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Lei S, Meng Q, Liu Y, Liu Q, Dai A, Cai X, Wang MW, Zhou Q, Zhou H, Yang D. Distinct roles of the extracellular surface residues of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in β-arrestin 1/2 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176419. [PMID: 38360293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a prime drug target for type 2 diabetes and obesity. The ligand initiated GLP-1R interaction with G protein has been well studied, but not with β-arrestin 1/2. Therefore, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), mutagenesis and an operational model were used to evaluate the roles of 85 extracellular surface residues on GLP-1R in β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment triggered by three representative GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1, exendin-4 and oxyntomodulin). Residues selectively regulated β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment for diverse ligands, and β-arrestin isoforms were identified. Mutation of residues K130-S136, L142 and Y145 on the transmembrane helix 1 (TM1)-extracellular domain (ECD) linker decreased β-arrestin 1 recruitment but increased β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Other extracellular loop (ECL) mutations, including P137A, Q211A, D222A and M303A selectively affected β-arrestin 1 recruitment while D215A, L217A, Q221A, S223A, Y289A, S301A, F381A and I382A involved more in β-arrestin 2 recruitment for the ligands. Oxyntomodulin engaged more broadly with GLP-1R extracellular surface to drive β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment than GLP-1 and exendin-4; I147, W214 and L218 involved in β-arrestin 1 recruitment, while L141, D215, L218, D293 and F381 in β-arrestin 2 recruitment for oxyntomodulin particularly. Additionally, the non-conserved residues on β-arrestin 1/2 C-domains contributed to interaction with GLP-1R. Further proteomic profiling of GLP-1R stably expressed cell line upon ligand stimulation with or without β-arrestin 1/2 overexpression demonstrated both commonly and biasedly regulated proteins and pathways associated with cognate ligands and β-arrestins. Our study offers valuable information about ligand induced β-arrestin recruitment mediated by GLP-1R and consequent intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiaofeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China.
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Rahman SN, Imhaouran F, Leurs R, Christopoulos A, Valant C, Langmead CJ. Ligand-directed biased agonism at human histamine H 3 receptor isoforms across Gα i/o- and β-arrestin2-mediated pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115988. [PMID: 38159685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is a neurotransmitter receptor that is primarily found in the brain, where it controls the release and synthesis of histamine, as well as the release of other neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine, serotonin). Notably, 20 H3R isoforms are differentially expressed in the human brain as a consequence of alternative gene splicing. The hH3R-445, -415, -365 and -329 isoforms contain the prototypical GPCR (7TM) structure, yet exhibit deletions in the third intracellular loop, a structural domain that is pivotal for G protein-coupling, signaling and regulation. To date, the physiological relevance underlying the individual and combinatorial function of hH3R isoforms remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, given their significant implication in physiological processes (e.g. cognition, homeostasis) and neurological disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia), widespread targeting of hH3R isoforms by drugs may lead to on-target side effects in brain regions that are unaffected by disease. To this end, isoform- and/or pathway-selective targeting of hH3R isoforms by biased agonists could be of therapeutic relevance for the development of region- and disease-specific drugs. Hence, we have evaluated ligand biased signaling at the hH3R-445, -415, -365 and -329 isoforms across various Gαi/o-mediated (i.e. [35S]GTPγS accumulation, cAMP inhibition, pERK1/2 activation, pAKT T308/S473 activation) and non Gαi/o-mediated (i.e. β-arrestin2 recruitment) endpoints that are relevant to neurological diseases. Our findings indicate that H3R agonists display significantly altered patterns in their degree of ligand bias, in a pathway- and isoform-dependent manner, underlining the significance to investigate GPCRs with multiple isoforms to improve development of selective drugs. SUBJECT CATEGORY: Neuropharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Rahman
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052 VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Amsterdam Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Faissal Imhaouran
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052 VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Céline Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052 VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, 3052 VIC, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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3
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Guven B, Onay-Besikci A. Past and present of beta arrestins: A new perspective on insulin secretion and effect. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175952. [PMID: 37541367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta arrestins had been known as intracellular adaptors that uncouple and inactivate the G protein-coupled receptors that they interact with. Their roles as signal initiators for some receptors have recently been recognized. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we focused on their role in mediating metabolic modulation primarily in relation to insulin signaling. Commenced by the upstream receptor, they seem to act like intracellular hubs that divert the metabolic profile of the cell. The amount of metabolic substrates in circulation and their usage/deposition by tissues are controlled by the contribution of all systems in the organism. This control is enabled by the release of hormones such as insulin, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1. Intriguingly, some ligands -either agonists or antagonists-of different classes of receptors have preferential properties mediated by β arrestins. This is not surprizing considering that substrate supply and usage should parallel physiological function such as hormone release or muscle contraction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Available data indicate that β arrestins conduct the regulatory role in insulin secretion and action. They may be good candidates to target when the upstream signal demands the function that may compromise the cell. An example is carvedilol that is protective by preventing the stimulatory effects of excessive catecholamines, stimulates mitochondrial function and has preferential clinical outcomes in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Guven
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Onay-Besikci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. The adenosine A 2A receptor in the basal ganglia: Expression, heteromerization, functional selectivity and signalling. Int Rev Neurobiol 2023; 170:49-71. [PMID: 37741696 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuroregulatory nucleoside that acts through four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B and A3, which are widely expressed in cells of the nervous system. The A2A receptor (A2AR), the GPCR with the highest expression in the striatum, has a similar role to that of receptors for dopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters. Neuronal and glial A2ARs participate in the modulation of dopaminergic transmission and act in almost any action in which the basal ganglia is involved. This chapter revisits the expression of the A2AR in the basal ganglia in health and disease, and describes the diversity of signalling depending on whether the receptors are expressed as monomer or as heteromer. The A2AR can interact with other receptors as adenosine A1, dopamine D2, or cannabinoid CB1 to form heteromers with relevant functions in the basal ganglia. Heteromerization, with these and other GPCRs, provides diversity to A2AR-mediated signalling and to the modulation of neurotransmission. Thus, selective A2AR antagonists have neuroprotective potential acting directly on neurons, but also through modulation of glial cell activation, for example, by decreasing neuroinflammatory events that accompany neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, A2AR antagonists are safe and their potential in the therapy of Parkinson's disease has already led to the approval of one of them, istradefylline, in Japan and United States. The receptor also has a key role in reward circuits and, again, heteromers with dopamine receptors, but also with cannabinoid CB1 receptors, participate in the events triggered by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
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5
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Nagi K. How can we improve the measurement of receptor signaling bias? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:575-578. [PMID: 37073510 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2204225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nagi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Carrión-Antolí Á, Mallor-Franco J, Arroyo-Urea S, García-Nafría J. Structural insights into promiscuous GPCR-G protein coupling. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2023; 195:137-152. [PMID: 36707152 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Carrión-Antolí
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Mallor-Franco
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra Arroyo-Urea
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier García-Nafría
