts different binding geometries. Most importantly, several residues involved in GAG binding are also involved in receptor interactions, suggesting that GAG-bound monomer cannot activate the receptor. Further, this is the first study that describes the structural basis of receptor and GAG interactions of a native monomer of the neutrophil-activating chemokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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13
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Abayev M, Srivastava G, Arshava B, Naider F, Anglister J. Detection of intermolecular transferred-NOE interactions in small and medium size protein complexes: RANTES complexed with a CCR5 N-terminal peptide. FEBS J 2017; 284:586-601. [PMID: 28052516 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NMR is a powerful tool for studying structural details of protein/peptide complexes exhibiting weak to medium binding (KD > 10 μm). However, it has been assumed that intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) interactions are difficult to observe in such complexes. We demonstrate that intermolecular NOEs can be revealed by combining the 13 C-edited/13 C-filtered experiment with the transferred NOE effect (TRNOE). Due to the TRNOE phenomenon, intermolecular NOE cross peaks are characterized by both the chemical shifts (CSs) of the protein protons and the average CSs of the peptide protons, which are dominated by the CSs of the protons of the free peptide. Previously, the TRNOE phenomenon was used almost exclusively to investigate the conformation of small ligands bound to large biomolecules. Here, we demonstrate that TRNOE can be extended to enable the study of intermolecular interactions in small- and medium-sized protein complexes. We used the 13 C-edited/13 C-filtered TRNOE experiment to study the interactions of the chemokine regulated upon activation, normal T cell, expressed and secreted (RANTES) with a 27-residue peptide, containing two sulfotyrosine residues, representing the N-terminal segment of the CCR5 receptor ((Nt-CCR5(1-27). The TRNOE phenomenon led to more than doubling of the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for the intermolecular NOEs observed in the 13 C-edited/13 C-filtered experiment for the 11.5-kDa monomeric RANTES/Nt-CCR5(1-27) complex. An even better improvement in the SNR was achieved with dimeric Nt-CCR5(1-27)/RANTES (23 kDa), especially in comparison with the spectra measured with a 1 : 1 protein to peptide ratio. In principle, the isotope-edited/isotope-filtered TRNOE spectrum can discern all intermolecular interactions involving nonexchangeable protons in the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Abayev
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gautam Srivastava
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Boris Arshava
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assembly Institute, College of Staten Island of the City University of New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Kleist AB, Getschman AE, Ziarek JJ, Nevins AM, Gauthier PA, Chevigné A, Szpakowska M, Volkman BF. New paradigms in chemokine receptor signal transduction: Moving beyond the two-site model. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:53-68. [PMID: 27106080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor (CKR) signaling forms the basis of essential immune cellular functions, and dysregulated CKR signaling underpins numerous disease processes of the immune system and beyond. CKRs, which belong to the seven transmembrane domain receptor (7TMR) superfamily, initiate signaling upon binding of endogenous, secreted chemokine ligands. Chemokine-CKR interactions are traditionally described by a two-step/two-site mechanism, in which the CKR N-terminus recognizes the chemokine globular core (i.e. site 1 interaction), followed by activation when the unstructured chemokine N-terminus is inserted into the receptor TM bundle (i.e. site 2 interaction). Several recent studies challenge the structural independence of sites 1 and 2 by demonstrating physical and allosteric links between these supposedly separate sites. Others contest the functional independence of these sites, identifying nuanced roles for site 1 and other interactions in CKR activation. These developments emerge within a rapidly changing landscape in which CKR signaling is influenced by receptor PTMs, chemokine and CKR dimerization, and endogenous non-chemokine ligands. Simultaneous advances in the structural and functional characterization of 7TMR biased signaling have altered how we understand promiscuous chemokine-CKR interactions. In this review, we explore new paradigms in CKR signal transduction by considering studies that depict a more intricate architecture governing the consequences of chemokine-CKR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Anthony E Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Pierre-Arnaud Gauthier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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15
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Structural basis of receptor sulfotyrosine recognition by a CC chemokine: the N-terminal region of CCR3 bound to CCL11/eotaxin-1. Structure 2015; 22:1571-81. [PMID: 25450766 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking of leukocytes in immune surveillance and inflammatory responses is activated by chemokines engaging their receptors. Sulfation of tyrosine residues in peptides derived from the eosinophil chemokine receptor CCR3 dramatically enhances binding to cognate chemokines. We report the structural basis of this recognition and affinity enhancement. We describe the structure of a CC chemokine (CCL11/eotaxin-1) bound to a fragment of a chemokine receptor: residues 8–23 of CCR3, including two sulfotyrosine residues. We also show that intact CCR3 is sulfated and sulfation enhances receptor activity. The CCR3 sulfotyrosine residues form hydrophobic, salt bridge and cation-p interactions with residues that are highly conserved in CC chemokines. However, the orientation of the chemokine relative to the receptor N terminus differs substantially from those observed for two CXC chemokines, suggesting that initial binding of the receptor sulfotyrosine residues guides subsequent steps in receptor activation, thereby influencing the receptor conformational changes and signaling.
