Identification of small subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase a as a lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase 1-interacting protein

Effect of Fatty Acyl Composition for Lysophosphatidylinositol on Neuroinflammatory Responses in Primary Neuronal Cultures

Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is an endogenous signaling molecule for the GPR55 receptor. Previous studies have shown that arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI-20:4) produced an increase in the inflammatory mediators NLPR3 (inflammasome-3 marker) and IL-1b in neurons from both rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampal cultures. Because LPI is comprised of a family of lipid structures that vary in fatty acyl composition, the current work examined neuroinflammatory responses to various LPI structures in DRG and hippocampal cultures as assessed by high-content fluorescent imaging. Major endogenous LPI fatty acyl structures consisting of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, or 20:4 were compared for their effects on IL-1b, NLRP3, and GPR55 immunoreactive areas of neurites and cell bodies after a 6-h treatment. Among these four LPI structures, only LPI-20:4 treatment produced increases in immunoreactive areas for GPR55, NLRP3, and IL-1b in DRG and hippocampal neurites. In contrast, all other LPI structures tested produced a decrease in all of these inflammatory immunoreactive areas in both neurites and cell bodies. Additional studies with LPI-20:4 treatment indicated that IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α were significantly increased in neurites of DRG and hippocampal cultures. However, oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI-18:1) treatment produced decreases in these three cytokines. Using the viability dye Alamar blue, LPI-20:4 was shown to produce concentration-dependent decreases, whereas all other endogenous LPI structures produced increases with this assay. These studies indicate that fatty acyl structure is the major determinant of LPI for neuroinflammatory responses in DRG and hippocampal cultures, with LPI-20:4 showing pro-inflammatory effects and all other endogenous LPIs tested exhibiting anti-inflammatory responses.

Effect of Fatty Acyl Composition for Lysophosphatidylinositol on Neuroinflammatory Responses in Primary Neuronal Cultures

Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is an endogenous signaling molecule for the GPR55 receptor. Previous studies have shown that arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI-20:4) produced an increase in the inflammatory mediators NLPR3 (inflammasome - 3 marker) and IL-1b in neurons from both rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampal cultures. Because LPI is comprised of a family of lipid structures that vary in fatty acyl composition, the current work examined neuroinflammatory responses to various LPI structures in DRG and hippocampal cultures as assessed by high content fluorescent imaging. Major endogenous LPI fatty acyl structures consisting of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 or 20:4 were compared for their effects on IL-1b, NLRP3 and GPR55 immunoreactive areas of neurites and cell bodies after a 6-hour treatment. Among these four LPI structures, only LPI-20:4 treatment produced increases in immunoreactive areas for GPR55, NLRP3 and IL-1b in DRG and hippocampal neurites. In contrast, all other LPI structures tested produced a decrease in all of these inflammatory immunoreactive areas in both neurites and cell bodies. Additional studies with LPI-20:4 treatment indicated that IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-a were significantly increased in neurites of DRG and hippocampal cultures. However, oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI-18:1) treatment produced decreases in these three cytokines. Using the viability dye alamar blue, LPI-20:4 was shown to produce concentration-dependent decreases, whereas all other endogenous LPI structures produced increases with this assay. These studies indicate that fatty acyl structure is the major determinant of LPI for neuroinflammatory responses in DRG and hippocampal cultures, with LPI-20:4 showing pro-inflammatory effects and all other endogenous LPIs tested exhibited anti-inflammatory responses.

Systematic crosstalk in plasmalogen and diacyl lipid biosynthesis for their differential yet concerted molecular functions in the cell