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) and Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Sarkar K, Joedicke L, Westwood M, Burnley R, Wright M, McMillan D, Byrne B. Modulation of PTH1R signaling by an extracellular binding antibody. Vitam Horm 2022; 120:109-132. [PMID: 35953107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R) is a class B G-protein coupled receptor with key roles in bone development. The receptor signals through both the Gs and Gq G-proteins as well as through β-arrestin in a G-protein independent manner. Current treatments for bone disorders, such as osteoporosis, target the PTH1R but are suboptimal in their efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies represent a major growth area in therapeutics as a result of their superior specificity and long serum half-life. Here, we discovered antibodies against the extracellular domain (ECD) of PTH1R from a phage display library. One of these antibodies, ECD-ScFvhFc, binds PTH1R with high affinity and although it has little or no effect on G-protein dependent receptor signaling, it does reduce PTH1R mediated β-arrestin signaling. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) demonstrated that the ECD-ScFvhFc binding site overlapped partially with that of the cognate ligand, PTH. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of PTH1R as a target for therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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Heydenreich FM, Plouffe B, Rizk A, Milic D, Zhou J, Breton B, Le Gouill C, Inoue A, Bouvier M, Veprintsev D. Michaelis-Menten quantification of ligand signalling bias applied to the promiscuous Vasopressin V2 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:139-149. [PMID: 35779859 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the G protein-coupled receptors by agonists may result in the activation of one or more G proteins and recruitment of arrestins. The extent of the activation of each of these pathways depends on the intrinsic efficacy of the ligand. Quantification of intrinsic efficacy relative to a reference compound is essential for the development of novel compounds. In the operational model, changes in efficacy can be compensated by changes in the "functional" affinity, resulting in poorly defined values. To separate the effects of ligand affinity from the intrinsic activity of the receptor, we developed a Michaelis-Menten based quantification of G protein activation bias that uses experimentally measured ligand affinities and provides a single measure of ligand efficacy. We used it to evaluate the signalling of a promiscuous model receptor, the Vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R). Using BRET-based biosensors, we show that the V2R engages many different G proteins across all G protein subfamilies in response to its primary endogenous agonist, arginine vasopressin (AVP), including Gs and members of the Gi/o and G12/13 families. These signaling pathways are also activated by the synthetic peptide desmopressin, oxytocin, and the non-mammalian hormone vasotocin. We compared bias quantification using the operational model with Michaelis-Menten based quantification, the latter accurately quantified ligand efficacies despite large difference in ligand affinities. Together, these results showed that V2R is promiscuous in its ability to engage several G proteins and that its' signaling profile is biased by small structural changes in the ligand. Significance Statement By modelling the G protein activation as Michaelis-Menten reaction, we developed a novel way of quantifying signalling bias. V2R activates or at least engages G proteins from all G protein subfamilies, including Gi2, Gz, Gq, G12, and G13. Their relative activation may explain its Gs-independent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dalibor Milic
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Joris Zhou
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Billy Breton
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molec ular Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
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Mack SM, Gomes I, Fakira AK, Duarte ML, Gupta A, Fricker L, Devi LA. GPR83 engages endogenous peptides from two distinct precursors to elicit differential signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:MOLPHARM-AR-2022-000487. [PMID: 35605991 PMCID: PMC9341263 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PEN is an abundant neuropeptide that activates GPR83, a G protein-coupled receptor that is considered a novel therapeutic target due to its roles in regulation of feeding, reward, and anxiety-related behaviors. The major form of PEN in the brain is 22 residues in length. Previous studies have identified shorter forms of PEN in mouse brain and neuroendocrine cells; these shorter forms were named PEN18, PEN19 and PEN20, with the number reflecting the length of the peptide. The C-terminal five residues of PEN20 are identical to the C-terminus of a procholecystokinin (proCCK)-derived peptide, named proCCK56-62, that is present in mouse brain. ProCCK56-62 is highly conserved across species although it has no homology to the bioactive cholecystokinin domain. ProCCK56-62 and a longer form, proCCK56-63 were tested for their ability to engage GPR83. Both peptides bind GPR83 with high affinity, activate second messenger pathways, and induce ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis. Interestingly, the shorter PEN peptides, ProCC56-62, and ProCCK56-63 differentially activate signal transduction pathways. Whereas PEN22 and PEN20 facilitate receptor coupling to Gai, PEN18, PEN19 and ProCCK peptides facilitate coupling to Gas. Furthermore, the ProCCK peptides exhibit dose dependent Ga subtype selectivity in that they faciliate coupling to Gas at low concentrations and Gai at high concentrations. These data demonstrate that peptides derived from two distinct peptide precursors can differentially activate GPR83, and that GPR83 exhibits Ga subtype preference depending on the nature and concentration of the peptide. These results are consistent with the emerging idea that endogenous neuropeptides function as biased ligands. Significance Statement We found that peptides derived from proCCK bind and activate GPR83, a G protein-coupled receptor that is known to bind peptides derived from proSAAS. Different forms of the proCCK- and proSAAS-derived peptides show biased agonism, activating Gas or Gai depending on the length of the peptide and/or its concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshat M Mack
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States
| | - Amanda K Fakira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, United States
| | - Mariana L Duarte
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Achla Gupta
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Lloyd Fricker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are extensively used in type 2 diabetic patients for the effective control of hyperglycemia. It is now clear from outcomes trials that this class of drugs offers important additional benefits to these patients due to reducing the risk of developing major adverse cardiac events (MACE). This risk reduction is, in part, due to effective glycemic control in patients; however, the various outcomes trials, further validated by subsequent meta-analysis of the outcomes trials, suggest that the risk reduction in MACE is also dependent on glycemic-independent mechanisms operant in cardiovascular tissues. These glycemic-independent mechanisms are likely mediated by GLP-1 receptors found throughout the cardiovascular system and by the complex signaling cascades triggered by the binding of agonists to the G-protein coupled receptors. This heterogeneity of signaling pathways underlying different downstream effects of GLP-1 agonists, and the discovery of biased agonists favoring specific signaling pathways, may have import in the future treatment of MACE in these patients. We review the evidence supporting the glycemic-independent evidence for risk reduction of MACE by the GLP-1 receptor agonists and highlight the putative mechanisms underlying these benefits. We also comment on the different signaling pathways which appear important for mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentin K Gribkoff
- Section on Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; TheraStat LLC, Weston, MA, United States
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11
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French AR, van Rijn RM. An updated assessment of the translational promise of G-protein-biased kappa opioid receptor agonists to treat pain and other indications without debilitating adverse effects. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106091. [PMID: 35101565 PMCID: PMC8923989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (κOR) agonists lack the abuse liability and respiratory depression effects of clinically used mu opioid receptor (μOR) analgesics and are hypothesized to be safer alternatives. However, κOR agonists have limiting adverse effects of their own, including aversion, sedation, and mood effects, that have hampered their clinical translation. Studies performed over the last 15 years have suggested that these adverse effects could result from activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways that are dependent on β-arrestin, whereas signaling downstream of G protein activation produces antinociception. This led to the hypothesis that agonists biased away from β-arrestin signaling would have improved therapeutic windows over traditional unbiased agonists and allow for clinical development of analgesic G-protein-biased κOR agonists. Given a recent controversy regarding the benefits of G-protein-biased μOR agonists, it is timely to reassess the therapeutic promise of G-protein-biased κOR agonists. Here we review recent discoveries from preclinical κOR studies and critically evaluate the therapeutic windows of G-protein-biased κOR agonists in each of the adverse effects above. Overall, we find that G-protein-biased κOR agonists generally have improved therapeutic window relative to unbiased agonists, although frequently study design limits strong conclusions in this regard. However, a steady flow of newly developed biased κOR agonists paired with recently engineered behavioral and molecular tools puts the κOR field in a prime position to make major advances in our understanding of κOR function and fulfill the promise of translating a new generation of biased κOR agonists to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R French
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Zuo A, Li C, Wang W, Jiang W, Zhang X, Che X, Zhang Y, Wu W, Cen X, Wang H, Tian J. Synthesis, biological, and structural explorations of a series of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists with high G protein signaling bias. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:113986. [PMID: 34802839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonism refers to the ability of compounds to drive preferred signaling pathways and avoid adverse signaling pathways in a ligand-dependent manner for some G-protein-coupled receptors. It is thought that the separation of therapeutic efficacy (e.g., analgesia) from adverse effects (e.g., respiration depression) can be achieved through the design of biased MOR agonists and one example is the recently approved MOR biased agonist oliceridine (TRV130). However, oliceridine only demonstrates modest beneficial effects as compared to other opioids in terms of therapeutic/adverse effect balance. One possibility attributable to the modest success of oliceridine is its limited bias, and as such developing MOR ligands with a more biased agonism profile could in theory further improve the beneficial effects of the ligands. Here, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of derivatives as potent highly biased MOR agonists (19a-v) through the modification and structure-activity relationship study of TRV130. This novel synthetic molecule, LPM3480392 (19m), demonstrated improved in vitro biased agonism (EC50 = 0.35 nM, Emax = 91.4%) with no measured β-arrestin recruitment (EC50 > 30000 nM, Emax = 1.6%), good brain penetration (B/P ratio = 4.61, 0.25 h post-IV dosing 2.0 mg/kg), a favorable pharmacokinetic profile (distribution volume = 10766 mL/kg, t1/2 = 1.9 h) and produced potent antinociceptive effect with reduced respiratory suppression (sO2(%) = 92.17, 0.32 mg/kg, SC) as compared to TRV130. LPM3480392 has completed preclinical studies and is currently under clinical development (CTR20210370) as an analgesic for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most highly targeted protein family by United States Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Despite their historic and continued importance as drug targets, their therapeutic potential remains underexplored and underexploited. While it has been known for some time that GPCRs are able to engage multiple signaling pathways, the majority of drug research and development has followed the older dogma of a single primary pathway for each receptor. This has been due in part to historical reasons, or to a lack of appreciation of the potential to exploit specific pathways over others as a therapeutic modality. Additionally, only recently have technologies been developed to discern selective GPCR-G protein interactions. In this chapter, we introduce TRUPATH, a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based platform that allows the unambiguous measurement of receptor-catalyzed dissociation or rearrangement of 14 Gα subunits from their respective Gβ and Gγ subunits. Specifically, we provide a detailed protocol for TRUPATH plasmid transfection, microplate preparation, assay implementation, and data analysis. In doing so, we create a template for using TRUPATH to answer basic biological questions, such as "To which G proteins does a given GPCR couple?", and facilitate drug discovery efforts to identify ligands with intra- and inter-G protein family pathway selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Discovery Biology and GPCR Pharmacology, Exscientia PLC., Oxford, UK
