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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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Mochizuki T, Tanigawa T, Shindo S, Suematsu M, Oguchi Y, Mioka T, Kato Y, Fujiyama M, Hatano E, Yamaguchi M, Chibana H, Abe F. Activation of CWI pathway through high hydrostatic pressure, enhancing glycerol efflux via the aquaglyceroporin Fps1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar92. [PMID: 37379203 PMCID: PMC10398897 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is the initial barrier for the fungi against diverse external stresses, such as osmolarity changes, harmful drugs, and mechanical injuries. This study explores the roles of osmoregulation and the cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway in response to high hydrostatic pressure in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate the roles of the transmembrane mechanosensor Wsc1 and aquaglyceroporin Fps1 in a general mechanism to maintain cell growth under high-pressure regimes. The promotion of water influx into cells at 25 MPa, as evident by an increase in cell volume and a loss of the plasma membrane eisosome structure, activates the CWI pathway through the function of Wsc1. Phosphorylation of Slt2, the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase, was increased at 25 MPa. Glycerol efflux increases via Fps1 phosphorylation, which is initiated by downstream components of the CWI pathway, and contributes to the reduction in intracellular osmolarity under high pressure. The elucidation of the mechanisms underlying adaptation to high pressure through the well-established CWI pathway could potentially translate to mammalian cells and provide novel insights into cellular mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tanigawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Seiya Shindo
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Momoka Suematsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yuki Oguchi
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mioka
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Mina Fujiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Eri Hatano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
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Fukuda S, Kono Y, Ishibashi Y, Tabuchi M, Tani M. Impaired biosynthesis of ergosterol confers resistance to complex sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor aureobasidin A in a PDR16-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11179. [PMID: 37429938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex sphingolipids and sterols are coordinately involved in various cellular functions, e.g. the formation of lipid microdomains. Here we found that budding yeast exhibits resistance to an antifungal drug, aureobasidin A (AbA), an inhibitor of Aur1 catalyzing the synthesis of inositolphosphorylceramide, under impaired biosynthesis of ergosterol, which includes deletion of ERG6, ERG2, or ERG5 involved in the final stages of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway or miconazole; however, these defects of ergosterol biosynthesis did not confer resistance against repression of expression of AUR1 by a tetracycline-regulatable promoter. The deletion of ERG6, which confers strong resistance to AbA, results in suppression of a reduction in complex sphingolipids and accumulation of ceramides on AbA treatment, indicating that the deletion reduces the effectiveness of AbA against in vivo Aur1 activity. Previously, we reported that a similar effect to AbA sensitivity was observed when PDR16 or PDR17 was overexpressed. It was found that the effect of the impaired biosynthesis of ergosterol on the AbA sensitivity is completely abolished on deletion of PDR16. In addition, an increase in the expression level of Pdr16 was observed on the deletion of ERG6. These results suggested that abnormal ergosterol biosynthesis confers resistance to AbA in a PDR16-dependent manner, implying a novel functional relationship between complex sphingolipids and ergosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yushi Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis. Biochem J 2022; 479:1917-1940. [PMID: 36149412 PMCID: PMC9555796 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As first demonstrated in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), all eukaryotic cells contain two, distinct multi-component protein kinase complexes that each harbor the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) polypeptide as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, dubbed TORC1 and TORC2, function as universal, centrally important sensors, integrators, and controllers of eukaryotic cell growth and homeostasis. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome (or, in yeast, on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole), has emerged as a primary nutrient sensor that promotes cellular biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane, plays a major role in maintaining the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all plasma membrane components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins). This article surveys what we have learned about signaling via the TORC2 complex, largely through studies conducted in S. cerevisiae. In this yeast, conditions that challenge plasma membrane integrity can, depending on the nature of the stress, stimulate or inhibit TORC2, resulting in, respectively, up-regulation or down-regulation of the phosphorylation and thus the activity of its essential downstream effector the AGC family protein kinase Ypk1. Through the ensuing effect on the efficiency with which Ypk1 phosphorylates multiple substrates that control diverse processes, membrane homeostasis is maintained. Thus, the major focus here is on TORC2, Ypk1, and the multifarious targets of Ypk1 and how the functions of these substrates are regulated by their Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation, with emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of these processes.
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Nomura W, Ng SP, Takahara T, Maeda T, Kawada T, Goto T, Inoue Y. Roles of phosphatidylserine and phospholipase C in the activation of TOR complex 2 signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276172. [PMID: 35912799 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, to exert its functions essential for cellular growth and homeostasis. TORC1 signaling is regulated in response to nutrients such as amino acids and glucose; however, the mechanisms underlying the activation of TORC2 signaling are still poorly understood compared to TORC1 signaling. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC2 targets protein kinases Ypk1, Ypk2, and Pkc1 for phosphorylation. Plasma membrane stress is known to activate the TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling. We have previously reported that methylglyoxal (MG), a metabolite derived from glycolysis, activates TORC2-Pkc1 signaling. In this study, we found that MG activates the TORC2-Ypk1/2 and TORC2-Pkc1 signaling, and that phosphatidylserine is involved in the activation of both signaling pathways. We also demonstrated that the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 contributes to the plasma membrane stress-induced activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling. Furthermore, we revealed that phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, Plc1, contributes to the activation of both TORC2-Ypk1/2 and TORC2-Pkc1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Su-Ping Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Terunao Takahara
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Sakata KT, Hashii K, Yoshizawa K, Tahara YO, Yae K, Tsuda R, Tanaka N, Maeda T, Miyata M, Tabuchi M. Coordinated regulation of TORC2 signaling by MCC/eisosome-associated proteins, Pil1 and tetraspan membrane proteins during the stress response. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1227-1244. [PMID: 35383382 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MCCs are linear invaginations of the yeast plasma membrane that form stable membrane microdomains. Although over 20 proteins are localized in the MCCs, it is not well understood how these proteins coordinately maintain normal MCC function. Pil1 is a core eisosome protein and is responsible for MCC-invaginated structures. In addition, six-tetraspan membrane proteins (6-Tsp) are localized in the MCCs and classified into two families, the Sur7 family and Nce102 family. To understand the coordinated function of these MCC proteins, single and multiple deletion mutants of Pil1 and 6-Tsp were generated and their MCC structure and growth under various stresses were investigated. Genetic interaction analysis revealed that the Sur7 family and Nce102 function in stress tolerance and normal eisosome assembly, respectively, by cooperating with Pil1. To further understand the role of MCCs/eisosomes in stress tolerance, we screened for suppressor mutants using the SDS-sensitive phenotype of pil1Δ 6-tspΔ cells. This revealed that SDS sensitivity is caused by hyperactivation of Tor kinase complex 2 (TORC2)-Ypk1 signaling. Interestingly, inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism, a well-known downstream pathway of TORC2-Ypk1 signaling, did not rescue the SDS-sensitivity of pil1Δ 6-tspΔ cells. These results suggest that Pil1 and 6-Tsp cooperatively regulate TORC2 signaling during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Taro Sakata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hashii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koushiro Yoshizawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuhei O Tahara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Yae
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naotaka Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.,The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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