Plasmalogen is a major phospholipid of mammalian cell membranes. Recently it is becoming evident that the sn-1 vinyl-ether linkage in plasmalogen, contrasting to the ester linkage in the counterpart diacyl glycerophospholipid, yields differential molecular characteristics for these lipids especially related to hydrocarbon-chain order, so as to concertedly regulate biological membrane processes. A role played by NMR in gaining information in this respect, ranging from molecular to tissue levels, draws particular attention. We note here that a broad range of enzymes in de novo synthesis pathway of plasmalogen commonly constitute that of diacyl glycerophospholipid. This fact forms the basis for systematic crosstalk that not only controls a quantitative balance between these lipids, but also senses a defect causing loss of lipid in either pathway for compensation by increase of the counterpart lipid. However, this inherent counterbalancing mechanism paradoxically amplifies imbalance in differential effects of these lipids in a diseased state on membrane processes. While sharing of enzymes has been recognized, it is now possible to overview the crosstalk with growing information for specific enzymes involved. The overview provides a fundamental clue to consider cell and tissue type-dependent schemes in regulating membrane processes by plasmalogen and diacyl glycerophospholipid in health and disease.

The Landscape of Liver Chromatin Accessibility and Conserved Non-coding Elements in Larimichthys crocea, Nibea albiflora, and Lateolabrax maculatus

Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), yellow drum (Nibea albiflora), and Chinese seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) are important economic marine fishes in China. The conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) in the liver tissues of the three kinds of fish are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of gene expression and affect liver functions. However, the fishes' CNEs and even chromatin accessibility landscape have not been effectively investigated. Hence, this study established the landscapes of the fishes' genome-wide chromatin accessibility and CNEs by detecting regions of the open chromatin in their livers using an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and comparative genomics approach. The results showed that Smad1, Sp1, and Foxl1 transcription factor binding motifs were considerably enriched in the chromatin accessibility landscape in the liver of the three species, and the three transcription factors (TFs) had a wide range of common targets. The hypothetical gene set was targeted by one, two, or all three TFs, which was much higher than would be expected for an accidental outcome. The gene sets near the CNEs were mainly enriched through processes such as a macromolecule metabolic process and ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis. The active CNEs were found in the promoter regions of genes such as ap1g1, hax1, and ndufs2. And 5 CNEs were predicted to be highly conserved active enhancers. These results demonstrated that Smad1, Sp1, and Foxl1 might be related to the liver function in the three fishes. In addition, we found a series of ATAC-seq-labeled CNEs located in the gene promoter regions, and highly conserved H3k27ac + -labeled CNEs located in the liver function genes. The highly conserved nature of these regulatory elements suggests that they play important roles in the liver in fish. This study mined the landscape of chromatin accessibility and CNEs of three important economic fishes to fill the knowledge gaps in this field. Moreover, the work provides useful data for the industrial application and theoretical research of these three fish species.

Update and nomenclature proposal for mammalian lysophospholipid acyltransferases which create membrane phospholipid diversity

The diversity of glycerophospholipid species in cellular membranes is immense and affects various biological functions. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) and lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), in concert with phospholipase A_1/2s enzymes, contribute to this diversity via selective esterification of fatty acyl chains at the sn-1 or sn-2 positions of membrane phospholipids. These enzymes are conserved across all kingdoms, and in mammals four GPATs of the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) family and at least 14 LPLATs, either of the AGPAT or the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) families, have been identified. Here we provide an overview of the biochemical and biological activities of these mammalian enzymes, including their predicted structures, involvements in human diseases, and essential physiological roles as revealed by gene-deficient mice. Recently, the nomenclature used to refer to these enzymes has generated some confusion due to the use of multiple names to refer to the same enzyme and instances of the same name being used to refer to completely different enzymes. Thus, this review proposes a more uniform LPLAT enzyme nomenclature, as well as providing an update of recent advances made in the study of LPLATs, continuing from our JBC mini review in 2009.

Identification of host proteins differentially associated with HIV-1 RNA splice variants

HIV-1 generates unspliced (US), partially spliced (PS), and completely spliced (CS) classes of RNAs, each playing distinct roles in viral replication. Elucidating their host protein 'interactomes' is crucial to understanding virus-host interplay. Here, we present HyPR-MSSV for isolation of US, PS, and CS transcripts from a single population of infected CD4+ T-cells and mass spectrometric identification of their in vivo protein interactomes. Analysis revealed 212 proteins differentially associated with the unique RNA classes, including preferential association of regulators of RNA stability with US and PS transcripts and, unexpectedly, mitochondria-linked proteins with US transcripts. Remarkably, >80 of these factors screened by siRNA knockdown impacted HIV-1 gene expression. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed several to co-localize with HIV-1 US RNA and exhibit changes in abundance and/or localization over the course of infection. This study validates HyPR-MSSV for discovery of viral splice variant protein interactomes and provides an unprecedented resource of factors and pathways likely important to HIV-1 replication.