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Nichols R, Pittala K, Leander M, Maynard B, Nikolaou P, Marciniak P. The myosuppressin structure-activity relationship for cardiac contractility and its receptor interactions support the presence of a ligand-directed signaling pathway in heart. Peptides 2021; 146:170641. [PMID: 34453985 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The structural conservation and activity of the myosuppressin cardioinhibitory peptide across species suggests it plays an important role in physiology, yet much remains unknown regarding its signaling. We previously reported Drosophila melanogaster myosuppressin (dromyosuppressin, DMS; TDVDHVFLRF-NH2) decreases cardiac contractility through a G protein-coupled receptor, DMS-R2. Our study showed the DMS N-terminus amino acids influence its structure-activity relationship (SAR), yet how they act is not established. We predicted myosuppressin N-terminal amino acids played a role in signaling. Here, we tested our hypothesis in the beetle, Zophobas atratus, using a semi-isolated heart bioassay to explore SAR in a different Order and focus on cardiac signaling. We generated a series of myosuppressin truncated analogs by removing the N-terminal residue and measuring the activity of each structure on cardiac contractility. While DVDHVFLRF-NH2 decreased cardiac contractility, we found VDHVFLRF-NH2, DHVFLRF-NH2, and HVFLRF-NH2 increased activity. In contrast, VFLRF- NH2 decreased activity and FLRF-NH2 was inactive. Next, we analyzed molecular docking data and found the active truncated analogs interacted with the 3-6 lock in DMS-R2, the myosuppressin cardiac receptor, disrupting the salt bridge between H114 and E369, and K289 and Q372. Further, the docking results showed the inhibitory effect on contractility may be associated with contact to Y78, while the analogs that increased contractility lacked this interaction. The data from our study demonstrated N-terminal amino acids played a role in myosuppressin activity and signaling suggesting the cardiac receptor can be targeted by biased agonists. Our myosuppressin cardiac contractility data and predicted receptor interactions describe the presence of functional selectivity in a ligand-directed signaling pathway in heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nichols
- Biological Chemistry Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - K Pittala
- Biological Chemistry Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Undergraduate Honors Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - M Leander
- Biological Chemistry Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - B Maynard
- Biological Chemistry Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - P Nikolaou
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - P Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opioids acting at the MOP(mu:µ) receptor produce analgesia but also side-effects. There is debate suggesting opioid receptors produce analgesia via G-protein and side-effects via β-arrestin-2 pathways. Opioids targeting G-proteins over the arrestins (bias) offer potential therapeutic advantages. Oliceridine is a putative MOP, G-protein biased agonist. AREAS COVERED Oliceridine is selective for MOP receptors with greater activity at G-proteins over arrestins. A substantial body of evidence now points to a simpler pharmacological descriptor of partial agonist. Pre-clinical in vivo data indicates a robust antinociceptive response of shorter duration than morphine. Apollo trials (Phase-III RCT-bunionectomy/abdominoplasty) describe good analgesic efficacy that was non-inferior to morphine with good tolerability and side-effect profile. There is evidence for improved respiratory safety profile. Oliceridine is approved by the FDA. EXPERT OPINION Oliceridine will be an important addition to the clinical armamentarium for use for the management of acute pain severe enough to require an intravenous opioid analgesic and for whom alternative treatments are inadequate. Respiratory advantage and the possibility of reduced abuse potential are possible advantages over the use of traditional opioids. Based on a number of excellent, highly detailed studies, oliceridine should be described as a partial agonist; this 'label' does not matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A H Azzam
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, LE1 9HN. UK
| | - David G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, LE1 9HN. UK
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16
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Hernández-Alvarado RB, Madariaga-Mazón A, Cosme-Vela F, Marmolejo-Valencia AF, Nefzi A, Martinez-Mayorga K. Encoding mu-opioid receptor biased agonism with interaction fingerprints. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:1081-1093. [PMID: 34713377 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are potent painkillers, however, their therapeutic use requires close medical monitoring to diminish the risk of severe adverse effects. The G-protein biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) have shown safer therapeutic profiles than non-biased ligands. In this work, we performed extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of two markedly biased ligands and a balanced reference molecule. From those simulations, we identified a protein-ligand interaction fingerprint that characterizes biased ligands. Then, we built and virtually screened a database containing 68,740 ligands with proven or potential GPCR agonistic activity. Exemplary molecules that fulfill the interacting pattern for biased agonism are showcased, illustrating the usefulness of this work for the search of biased MOR ligands and how this contributes to the understanding of MOR biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Cosme-Vela
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Adel Nefzi
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.,Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
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17
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Pickford P, Lucey M, Rujan RM, McGlone ER, Bitsi S, Ashford FB, Corrêa IR, Hodson DJ, Tomas A, Deganutti G, Reynolds CA, Owen BM, Tan TM, Minnion J, Jones B, Bloom SR. Partial agonism improves the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy of an oxyntomodulin-derived GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonist. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101242. [PMID: 33933675 PMCID: PMC8163982 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor (GLP-1R/GCGR) co-agonism can maximise weight loss and improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cellular and metabolic effects of modulating the balance between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at GLP-1R and GCGR using oxyntomodulin (OXM)-derived co-agonists. This strategy has been previously shown to improve the duration of action of GLP-1R mono-agonists by reducing target desensitisation and downregulation. METHODS Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 (DPP-4)-resistant OXM analogues were generated and assessed for a variety of cellular readouts. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to gain insights into the molecular interactions involved. In vivo studies were performed in mice to identify the effects on glucose homeostasis and weight loss. RESULTS Ligand-specific reductions in β-arrestin-2 recruitment were associated with slower GLP-1R internalisation and prolonged glucose-lowering action in vivo. The putative benefits of GCGR agonism were retained, with equivalent weight loss compared to the GLP-1R mono-agonist liraglutide despite a lesser degree of food intake suppression. The compounds tested showed only a minor degree of biased agonism between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at both receptors and were best classified as partial agonists for the two pathways measured. CONCLUSIONS Diminishing β-arrestin-2 recruitment may be an effective way to increase the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonists. These benefits can be achieved by partial rather than biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Pickford
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roxana-Maria Rujan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma Rose McGlone
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Marzook A, Chen S, Pickford P, Lucey M, Wang Y, Corrêa IR, Broichhagen J, Hodson DJ, Salem V, Rutter GA, Tan TM, Bloom SR, Tomas A, Jones B. Evaluation of efficacy- versus affinity-driven agonism with biased GLP-1R ligands P5 and exendin-F1. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114656. [PMID: 34129856 PMCID: PMC8346945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is an important regulator of glucose homeostasis and has been successfully targeted for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recently described biased GLP-1R agonists with selective reductions in β-arrestin versus G protein coupling show improved metabolic actions in vivo. However, two prototypical G protein-favouring GLP-1R agonists, P5 and exendin-F1, are reported to show divergent effects on insulin secretion. In this study we aimed to resolve this discrepancy by performing a side-by-side characterisation of these two ligands across a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays. Exendin-F1 showed reduced acute efficacy versus P5 for several readouts, including recruitment of mini-G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestin-2. Maximal responses were also lower for both GLP-1R internalisation and the presence of active GLP-1R-mini-Gs complexes in early endosomes with exendin-F1 treatment. In contrast, prolonged insulin secretion in vitro and sustained anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy in mice were both greater with exendin-F1 than with P5. We conclude that the particularly low acute efficacy of exendin-F1 and associated reductions in GLP-1R downregulation appear to be more important than preservation of endosomal signalling to allow sustained insulin secretion responses. This has implications for the ongoing development of affinity- versus efficacy-driven biased GLP-1R agonists as treatments for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaara Marzook