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16
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Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Homogeneous sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins: synthetic approaches and applications to characterize the effects of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26196117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins plays critical roles in regulating structure, stability, localization, and function. Sulfation of the phenolic side chain of tyrosine residues to form sulfotyrosine (sTyr) is a widespread modification of extracellular and integral membrane proteins, influencing the activities of these proteins in cellular adhesion, blood clotting, inflammatory responses, and pathogen infection. Tyrosine sulfation commonly occurs in sequences containing clusters of tyrosine residues and is incomplete at each site, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of sulfoforms. Purification of individual sulfoforms is typically impractical. Therefore, the most promising approach to elucidate the influence of sulfation at each site is to prepare homogeneously sulfated proteins (or peptides) synthetically. This Account describes our recent progress in both development of such synthetic approaches and application of the resulting sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins to characterize the functional consequences of tyrosine sulfation. Initial synthetic studies used a cassette-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach in which the side chain sulfate ester was protected to enable it to withstand Fmoc-based SPPS conditions. Subsequently, to address the need for efficient access to multiple sulfoforms of the same peptide, we developed a divergent solid-phase synthetic approach utilizing orthogonally side chain protected tyrosine residues. Using this methodology, we have carried out orthogonal deprotection and sulfation of up to three tyrosine residues within a given sequence, allowing access to all eight sulfoforms of a given target from a single solid-phase synthesis. With homogeneously sulfated peptides in hand, we have been able to probe the influence of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Several of these studies focused on sulfated fragments of chemokine receptors, key mediators of leukocyte trafficking and inflammation. For the receptor CCR3, we showed that tyrosine sulfation enhances affinity and selectivity for binding to chemokine ligands, and we determined the structural basis of these affinity enhancements by NMR spectroscopy. Using a library of CCR5 sulfopeptides, we demonstrated the critical importance of sulfation at one specific site for supporting HIV-1 infection. Demonstrating the feasibility of producing homogeneously tyrosine-sulfated proteins, in addition to smaller peptides, we have used SPPS and native chemical ligation methods to synthesize the leech-derived antithrombotic protein hirudin P6, containing both tyrosine sulfation and glycosylation. Sulfation greatly enhanced inhibitory activity against thrombin, whereas addition of glycans to the sulfated protein decreased inhibition, indicating functional interplay between different post-translational modifications. In addition, the success of the ligation approach suggests that larger sulfoproteins could potentially be obtained by ligation of synthetic sulfopeptides to expressed proteins, using intein-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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17
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Interactions of the Chemokine CCL5/RANTES with Medium-Sized Chondroitin Sulfate Ligands. Structure 2015; 23:1066-77. [PMID: 25982530 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of the chemokine CCL5 (RANTES) with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are crucial to the CCL5-mediated inflammation process. However, structural information on interactions between CCL5 and longer GAG fragments is lacking. In this study, the interactions between oligosaccharides derived from chondroitin sulfate and a dimeric variant of CCL5 were investigated using solution nuclear magnetic resonance. The data indicate that, in addition to the BBXB motif in the 40s loop, GAGs also contact residues in the N loop in a manner similar to interactions between chemokine and the receptor N terminus, leading to possible stabilization of the dimer. Using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl-tagged hexasaccharides, the binding orientation of the hexasaccharides was shown to be highly dependent on the sulfation pattern of the N-acetyl galactosamine groups. Finally, a model of the CCL5 dimer complexed to chondroitin sulfate hexasaccharides was constructed using paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and intra- and intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect constraints.