Mechanisms of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Metabolic Syndrome. A Narrative Review

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are two different entities sharing common clinical and physio-pathological features, with insulin resistance (IR) as the most relevant. Large evidence leads to consider it as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, regardless of age, sex, smoking habit, cholesterolemia, and other elements of MS. Therapeutic strategies remain still unclear, but lifestyle modifications (diet, physical exercise, and weight loss) determine an improvement in IR, MS, and both clinical and histologic liver picture. NAFLD and IR are bidirectionally correlated and, consequently, the development of pre-diabetes and diabetes is the most direct consequence at the extrahepatic level. In turn, type 2 diabetes is a well-known risk factor for multiorgan damage, including an involvement of cardiovascular system, kidney and peripheral nervous system. The increased MS incidence worldwide, above all due to changes in diet and lifestyle, is associated with an equally significant increase in NAFLD, with a subsequent rise in both morbidity and mortality due to both metabolic, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the slowdown in the increase of the "bad company" constituted by MS and NAFLD, with all the consequent direct and indirect costs, represents one of the main challenges for the National Health Systems.

Genetics and epigenetics purpose in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

INTRODUCTION

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a broad spectrum of diseases, which can progress from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in developed countries, affecting approximately 25% of the general population. Insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress, chronic inflammation, genetic and epigenetic factors are NAFLD triggers that control the disease susceptibility and progression.

AREAS COVERED

In recent years a large number of investigations have been carried out to elucidate genetic and epigenetic factors in the disease pathogenesis, as well as the search for diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This paper objective is to report the most studied genetic and epigenetic variants around NAFLD.

EXPERT OPINION

NAFLD lead to various comorbidities, which have a considerable impact on the patient wellness and life quality, as well as on the costs they generate for the country's health services. It is essential to continue with molecular research, since it could be used as a clinical tool for prognosis and disease severity. Specifically, in the field of hepatology, plasma miRNAs could provide a novel tool in liver diseases diagnosis and monitoring, representing an alternative to invasive diagnostic procedures.

MBOAT7 down-regulation by genetic and environmental factors predisposes to MAFLD

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of hepatic disorders, which include steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis, that is a critical risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Its pathogenesis is intertwined with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the predisposition to develop MAFLD is severely influenced by environmental and inherited cues. The rs641738 variant close to MBOAT7 gene has been identified by a genome-wide association screening in heavy drinkers. Although this variant has been associated with the entire spectrum of MAFLD, these results have not been completely replicated and the debate is still opened. Thus, functional studies that unravel the biological mechanisms underlying the genetic association with fatty liver are required. This review aims to summarize the clinical and experimental findings regarding the rs641738 variation and MBOAT7 function, with the purpose to shed light to its role as novel player in MAFLD pathophysiology.

Mboat7 down-regulation by hyper-insulinemia induces fat accumulation in hepatocytes

Background

Naturally occurring variation in Membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7), encoding for an enzyme involved in phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodelling, has been associated with fatty liver and hepatic disorders. Here, we examined the relationship between hepatic Mboat7 down-regulation and fat accumulation.

Methods

Hepatic MBOAT7 expression was surveyed in 119 obese individuals and in experimental models. MBOAT7 was acutely silenced by antisense oligonucleotides in C57Bl/6 mice, and by CRISPR/Cas9 in HepG2 hepatocytes.

Findings

In obese individuals, hepatic MBOAT7 mRNA decreased from normal liver to steatohepatitis, independently of diabetes, inflammation and MBOAT7 genotype. Hepatic MBOAT7 levels were reduced in murine models of fatty liver, and by hyper-insulinemia. In wild-type mice, Mboat7 was down-regulated by refeeding and insulin, concomitantly with insulin signalling activation. Acute hepatic Mboat7 silencing promoted hepatic steatosis in vivo and enhanced expression of fatty acid transporter Fatp1. MBOAT7 deletion in hepatocytes reduced the incorporation of arachidonic acid into phosphatidylinositol, consistently with decreased enzymatic activity, determining the accumulation of saturated triglycerides, enhanced lipogenesis and FATP1 expression, while FATP1 deletion rescued the phenotype.