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shiqian Chen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Pickford
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Wang
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Salem
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Głuch-Lutwin M, Sałaciak K, Gawalska A, Jamrozik M, Sniecikowska J, Newman-Tancredi A, Kołaczkowski M, Pytka K. The selective 5-HT 1A receptor biased agonists, F15599 and F13714, show antidepressant-like properties after a single administration in the mouse model of unpredictable chronic mild stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2249-2260. [PMID: 33973045 PMCID: PMC8292235 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The prevalence of depression is ever-increasing throughout the population. However, available treatments are ineffective in around one-third of patients and there is a need for more effective and safer drugs. OBJECTIVES The antidepressant-like and procognitive effects of the "biased agonists" F15599 (also known as NLX-101) which preferentially targets postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors and F13714, which targets 5-HT1A autoreceptors, were investigated in mice. METHODS Antidepressant-like properties of the compounds and their effect on cognitive functions were assessed using the forced swim test (FST) and the novel object recognition (NOR), respectively. Next, we induced a depressive-like state by an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) procedure to test the compounds' activity in the depression model, followed by measures of sucrose preference, FST, and locomotor activity. Levels of phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) were also determined. RESULTS F15599 reduced immobility time in the FST over a wider dose-range (2 to 16 mg/kg po) than F13714 (2 and 4 mg/kg po), suggesting accentuated antidepressant-like properties in mice. F15599 did not disrupt long-term memory consolidation in the NOR at any dose tested, while F13714 impaired memory formation, notably at higher doses (4-16 mg/kg). In UCMS mice, a single administration of F15599 and F13714 was sufficient to robustly normalize depressive-like behavior in the FST but did not rescue disrupted sucrose preference. Both F15599 and F13714 rescued cortical and hippocampal deficits in p-ERK1/2 levels of UCMS mice but did not influence the p-CREB levels. CONCLUSIONS Our studies showed that 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists such as F13714 and especially F15599, due to its less pronounced side effects, might have potential as fast-acting antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Gawalska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Jamrozik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Sniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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20
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Kalinkovich A, Livshits G. Biased and allosteric modulation of bone cell-expressing G protein-coupled receptors as a novel approach to osteoporosis therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105794. [PMID: 34329703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
On the cellular level, osteoporosis (OP) is a result of imbalanced bone remodeling, in which osteoclastic bone resorption outcompetes osteoblastic bone formation. Currently available OP medications include both antiresorptive and bone-forming drugs. However, their long-term use in OP patients, mainly in postmenopausal women, is accompanied by severe side effects. Notably, the fundamental coupling between bone resorption and formation processes underlies the existence of an undesirable secondary outcome that bone anabolic or anti-resorptive drugs also reduce bone formation. This drawback requires the development of anti-OP drugs capable of selectively stimulating osteoblastogenesis and concomitantly reducing osteoclastogenesis. We propose that the application of small synthetic biased and allosteric modulators of bone cell receptors, which belong to the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) family, could be the key to resolving the undesired anti-OP drug selectivity. This approach is based on the capacity of these GPCR modulators, unlike the natural ligands, to trigger signaling pathways that promote beneficial effects on bone remodeling while blocking potentially deleterious effects. Under the settings of OP, an optimal anti-OP drug should provide fine-tuned regulation of downstream effects, for example, intermittent cyclic AMP (cAMP) elevation, preservation of Ca2+ balance, stimulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and estrogen production, suppression of sclerostin secretion, and/or preserved/enhanced canonical β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway. As such, selective modulation of GPCRs involved in bone remodeling presents a promising approach in OP treatment. This review focuses on the evidence for the validity of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalinkovich
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel
| | - Gregory Livshits
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel; Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel.
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21
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Newman-Tancredi A, Depoortère RY, Kleven MS, Kołaczkowski M, Zimmer L. Translating biased agonists from molecules to medications: Serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor functional selectivity for CNS disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107937. [PMID: 34174274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonism (or "functional selectivity") at G-protein-coupled receptors has attracted rapidly increasing interest as a means to improve discovery of more efficacious and safer pharmacotherapeutics. However, most studies are limited to in vitro tests of cellular signaling and few biased agonists have progressed to in vivo testing. As concerns 5-HT1A receptors, which exert a major control of serotonergic signaling in diverse CNS regions, study of biased agonism has previously been limited by the poor target selectivity and/or partial agonism of classically available ligands. However, a new generation of highly selective, efficacious and druggable agonists has advanced the study of biased agonism at this receptor and created new therapeutic opportunities. These novel agonists show differential properties for G-protein signaling, cellular signaling (particularly pERK), electrophysiological effects, neurotransmitter release, neuroimaging by PET and pharmacoMRI, and behavioral tests of mood, motor activity and side effects. Overall, NLX-101 (a.k.a. F15599) exhibits preferential activation of cortical and brain stem 5-HT1A receptors, whereas NLX-112 (a.k.a. befiradol or F13640) shows prominent activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in Raphe nuclei and in regions associated with motor control. Accordingly, NLX-101 is potently active in rodent models of depression and respiratory control, whereas NLX-112 shows promising activity in models of Parkinson's disease across several species - rat, marmoset and macaque. Moreover, NLX-112 has also been labeled with 18F to produce the first agonist PET radiopharmaceutical (known as [18F]-F13640) for investigation of the active state of 5-HT1A receptors in rodent, primate and human. The structure-functional activity relationships of biased agonists have been investigated by receptor modeling and novel compounds have been identified which exhibit increased affinity at 5-HT1A receptors and new profiles of cellular signaling bias, notably for β-arrestin recruitment versus pERK. Taken together, the data suggest that 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists constitute potentially superior pharmacological agents for treatment of CNS disorders involving serotonergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-INSERM, France
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22
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Abstract
Historically, the drugs used to manage obstructive lung diseases (OLDs), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) either (1) directly regulate airway contraction by blocking or relaxing airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction or (2) indirectly regulate ASM contraction by inhibiting the principal cause of ASM contraction/bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. To date, these tasks have been respectively assigned to two diverse drug types: agonists/antagonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhaled or systemic steroids. These two types of drugs "stay in their lane" with respect to their actions and consequently require the addition of the other drug to effectively manage both inflammation and bronchoconstriction in OLDs. Indeed, it has been speculated that safety issues historically associated with beta-agonist use (beta-agonists activate the beta-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) on airway smooth muscle (ASM) to provide bronchoprotection/bronchorelaxation) are a function of pro-inflammatory actions of β2AR agonism. Recently, however, previously unappreciated roles of various GPCRs on ASM contractility and on airway inflammation have been elucidated, raising the possibility that novel GPCR ligands targeting these GPCRs can be developed as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Moreover, we now know that many GPCRs can be "tuned" and not just turned "off" or "on" to specifically activate the beneficial therapeutic signaling a receptor can transduce while avoiding detrimental signaling. Thus, the fledging field of biased agonism pharmacology has the potential to turn the β2AR into an anti-inflammatory facilitator in asthma, possibly reducing or eliminating the need for steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Muchhala KH, Jacob JC, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Role of β-arrestin-2 in short- and long-term opioid tolerance in the dorsal root ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174007. [PMID: 33705801 PMCID: PMC8058323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-biased agonists with reduced β-arrestin-2 activation are being investigated as safer alternatives to clinically-used opioids. β-arrestin-2 has been implicated in the mechanism of opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance. Opioid-induced analgesic tolerance is classically considered as centrally-mediated, but recent reports implicate nociceptive dorsal root ganglia neurons as critical mediators in this process. Here, we investigated the role of β-arrestin-2 in the mechanism of opioid tolerance in dorsal root ganglia nociceptive neurons using β-arrestin-2 knockout mice and the G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptor agonist, TRV130. Whole-cell current-clamp electrophysiology experiments revealed that 15-18-h overnight exposure to 10 μM morphine in vitro induced acute tolerance in β-arrestin-2 wild-type but not knockout neurons. Furthermore, in wild-type neurons circumventing β-arrestin-2 activation by overnight treatment with 200 nM TRV130 attenuated tolerance. Similarly, acute morphine tolerance in vivo in β-arrestin-2 knockout mice was prevented in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Treatment with 30 mg/kg TRV130 s.c. also inhibited acute antinociceptive tolerance in vivo in wild-type mice. Alternately, in β-arrestin-2 knockout neurons tolerance induced by 7-day in vivo exposure to 50 mg morphine pellet was conserved. Likewise, β-arrestin-2 deletion did not mitigate in vivo antinociceptive tolerance induced by 7-day exposure to 25 mg or 50 mg morphine pellet in both female or male mice, respectively. Consequently, these results indicated that β-arrestin-2 mediates acute but not chronic opioid tolerance in dorsal root ganglia neurons and to antinociception in vivo. This suggests that opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance may develop even in the absence of β-arrestin-2 activation, and thus significantly affect the clinical utility of biased agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Tolerance