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18
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Ludeman JP, Nazari-Robati M, Wilkinson BL, Huang C, Payne RJ, Stone MJ. Phosphate modulates receptor sulfotyrosine recognition by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2162-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence anisotropy shows that the physiological buffer phosphate competes with a chemokine receptor sulfopeptide for binding to a cognate chemokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Ludeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Mahdieh Nazari-Robati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- Department of Biochemistry
| | | | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry
- Building F11
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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19
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Abstract
In an important addition to the chemokine field, Millard and colleagues, in this issue of Structure, report the first structure of a CC chemokine in complex with a sulfated peptide derived from its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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20
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Liu X, Malins LR, Roche M, Sterjovski J, Duncan R, Garcia ML, Barnes NC, Anderson DA, Stone MJ, Gorry PR, Payne RJ. Site-selective solid-phase synthesis of a CCR5 sulfopeptide library to interrogate HIV binding and entry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2074-81. [PMID: 24963694 PMCID: PMC4168781 DOI: 10.1021/cb500337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Tyrosine (Tyr) sulfation is a common
post-translational modification
that is implicated in a variety of important biological processes,
including the fusion and entry of human immunodeficiency virus type-1
(HIV-1). A number of sulfated Tyr (sTyr) residues on the N-terminus
of the CCR5 chemokine receptor are involved in a crucial binding interaction
with the gp120 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Despite the established
importance of these sTyr residues, the exact structural and functional
role of this post-translational modification in HIV-1 infection is
not fully understood. Detailed biological studies are hindered in
part by the difficulty in accessing homogeneous sulfopeptides and
sulfoproteins through biological expression and established synthetic
techniques. Herein we describe an efficient approach to the synthesis
of sulfopeptides bearing discrete sulfation patterns through the divergent,
site-selective incorporation of sTyr residues on solid support. By
employing three orthogonally protected Tyr building blocks and a solid-phase
sulfation protocol, we demonstrate the synthesis of a library of target
N-terminal CCR5(2-22) sulfoforms bearing discrete and differential
sulfation at Tyr10, Tyr14, and Tyr15, from a single resin-bound intermediate.
We demonstrate the importance of distinct sites of Tyr sulfation in
binding gp120 through a competitive binding assay between the synthetic
CCR5 sulfopeptides and an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody. These studies
revealed a critical role of sulfation at Tyr14 for binding and a possible
additional role for sulfation at Tyr10. N-terminal CCR5 variants bearing
a sTyr residue at position 14 were also found to complement viral
entry into cells expressing an N-terminally truncated CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R. Malins
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Renee Duncan
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mary L. Garcia
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nadine C. Barnes
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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21
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Elucidating a key anti-HIV-1 and cancer-associated axis: the structure of CCL5 (Rantes) in complex with CCR5. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5447. [PMID: 24965094 PMCID: PMC4894430 DOI: 10.1038/srep05447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL5 (RANTES) is an inflammatory chemokine which binds to chemokine receptor CCR5 and induces signaling. The CCL5:CCR5 associated chemotactic signaling is of critical biological importance and is a potential HIV-1 therapeutic axis. Several studies provided growing evidence for the expression of CCL5 and CCR5 in non-hematological malignancies. Therefore, the delineation of the CCL5:CCR5 complex structure can pave the way for novel CCR5-targeted drugs. We employed a computational protocol which is primarily based on free energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, and report, what is to our knowledge, the first computationally derived CCL5:CCR5 complex structure which is in excellent agreement with experimental findings and clarifies the functional role of CCL5 and CCR5 residues which are associated with binding and signaling. A wealth of polar and non-polar interactions contributes to the tight CCL5:CCR5 binding. The structure of an HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop in complex with CCR5 has recently been derived through a similar computational protocol. A comparison between the CCL5 : CCR5 and the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop : CCR5 complex structures depicts that both the chemokine and the virus primarily interact with the same CCR5 residues. The present work provides insights into the blocking mechanism of HIV-1 by CCL5.
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22
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Wiktor M, Hartley O, Grzesiek S. Characterization of structure, dynamics, and detergent interactions of the anti-HIV chemokine variant 5P12-RANTES. Biophys J 2013; 105:2586-97. [PMID: 24314089 PMCID: PMC3853082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RANTES (CCL5) is a chemokine that recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites by interacting with the G-protein coupled receptor CCR5, which is also the primary coreceptor used together with CD4 by HIV to enter and infect target cells. Ligands of CCR5, including chemokines and chemokine analogs, are capable of blocking HIV entry, and studies of their structures and interactions with CCR5 will be key to understanding and optimizing HIV inhibition. The RANTES derivative 5P12-RANTES is a highly potent HIV entry inhibitor that is being developed as a topical HIV prevention agent (microbicide). We have characterized the structure and dynamics of 5P12-RANTES by solution NMR. With the exception of the nine flexible N-terminal residues, 5P12-RANTES has the same structure as wild-type RANTES but unlike the wild-type, does not dimerize via its N-terminus. To prepare the ground for interaction studies with detergent-solubilized CCR5, we have also investigated the interaction of RANTES and 5P12-RANTES with various commonly used detergents. Both RANTES variants are stable in Cymal-5, DHPC, Anzergent-3-12, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and a DDM/CHAPS/CHS mixture. Fos-Cholines, dodecyldimethylglycine, and sodium dodecyl-sulfate denature both RANTES variants at low pH, whereas at neutral pH the stability is considerably higher. The onset of Fos-Choline-12-induced denaturation and the denatured state were characterized by circular dichroism and NMR. The detergent interaction starts below the critical micelle concentration at a well-defined mixed hydrophobic/positive surface region of the chemokine, which overlaps with the dimer interface. An increase of Fos-Choline-12 concentration above the critical micelle concentration causes a transition to a denatured state with a high α-helical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wiktor
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Grzesiek
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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