Interpretation

MBOAT7 down-regulation by hyper-insulinemia contributes to hepatic fat accumulation, impairing phosphatidylinositol remodelling and up-regulating FATP1.

Funding

LV was supported by MyFirst Grant AIRC n.16888, Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF-2016–02,364,358, Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; LV and AG received funding from the European Union Programme Horizon 2020 (No. 777,377) for the project LITMUS-“Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis”. MM was supported by Fondazione Italiana per lo Studio del Fegato (AISF) ‘Mario Coppo’ fellowship.

MBOAT7 is anchored to endomembranes by six transmembrane domains

Membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain- containing 7 (MBOAT7, also known as LPIAT1) is a protein involved in the acyl chain remodeling of phospholipids via the Lands' cycle. The MBOAT7 is a susceptibility risk genetic locus for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and mental retardation. Although it has been shown that MBOAT7 is associated to membranes, the MBOAT7 topology remains unknown. To solve the topological organization of MBOAT7, we performed: A) solubilization of the total membrane fraction of cells overexpressing the recombinant MBOAT7-V5, which revealed MBOAT7 is an integral protein strongly attached to endomembranes; B) in silico analysis by using 22 computational methods, which predicted the number and localization of transmembrane domains of MBOAT7 with a range between 5 and 12; C) in vitro analysis of living cells transfected with GFP-tagged MBOAT7 full length and truncated forms, using a combination of Western Blotting, co-immunofluorescence and Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP) assay; D) in vitro analysis of living cells transfected with FLAG-tagged MBOAT7 full length forms, using a combination of Western Blotting, selective membrane permeabilization followed by indirect immunofluorescence. All together, these data revealed that MBOAT7 is a multispanning transmembrane protein with six transmembrane domains. Based on our model, the predicted catalytic dyad of the protein, composed of the conserved asparagine in position 321 (Asn-321) and the preserved histidine in position 356 (His-356), has a lumenal localization. These data are compatible with the role of MBOAT7 in remodeling the acyl chain composition of endomembranes.

Mitochondrial role in the neonatal predisposition to developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic in obese children and adults, and the onset might have fetal origins. A growing body of evidence supports the role of developmental programming, whereby the maternal environment affects fetal and infant development, altering the risk profile for disease later in life. Human and nonhuman primate studies of maternal obesity demonstrate that risk factors for pediatric obesity and NAFLD begin in utero. The pathologic mechanisms for NAFLD are multifactorial but have centered on altered mitochondrial function/dysfunction that might precede insulin resistance. Compared with the adult liver, the fetal liver has fewer mitochondria, low activity of the fatty acid metabolic enzyme carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase-1, and little or no gluconeogenesis. Exposure to excess maternal fuels during fetal life uniquely alters hepatic fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, de novo lipogenesis, and mitochondrial health. These events promote increased oxidative stress and excess triglyceride storage, and, together with altered immune function and epigenetic changes, they prime the fetal liver for NAFLD and might drive the risk for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the next generation.

Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids - The "ying and yang" of lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases

Sphingolipids in general and ceramides in particular, contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms by modifying signalling and metabolic pathways. Here, we present the available evidence for a bidirectional homeostatic crosstalk between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids, whose dysregulation contributes to lipotoxicity induced metabolic stress. The initial evidence for this crosstalk originates from simulated models designed to investigate the biophysical properties of sphingolipids in plasma membrane representations. In this review, we reinterpret some of the original findings and conceptualise them as a sort of "ying/yang" interaction model of opposed/complementary forces, which is consistent with the current knowledge of lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology. We also propose that the dysregulation of the balance between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids results in a lipotoxic insult relevant in the pathophysiology of common metabolic diseases, typically characterised by their increased ceramide/sphingosine pools.