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nociceptive Pain/genetics
- Nociceptive Pain/metabolism
- Nociceptive Pain/physiopathology
- Nociceptive Pain/prevention & control
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- beta-Arrestin 2/deficiency
- beta-Arrestin 2/genetics
- beta-Arrestin 2/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan H Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Joanna C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay St, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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24
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Manning JJ, Green HM, Glass M, Finlay DB. Pharmacological selection of cannabinoid receptor effectors: Signalling, allosteric modulation and bias. Neuropharmacology 2021; 193:108611. [PMID: 34000272 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is a promising drug target for a wide range of diseases. However, many existing and novel candidate ligands for CB1 have shown only limited therapeutic potential. Indeed, no ligands are currently approved for the clinic except formulations of the phytocannabinoids Δ9-THC and CBD and a small number of analogues. A key limitation of many promising CB1 ligands are their on-target adverse effects, notably including psychoactivity (agonists) and depression/suicidal ideation (inverse agonists). Recent drug development attempts have therefore focussed on altering CB1 signalling profiles in two ways. Firstly, with compounds that enhance or reduce the signalling of endogenous (endo-) cannabinoids, namely allosteric modulators. Secondly, with compounds that probe the capability of selectively targeting specific cellular signalling pathways that may mediate therapeutic effects using biased ligands. This review will summarise the current paradigm of CB1 signalling in terms of the intracellular transduction pathways acted on by the receptor. The development of compounds that selectively activate CB1 signalling pathways, whether allosterically or via orthosteric agonist bias, will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Manning
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hayley M Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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25
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Sałaciak K, Pytka K. Biased agonism in drug discovery: Is there a future for biased 5-HT 1A receptor agonists in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107872. [PMID: 33905796 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is one of the fundamental neurotransmitters that contribute to the information essential for an organism's normal, physiological function. Serotonin acts centrally and systemically. The 5-HT1A receptor is the most widespread serotonin receptor, and participates in many brain-related disorders, including anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. The 5-HT1A receptor can activate several different biochemical pathways and signals through both G protein-dependent and G protein-independent pathways. Preclinical experiments indicate that distinct signaling pathways in specific brain regions may be crucial for antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive responses. Therefore, the development of new ligands that selectively target a particular signaling pathway(s) could open new possibilities for more effective and safer pharmacotherapy. This review discusses the current state of preclinical studies focusing on the concept of functional selectivity (biased agonism) regarding the 5-HT1A receptor and its role in antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive regulation. Such work highlights not only the differential effects of targeted autoreceptors, vs. heteroreceptors, but also the importance of targeting specific downstream intracellular signaling processes, thereby enhancing favorable over unfavorable signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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26
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Diez-Alarcia R, Odagaki Y, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Gabilondo AM, Meana JJ, Muneta-Arrate I. Functional approaches to the study of G-protein-coupled receptors in postmortem brain tissue: [ 35S]GTPγS binding assays combined with immunoprecipitation. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1079-95. [PMID: 33876404 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have an enormous biochemical importance as they bind to diverse extracellular ligands and regulate a variety of physiological and pathological responses. G-protein activation measures the functional consequence of receptor occupancy at one of the earliest receptor-mediated events. Receptor coupling to G-proteins promotes the GDP/GTP exchange on Gα subunits. Thus, modulation of the binding of the poorly hydrolysable GTP analog [35S]GTPγS to the Gα-protein subunit can be used as a functional approach to quantify GPCR interaction with agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist drugs. In order to determine receptor-mediated selective activation of the different Gα-proteins, [35S]GTPγS binding assays combined with immunodetection by specific antibodies have been developed and applied to physiological and pathological brain conditions. Currently, immunoprecipitation with magnetic beads and scintillation proximity assays are the most habitual techniques for this purpose. The present review summarizes the different procedures, advantages and limitations of the [35S]GTPγS binding assays combined with selective Gα-protein sequestration methods. Experience of functional coupling of several GPCRs to different Gα-proteins and recommendations for optimal performance in brain membranes are described. One of the biggest opportunities opened by these techniques is that they enable evaluation of biased agonism in the native tissue, which results in high interest in drug discovery. The available results derived from application of these functional methodologies to study GPCR dysfunctions in neuro-psychiatric disorders are also described. In conclusion, [35S]GTPγS binding combined with antibody-mediated immunodetection represents an useful method to separately evaluate the functional activity of drugs acting on GPCRs over each Gα-protein subtype.
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27
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Rueda P, Merlin J, Chimenti S, Feletou M, Paysant J, White PJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Summers RJ, Charman WN, May LT, Langmead CJ. Pharmacological Insights Into Safety and Efficacy Determinants for the Development of Adenosine Receptor Biased Agonists in the Treatment of Heart Failure. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628060. [PMID: 33776771 PMCID: PMC7991592 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) are a potential target for cardiac injury treatment due to their cardioprotective/antihypertrophic actions, but drug development has been hampered by on-target side effects such as bradycardia and altered renal hemodynamics. Biased agonism has emerged as an attractive mechanism for A1R-mediated cardioprotection that is haemodynamically safe. Here we investigate the pre-clinical pharmacology, efficacy and side-effect profile of the A1R agonist neladenoson, shown to be safe but ineffective in phase IIb trials for the treatment of heart failure. We compare this agent with the well-characterized, pan-adenosine receptor (AR) agonist NECA, capadenoson, and the A1R biased agonist VCP746, previously shown to be safe and cardioprotective in pre-clinical models of heart failure. We show that like VCP746, neladenoson is biased away from Ca2+ influx relative to NECA and the cAMP pathway at the A1R, a profile predictive of a lack of adenosine-like side effects. Additionally, neladenoson was also biased away from the MAPK pathway at the A1R. In contrast to VCP746, which displays more 'adenosine-like' signaling at the A2BR, neladenoson was a highly selective A1R agonist, with biased, weak agonism at the A2BR. Together these results show that unwanted hemodynamic effects of A1R agonists can be avoided by compounds biased away from Ca2+ influx relative to cAMP, relative to NECA. The failure of neladenoson to reach primary endpoints in clinical trials suggests that A1R-mediated cAMP inhibition may be a poor indicator of effectiveness in chronic heart failure. This study provides additional information that can aid future screening and/or design of improved AR agonists that are safe and efficacious in treating heart failure in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rueda
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefano Chimenti
- Cardiovascular Discovery Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Michel Feletou
- Cardiovascular Discovery Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Jerome Paysant
- Cardiovascular Discovery Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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Nagi K, Habib AM. Biased signaling: A viable strategy to drug ghrelin receptors for the treatment of obesity. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109976. [PMID: 33713808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global burden and a chronic ailment with damaging overall health effects. Ghrelin, an octanoylated 28 amino acid peptide hormone, is secreted from the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach. Ghrelin acts on regions of the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior and glucose homeostasis through its G protein-coupled receptor. Recently, several central pathways modulating the metabolic actions of ghrelin have been reported. While these signaling pathways can be inhibited or activated by antagonists or agonists, they can also be discriminatingly activated in a "biased" response to impart different degrees of activation in distinct pathways downstream of the receptor. Here, we review recent ghrelin biased signaling findings as well as characteristics of ghrelin hormone and its receptors pertinent for biased signaling. We then evaluate the feasibility for ghrelin receptor biased signaling as a strategy for the development of effective pharmacotherapy in obesity treatment.
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29
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Pantouli F, Grim TW, Schmid CL, Acevedo-Canabal A, Kennedy NM, Cameron MD, Bannister TD, Bohn LM. Comparison of morphine, oxycodone and the biased MOR agonist SR-17018 for tolerance and efficacy in mouse models of pain. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108439. [PMID: 33345829 PMCID: PMC7887086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mu opioid receptor-selective agonist, SR-17018, preferentially activates GTPγS binding over βarrestin2 recruitment in cellular assays, thereby demonstrating signaling bias. In mice, SR-17018 stimulates GTPγS binding in brainstem and produces antinociception with potencies similar to morphine. However, it produces much less respiratory suppression and mice do not develop antinociceptive tolerance in the hot plate assay upon repeated dosing. Herein we evaluate the effects of acute and repeated dosing of SR-17018, oxycodone and morphine in additional models of pain-related behaviors. In the mouse warm water tail immersion assay, an assessment of spinal reflex to thermal nociception, repeated administration of SR-17018 produces tolerance as does morphine and oxycodone. SR-17018 retains efficacy in a formalin-induced inflammatory pain model upon repeated dosing, while oxycodone does not. In a chemotherapeutic-induced neuropathy pain model SR-17018 is more potent and efficacious than morphine or oxycodone, moreover, this efficacy is retained upon repeated dosing of SR-17018. These findings demonstrate that, with the exception of the tail flick test, SR-17018 retains efficacy upon chronic treatment across several pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Pantouli
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Travis W Grim
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Cullen L Schmid
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Agnes Acevedo-Canabal
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Nicole M Kennedy
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Adenosine modulates many aspects of human physiology and pathophysiology through binding to the adenosine family of G protein-coupled receptors, which are comprised of four subtypes, the A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R. Modulation of adenosine receptor function by exogenous agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators can be beneficial for a number of conditions including cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Unfortunately, many preclinical drug candidates targeting adenosine receptors have failed in clinical trials due to limited efficacy and/or severe on-target undesired effects. To overcome the key barriers typically encountered when transitioning adenosine receptor ligands into the clinic, research efforts have focussed on exploiting the phenomenon of biased agonism. Biased agonism provides the opportunity to develop ligands that favour therapeutic signalling pathways, whilst avoiding signalling associated with on-target undesired effects. Recent studies have begun to define the structure-function relationships that underpin adenosine receptor biased agonism and establish how this phenomenon can be harnessed therapeutically. In this review we describe the recent advancements made towards achieving therapeutically relevant biased agonism at adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McNeill
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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31
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the theoretical and experimental foundations for assessing agonism in the context of signalling bias in GPCRs. We show that the formulation of efficacy in classical receptor theory and the definition of ligand-induced allosteric effect in chemical thermodynamics are coincident measures of agonism, only if we recognize that the classical model cannot be considered as a mechanistic description of the physicochemical events underlying ligand-receptor signalling. It represents instead a mathematical tool, fortuitously capable of extracting efficacy information from concentration-dependent functional data, where both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent information are present. We also assert that dissecting efficacy from affinity, as originally advocated in classical theory, is imperative for understanding the molecular property underlying agonism, and the biased agonism that leads to preferential formation of diverse GPCR-transducer complexes. Finally, we argue that beyond the assumed translational value of functional selectivity (i.e. signalling bias), the identification of ligands with true bias of efficacy is of fundamental importance for unravelling the conformational space that determines the complex functional chemistry of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ongun Onaran
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Technology Development Unit, Ankara, Turkey.
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32
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Novikoff A, O'Brien SL, Bernecker M, Grandl G, Kleinert M, Knerr PJ, Stemmer K, Klingenspor M, Zeigerer A, DiMarchi R, Tschöp MH, Finan B, Calebiro D, Müller TD. Spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling and trafficking/recycling dynamics induced by selected receptor mono- and dual-agonists. Mol Metab 2021; 49:101181. [PMID: 33556643 PMCID: PMC7921015 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed the spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling, trafficking, and recycling dynamics of GIPR mono-agonists, GLP-1R mono-agonists including semaglutide, and GLP-1/GIP dual-agonists MAR709 and tirzepatide. Methods Receptor G protein recruitment and internalization/trafficking dynamics were assessed using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based technology and live-cell HILO microscopy. Results Relative to native and acylated GLP-1 agonists, MAR709 and tirzepatide showed preserved maximal cAMP production despite partial Gαs recruitment paralleled by diminished ligand-induced receptor internalization at both target receptors. Despite MAR709's lower internalization rate, GLP-1R co-localization with Rab11-associated recycling endosomes was not different between MAR709 and GLP-1R specific mono-agonists. Conclusions Our data indicated that MAR709 and tirzepatide induce unique spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling, trafficking, and recycling dynamics relative to native peptides, semaglutide, and matched mono-agonist controls. These findings support the hypothesis that the structure of GLP-1/GIP dual-agonists confer a biased agonism that, in addition to its influence on intracellular signaling, uniquely modulates receptor trafficking. GLP-1/GIP dual-agonists, MAR709 and tirzepatide, are partial effectors at multiple GLP-1R pathways, yet retain full cAMP agonism. MAR709 elicits comparable GLP-1R incorporation into Rab11+ recycling endosomes relative to the native peptides and acyl-GLP-1. At the GIPR, both dual-agonists exhibit full-agonism properties with limited receptor internalization/trafficking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Novikoff
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Miriam Bernecker
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Grandl
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick J Knerr
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Kalinkovich A, Pouyrovsky M, Nasyrova R, Livshits G. Biased activation of inflammation pro-resolving receptors as an evolving supportive strategy in schizophrenia treatment. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:295-297. [PMID: 33497903 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalinkovich
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Michael Pouyrovsky
- Maale HaCarmel Mental Health Center, Affiliated to Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Regina Nasyrova
- V. M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Russian Federation Ministry of Health, Bekhterev Street, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gregory Livshits
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
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34
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Pineyro G, Nagi K. Signaling diversity of mu- and delta- opioid receptor ligands: Re-evaluating the benefits of β-arrestin/G protein signaling bias. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109906. [PMID: 33383156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Opioid analgesics are elective for treating moderate to severe pain but their use is restricted by severe side effects. Signaling bias has been proposed as a viable means for improving this situation. To exploit this opportunity, continuous efforts are devoted to understand how ligand-specific modulations of receptor functions could mediate the different in vivo effects of opioids. Advances in the field have led to the development of biased agonists based on hypotheses that allocated desired and undesired effects to specific signaling pathways. However, the prevalent hypothesis associating β-arrestin to opioid side effects was recently challenged and multiple of the newly developed biased drugs may not display the superior side effects profile that was sought. Moreover, biased agonism at opioid receptors is now known to be time- and cell-dependent, which adds a new layer of complexity for bias estimation. Here, we first review the signaling mechanisms underlying desired and undesired effects of opioids. We then describe biased agonism at opioid receptors and discuss the different perspectives that support the desired and undesired effects of opioids in view of exploiting biased signaling for therapeutic purposes. Finally, we explore how signaling kinetics and cellular background can influence the magnitude and directionality of bias at those receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Pineyro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine research center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Karim Nagi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Livshits G, Kalinkovich A. Receptors for pro-resolving mediators as a therapeutic tool for smooth muscle remodeling-associated disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105340. [PMID: 33276103 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory airway, blood vessel and intestinal wall remodeling, in which smooth muscle remodeling plays a major role, is a key pathological event underlying the development of several associated diseases, including asthma, cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurism formation), and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanisms underlying these remodeling processes remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that the creation of chronic inflammation-mediated networks that support and exacerbate the airway, as well as vascular and intestinal wall remodeling, is a crucial pathogenic mechanism governing the development of the associated diseases. The failed inflammation resolution might be one of the causal pathogenic mechanisms. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that applying specialized, pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), acting via cognate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), could potentially be an effective pathway for treating these disorders. However, several obstacles, such as poor understanding of the SPM/receptor signaling pathways, SMP rapid inactivation as well as their complex and costly synthesis, limit their translational potential. In this connection, stable, small-molecule SPM mimetics and receptor agonists have emerged as new, potentially suitable drugs. It has been recently shown in preclinical studies that they can effectively attenuate the manifestations of asthma, atherosclerosis and Crohn's disease. Remarkably, some biased SPM receptor agonists, which cause a signaling response in the desired inflammation pro-resolving direction, revealed similar beneficial effects. These encouraging observations suggest that SPM mimetics and receptor agonists can be applied as a novel approach for the treatment of various chronic inflammation conditions, including airway, vascular and intestinal wall remodeling-associated disorders.
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Camacho E, Marie N, Dupas Q, Martel C, Nowoczyn M, Elie N, Rochais C, Töth G, Allouche S. Impact of T161, Y318 and S363 alanine mutations on regulation of the human delta-opioid receptor (hDOPr) induced by peptidic and alkaloid agonists. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108286. [PMID: 32841607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed a differential regulation of the human delta-opioid receptor (hDOPr) by etorphine and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE). To understand the molecular basis of such differences, we introduced 3 alanine mutations at the residues T161. Y318 and S363. Both wild type (WT) and hDOPr mutants were expressed in HEK cells containing endogenous arrestins or CFP-tagged arrestin 3, then desensitization, internalization, recycling and phosphorylation were studied. In a context of endogenous arrestin expression, a major difference in DOPr desensitization was observed between agonists that was modified with the T161A mutation upon etorphine and with the S363A substitution upon DPDPE exposure. While both agonists induced a major receptor internalization, T161A and S363A impaired DOPr sequestration only for etorphine. However, similar level of S363 phosphorylation was measured between agonists. When CFP-tagged arrestin 3 was over-expressed, a similar profile of desensitization was measured for both agonists. In this context, all the 3 alanine mutations decreased etorphine-induced receptor desensitization. Using FRET, we showed similar interactions between WT hDOPr and arrestin 3 under DPDPE and etorphine stimulation which were delayed by both the Y318A and the S363A substitutions for etorphine. Finally, hDOPr recycling was qualitatively evaluated by microscopy and showed neither arrestin 3/hDOPr colocalization nor major impact of alanine mutations except for the S363A which impaired internalization and recycling for etorphine. The T161, Y318 and S363 residues of hDOPr could underlie the differential regulation promoted by DPDPE and etorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Camacho
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8206, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale. U705, Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, 4 Avenue de L'observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Dupas
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Caroline Martel
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Marie Nowoczyn
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Plateau D'Histo-Imagerie Quantitative, CmaBio(3), SF 4206 ICORE, Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Centre D'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Geza Töth
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stéphane Allouche
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France.