Piecing Together the Patchwork of Contact Sites

Contact sites are places where two organelles join together to carry out a shared activity requiring nonvesicular communication. A large number of contact sites have been discovered, and almost any two organelles can contact each other. General rules about contacts include constraints on bridging proteins, with only a minority of bridges physically creating contacts by acting as 'tethers'. The downstream effects of contacts include changing the physical behaviour of organelles, and also forming biochemically heterogeneous subdomains. However, some functions typically localized to contact sites, such as lipid transfer, have no absolute requirement to be situated there. Therefore, the key aspect of contacts is the directness of communication, which allows metabolic channelling and collective regulation.

Mitochondrial acyltransferases and glycerophospholipid metabolism

Our understanding of the synthesis and remodeling of mitochondrial phospholipids remains incomplete. Two isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT1 and 2) and two isoforms of acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT4 and 5) are located on the outer mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that both lysophosphatidic acid and phosphatidic acid are synthesized in situ for de novo glycerolipid biosynthesis. However, it is believed that the phosphatidic acid substrate for cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis is produced at the endoplasmic reticulum whereas the phosphatidic acid synthesized in the mitochondria must be transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum before it undergoes additional steps to form the mature phospholipids that are trafficked back to the mitochondria. It is unclear whether mitochondrial phospholipids are remodeled by mitochondrial acyltransferases or whether lysophospholipids must return to the endoplasmic reticulum or to the mitochondrial associated membrane for reesterification. In this review we will focus on the few glycerolipid acyltransferases that are known to be mitochondrial. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.

The MBOAT7-TMC4 Variant rs641738 Increases Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Individuals of European Descent

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver damage and is characterized by steatosis. Genetic factors increase risk for progressive NAFLD. A genome-wide association study showed that the rs641738 C>T variant in the locus that contains the membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 gene (MBOAT7, also called LPIAT1) and transmembrane channel-like 4 gene (TMC4) increased the risk for cirrhosis in alcohol abusers. We investigated whether the MBOAT7-TMC4 is a susceptibility locus for the development and progression of NAFLD.

METHODS

We genotyped rs641738 in DNA collected from 3854 participants from the Dallas Heart Study (a multi-ethnic population-based probability sample of Dallas County residents) and 1149 European individuals from the Liver Biopsy Cross-Sectional Cohort. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected, and biochemical and lipidomics were measured in plasma samples from participants. A total of 2736 participants from the Dallas Heart Study also underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content. In the Liver Biopsy Cross-Sectional Cohort, a total of 1149 individuals underwent liver biopsy to diagnose liver disease and disease severity.

RESULTS

The genotype rs641738 at the MBOAT7-TMC4 locus associated with increased hepatic fat content in the 2 cohorts, and with more severe liver damage and increased risk of fibrosis compared with subjects without the variant. MBOAT7, but not TMC4, was found to be highly expressed in the liver. The MBOAT7 rs641738 T allele was associated with lower protein expression in the liver and changes in plasma phosphatidylinositol species consistent with decreased MBOAT7 function.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide evidence for an association between the MBOAT7 rs641738 variant and the development and severity of NAFLD in individuals of European descent. This association seems to be mediated by changes in the hepatic phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodeling.

Diversity and function of membrane glycerophospholipids generated by the remodeling pathway in mammalian cells

Cellular membranes are composed of numerous kinds of glycerophospholipids with different combinations of polar heads at the sn-3 position and acyl moieties at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. The glycerophospholipid compositions of different cell types, organelles, and inner/outer plasma membrane leaflets are quite diverse. The acyl moieties of glycerophospholipids synthesized in the de novo pathway are subsequently remodeled by the action of phospholipases and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. This remodeling cycle contributes to the generation of membrane glycerophospholipid diversity and the production of lipid mediators such as fatty acid derivatives and lysophospholipids. Furthermore, specific glycerophospholipid transporters are also important to organize a unique glycerophospholipid composition in each organelle. Recent progress in this field contributes to understanding how and why membrane glycerophospholipid diversity is organized and maintained.