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Bedini A. The Quest for More Effective Analgesics with Reduced Abuse Liability and Fewer Adverse Effects: Promises, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives of Biased Agonists at Opioid Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2201:181-92. [PMID: 32975799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0884-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a relevant health condition affecting one out of five individuals that is often not adequately treated by currently available analgesics. This, together with the dramatic increase in addicted people within the dramatic "opioid epidemics," significantly spurs the quest for innovative analgesics provided with increased efficacy, reduced abuse liability, and fewer adverse effects.Within this frame, biased agonists at opioid receptors have attracted increasing interest in the last decade as they have emerged as more effective and safer candidate analgesics.In this chapter, promises, pitfalls, and future perspective of biased agonists at mu (MOR) and kappa (KOR) opioid receptors are discussed. Moreover, methodological insights are provided with regard to the most appropriate experimental settings to be employed aiming at developing novel biased KOR agonists.
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are single-span transmembrane receptors in which relatively conserved intracellular kinase domains are coupled to divergent extracellular modules. The extracellular domains initiate receptor signaling upon binding to either soluble or membrane-embedded ligands. The diversity of extracellular domain structures allows for coupling of many unique signaling inputs to intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation. The combinatorial power of this receptor system is further increased by the fact that multiple ligands can typically interact with the same receptor. Such ligands often act as biased agonists and initiate distinct signaling responses via activation of the same receptor. Mechanisms behind such biased agonism are largely unknown for RTKs, especially at the level of receptor-ligand complex structure. Using recent progress in understanding the structures of active RTK signaling units, we discuss selected mechanisms by which ligands couple receptor activation to distinct signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trenker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Goncharuk MV, Roy D, Dubinnyi MA, Nadezhdin KD, Srivastava A, Baidya M, Dwivedi-Agnihotri H, Arseniev AS, Shukla AK. Purification of native CCL7 and its functional interaction with selected chemokine receptors. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 171:105617. [PMID: 32145391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors form a major sub-family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and they are involved in a number of cellular and physiological processes related to our immune response and regulation. A better structural understanding of ligand-binding, activation, signaling and regulation of chemokine receptors is very important to design potentially therapeutic interventions for human disorders arising from aberrant chemokine signaling. One of the key limitations in probing the structural details of chemokine receptors is the availability of large amounts of purified, homogenous and fully functional chemokine ligands, and the commercially available products, are not affordable for in-depth structural studies. Moreover, production of uniformly isotope-labeled chemokines, for example, suitable for NMR-based structural investigation, also remains challenging. Here, we have designed a streamlined approach to express and purify the human chemokine CCL7 as well as its 15N-, 15N/13C-, 2H/15N/13C- isotope-labeled derivatives, at milligram levels using E. coli expression system. Purified CCL7 not only maintains a well-folded three-dimensional structure as analyzed using circular dichroism and 1H/15N NMR but it also induces coupling of heterotrimeric G-proteins and β-arrestins for selected chemokine receptors in cellular system. We compared cAMP response induced by histidine tagged CCL7 and native CCL7 and found that modification of the N-terminus of CCL7 compromises its functionality. Our strategy presented here may be applicable to other chemokines and therefore, provide a potentially generic and cost-effective approach to produce chemokines in large amounts for functional and structural studies.
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LaVigne J, Keresztes A, Chiem D, Streicher JM. The endomorphin-1/2 and dynorphin-B peptides display biased agonism at the mu opioid receptor. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:465-471. [PMID: 32112361 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid agonist activation at the mu opioid receptor (MOR) can lead to a wide variety of physiological responses. Many opioid agonists share the ability to selectively and preferentially activate specific signaling pathways, a term called biased agonism. Biased opioid ligands can theoretically induce specific physiological responses and might enable the generation of drugs with improved side effect profiles. METHODS Dynorphins, enkephalins, and endomorphins are endogenous opioid agonist peptides that may possess distinct bias profiles; biased agonism of endogenous peptides could explain the selective roles of these ligands in vivo. Our purpose in the present study was to investigate biased signaling and potential underlying molecular mechanisms of bias using 35S-GTPγS and cAMP assays, specifically focusing on the role of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) and regulators of G-protein signaling proteins (RGSs) in CHO, N2a, and SH-SY5Y cell lines, all expressing the human MOR. RESULTS We found that endomorphin-1/2 preferentially activated cAMP signaling, while dynorphin-B preferentially activated 35S-GTPγS signaling in most cell lines. Experiments carried out in the presence of an isoform selective RGS-4 inhibitor, and siRNA knockdown of AC6 in N2a cells did not significantly affect the bias properties of endomorphins, suggesting that these proteins may not play a role in endomorphin bias. CONCLUSION We found that endomorphin-1/2 and dynorphin-B displayed contrasting bias profiles at the MOR, and ruled out potential AC6 and RGS4 mechanisms in this bias. This identified signaling bias could be involved in specifying endogenous peptide roles in vivo, where these peptides have low selectivity between opioid receptor family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin LaVigne
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Box 245050, LSN563, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Box 245050, LSN563, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Daniel Chiem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Box 245050, LSN563, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Shukla AK, Dwivedi-Agnihotri H. Structure and function of β-arrestins, their emerging role in breast cancer, and potential opportunities for therapeutic manipulation. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 145:139-156. [PMID: 32089163 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins (βarrs) are multifunctional intracellular proteins with an ability to directly interact with a large number of cellular partners including the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). βarrs contribute to multiple aspects of GPCR signaling, trafficking and downregulation. Considering the central involvement of GPCR signaling in the onset and progression of diverse types of cancers, βarrs have also emerged as key players in the context of investigating cancer phenotypes, and as potential therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we first provide a brief account of structure and function of βarrs and then highlight recent discoveries unfolding novel functional attributes of βarrs in breast cancer. We also underscore the recent paradigms of modulating βarr functions in cellular context and potential therapeutic opportunities going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
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Srivastava A, Baidya M, Dwivedi-Agnihotri H, Shukla AK. Site-directed labeling of β-arrestin with monobromobimane for measuring their interaction with G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Enzymol 2020; 633:271-80. [PMID: 32046850 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-arrestins (βarrs) are multifunctional proteins that interact with activated and phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate their signaling and trafficking. Understanding the intricate details of GPCR-βarr interaction continues to be a key research area in the field of GPCR biology. Bimane fluorescence spectroscopy has been one of the key approaches among a broad range of methods employed to study GPCR-βarr interaction using purified and reconstituted system. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for labeling βarrs with monobromobimane (mBBr) in a site-directed fashion for measuring their interaction with GPCRs and the resulting conformational changes. This simple protocol can be directly applied to other protein-protein interaction modules as well for measuring interactions and conformational changes in reconstituted systems in vitro.
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Abstract
The mu opioid receptor (MOR) is a diversely regulated target for the alleviation of pain in the clinical setting. However, untoward side effects such as tolerance, dependence, respiratory suppression, constipation, and abuse liability detract from the general activation of these receptors. Studies in genetically modified rodent models suggest that activating G protein signaling pathways while avoiding phosphorylation of the receptor or recruitment of β-arrestin scaffolding proteins could preserve the analgesic properties of MOR agonists while avoiding certain side effects. With the development of novel MOR "biased" agonists, which lead to preferential activation of G protein pathways over receptor phosphorylation, internalization, or interaction with other effectors, this hypothesis can be tested in a native, physiological setting. Overall, it is clear that the MOR is not a simple on-off switch and that the diverse means by which the receptor can be regulated may present an opportunity to refine therapeutics for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Grim
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Agnes Acevedo-Canabal
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, the Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida.
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Sniecikowska J, Newman-Tancredi A, Kolaczkowski M. From Receptor Selectivity to Functional Selectivity: The Rise of Biased Agonism in 5-HT1A Receptor Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2393-2420. [PMID: 31544717 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190911122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to design serotonin 5-HT1A receptor compounds, there are currently no clinically available selective agonists to explore the therapeutic potential of activating this receptor. Commonly used drugs targeting 5-HT1A receptors, such as buspirone or other azapirone compounds, possess only limited selectivity over cross-reacting sites, act as partial agonists for 5-HT1A receptor activation, and are metabolically labile, generating active metabolites. In addition, drug discovery has been hampered by the multiplicity of 5-HT1A receptor subpopulations, expressed in different brain regions, that are coupled to distinct molecular signaling mechanisms and mediate a wide variety of physiological responses, both desired and undesired. In this context, advances in 5-HT1A receptor drug discovery have attracted attention of novel 'biased agonists' that are selective, efficacious and preferentially target the brain regions that mediate therapeutic activity without triggering side effects. The prototypical first-in-class compound NLX-101 (a.k.a. F15599; 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl-[4-fluoro-4-[[(5-methylpyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)amino]methyl]piperidin- 1-yl]methanone), preferentially activates 5-HT1A receptors in cortical regions and exhibits potent, rapidacting and sustained antidepressant-like and procognitive properties in animal models. Here the background has been reviewed that led to the discovery of the class of 1-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4- yl)methanamine derivatives, including NLX-101, as well as recent advances in discovery of novel 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists, notably aryloxyethyl derivatives of 1‑(1-benzoylpiperidin-4yl)methanamine which show promising pharmacological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, the results suggest that opportunities exist for innovative drug discovery of selective 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists that may open new avenues for the treatment of CNS disorders involving dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kolaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Emery MA, Eitan S. Drug-specific differences in the ability of opioids to manage burn pain. Burns 2019; 46:503-513. [PMID: 31859093 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Burn injury pain is a significant public health problem. Burn injury treatment has improved tremendously in recent decades. However, an unintended consequence is that a larger number of patients now survive more severe injuries, and face intense pain that is very hard to treat. Although many efforts have been made to find alternative treatments, opioids remain the most effective medication available. Burn patients are frequently prescribed opioids in doses and durations that are significantly higher and longer than standard analgesic dosing guidelines. Despite this, many continue to experience unrelieved pain. They are also placed at a higher risk for developing dependence and opioid use disorder. Burn injury profoundly alters the functional state of the immune system. It also alters the expression levels of receptor, effector, and signaling molecules within the spinal cord's dorsal horn. These alterations could explain the reduced potency of opioids. However, recent studies demonstrate that different opioids signal preferentially via differential signaling pathways. This ligand-specific signaling by different opioids implies that burn injury may reduce the antinociceptive potency of opioids to different degrees, in a drug-specific manner. Indeed, recent findings hint at drug-specific differences in the ability of opioids to manage burn pain early after injury, as well as differences in their ability to prevent or treat the development of chronic and neuropathic pain. Here we review the current state of opioid treatment, as well as new findings that could potentially lead to opioid-based pain management strategies that may be significantly more effective than the current solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Emery
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), USA
| | - Shoshana Eitan
- Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), USA.
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Vidal B, Bolbos R, Redouté J, Langlois JB, Costes N, Newman-Tancredi A, Zimmer L. Pharmacological MRI to investigate the functional selectivity of 5-HT 1A receptor biased agonists. Neuropharmacology 2019; 172:107867. [PMID: 31783063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of "biased agonism" denotes the phenomenon whereby agonists can preferentially direct receptor signalling to specific intracellular responses among the different transduction pathways, thus potentially avoiding side effects and improving therapeutic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate biased agonism by using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI). The cerebral blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes induced by increasing doses of two serotonin 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists, NLX-112 and NLX-101, were mapped in anaesthetized rats. Although both compounds display high affinity, selectivity and agonist efficacy for 5-HT1A receptors, NLX-101 is known to preferentially activate post-synaptic receptors, whereas NLX-112 targets both pre- and post-synaptic receptors. We used several doses of agonists in order to determine if the regional selectivity of NLX-101 was dose-dependent. NLX-112 and NLX-101 induced different positive and negative hemodynamic changes patterns at equal doses. Importantly, NLX-101 had no significant effect in regions expressing pre-synaptic receptors contrary to NLX-112. NLX-112 also produced higher BOLD changes than NLX-101 in the orbital cortex, the somatosensory cortex, and the magnocellular preoptic nuclei. In other regions such as the retrosplenial cortex and the dorsal thalamus, the drugs had similar effects. In terms of functional connectivity, NLX-112 induced more widespread changes than NLX-101. The present phMRI study demonstrates that two closely-related agonists display notable differences in their hemodynamic "fingerprints". These data support the concept of biased agonism at 5-HT1A receptors and raise the prospect of identifying novel therapeutics which exhibit improved targeting of brain regions implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vidal
- Université de Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, Bron, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Université de Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, Bron, France; CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Bron, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Saclay, France.
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Pang HW, Linares A, Couling L, Santollo J, Ancheta L, Daniels D, Speth RC. Novel high molecular weight albumin-conjugated angiotensin II activates β-arrestin and G-protein pathways. Endocrine 2019; 66:349-359. [PMID: 31020463 PMCID: PMC7901354 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the ability of a novel bovine serum albumin-angiotensin II (BSA-Ang II) conjugate to effect responses of the AT1 angiotensin II receptor subtype mediated by the G-protein-coupled and the beta-arrestin pathways. METHODS Angiotensin II (Ang II) was conjugated with bovine serum albumin and compared with Ang II for competition binding to AT1 receptors, to stimulate aldosterone release from adrenocortical cells, to promote beta-arrestin binding to AT1 receptors, to promote calcium mobilization, and stimulate drinking of water and saline by rats. RESULTS The BSA-Ang II conjugate was less potent competing for AT1R binding, but was equally efficacious at stimulating aldosterone release from H295R adrenocortical cells. Both BSA-Ang II and Ang II stimulated calcium mobilization and beta-arrestin binding to AT1 receptors. BSA-Ang II and Ang II stimulated water appetite equivalently but BSA-Ang II stimulated saline appetite more than Ang II. Both BSA-Ang II and Ang II were considerably more potent at causing calcium mobilization than β-arrestin binding. CONCLUSIONS Addition of a high molecular weight molecule to Ang II reduced its AT1 receptor binding affinity, but did not significantly alter stimulation of aldosterone release or water consumption. The BSA-Ang II conjugate caused a greater saline appetite than Ang II suggesting that it may be a more efficacious agonist of this beta-arrestin-mediated response than Ang II. The higher potency calcium signaling response suggests that the G-protein-coupled responses predominate at physiological concentrations of Ang II, while the beta-arrestin response requires pathophysiological or pharmacological concentrations of Ang II to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Weng Pang
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Andrea Linares
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Leena Couling
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Jessica Santollo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Leonardo Ancheta
- Advanced Targeting Systems, 10451 Roselle St. #300, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Derek Daniels
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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49
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) participate in many pathophysiological processes as well as almost all aspects of normal physiology. They are present at the surface of all cell types making them amenable and attractive targets for pharmaceutical therapeutics. GPCRs possess complex pharmacology with the ability to be turned on to various extents, have their constitutive activity suppressed and even switch between signaling pathways to which they couple. Underlying this complex pharmacology is GPCR signaling efficacy, and differences in efficacy promoted by alternative ligands and in different tissues is of great interest to biology in general and also the pharmaceutical industry. In this review we hope to discuss what the molecular foundations of efficacy are and whether a new approach utilizing a rate-dependent model may provide new insights into this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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50
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Abstract
V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family in which many disease-causing mutations have been identified and thus generated much interest. Loss-of-function V2R mutations cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) whereas gain-of-function mutations cause nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD). The mechanisms underlying a V2R loss-of-function can be theoretically classified as either protein expression, localization (ER retention) or functional disorders. Functional analyses have revealed however that these mechanisms are likely to be complex. Strikingly, V2R mutations at the same site can result in opposite phenotypes, e.g., R137H and R137L/C cause NDI and NSIAD, respectively. These findings support the notion that the constitutive activation of GPCRs might be often associated with their instability and denaturation. Thus, functional analysis of disease-causing V2R mutations may not only reveal potential new treatment strategies using pharmacochaperones for NDI and inverse agonists for NSIAD, but also provide a greater understanding of the physiological functions of GPCRs and highlight the new paradigms, i.e., biased agonism and protean agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Makita
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Manaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
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