Effects of different solvents on total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents ofClitoria ternatea L. petal and their anti-cholesterol oxidation capabilities

Fabrication of pH-sensitive silk and wool fabrics treated with pectin for multichromic sensor dyes with biochromic butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract

The Butterfly pea flowers (BPFs) edible blooms are plentiful in blue-colored anthocyanins (73.85 %). Known as ternatins, they demonstrated a wide spectrum of color change and good thermal stability at varied pH values. This investigation is meant to generate a new generation of intelligent silk and wool fabrics that are dyed with the acidic aqueous extract of BPFs, a natural chromic dye. These fabrics' biochromic performance depends on the BPFs extract's thermochromic and halochromic properties. Smart thermochromic dyed fabrics exhibit colorimetric characteristics and overall color change at a variety of pH levels. The hue of the halochromic dyed fabrics' acid-base sensitivity was studied and showed a reversible transformation to pink when exposed to HCl gas and to green when it was subjected to ammonia vapor. The study reveals that BPFs extract can effectively function as a thermochromic and halochromic sensor dye for proteinic fabrics, exhibiting strong fastness properties at various pH values. The self-cleaning activity (SC) and the tensile strength (TS) of colored treated proteinic fabrics are superior in the range of 74.55-73.95 % and 49.99-55.04 KgF respectively than untreated fabrics. The unique fabrication of multichromic dyed fabrics using BPFs extract could facilitate the creation of multifunctional smart textiles or clothing.

Clitoria ternatea L. (Butterfly Pea) Flower Against Endometrial Pain: Integrating Preliminary In Vivo and In Vitro Experimentations Supported by Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies

Clitoria ternatea L. (CT) is a perennial herbaceous plant with deep blue flowers native to tropical Asia. This work explores the endometrial pain (EP) regulation of CT flower through a multifaceted approach. Phytochemical screening unveiled the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins in CT flower methanolic extract (ME). In the in vitro membrane stabilizing experiment, the ME demonstrated 91.47% suppression of heat-induced hemolysis. Upon carrageenan-induced paw edema assay conducted on male Swiss albino mice at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, 65.28% and 81.89% inhibition rates, respectively, of paw edema were reported. For the same doses, upon acetic acid-induced-writhing assay, 75.6% and 76.78% inhibition rates, respectively, were observed. For network pharmacology analyses, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed for 92 overlapping gene targets of CT and EP, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Network pharmacology-based investigation identified the anti-EP activity of CT to be mostly regulated by the proteins SRC homology, ESR1, and PI3KR1. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity property predictions for the compounds with stable ligand-target interactions and a molecular dynamics simulation for the highest interacting complex further validated these findings. This work affirmed the anti-EP role of CT flower against EP, suggesting a probable molecular mechanism involved.

Unveiling kaempferol glycosides as the key antiglycative components in butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower

Edible flowers have been used in dietary practices since ancient times. In recent years, they have garnered increasingly more attentions for their potentials in the prevention and amelioration of pathological conditions. The present study employed in vitro BSA models to evaluate the antiglycative effect of some edible flowers. Results showed that butterfly pea flower (BFPF) exhibited the highest potential in preventing advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation, which had an inhibition rate of 92.11% at 1 g/mL, 56.99% at 0.1 g/mL, and 9.94% at 0.01 g/mL, respectively. Moreover, the antiglycative components in BFPF were identified as four flavonol glycosides through chromatographic and spectral analyses, which were manghaslin (quercetin 3-2″-rhamnosylrutinoside, QCT-Rh), clitorin (kaempferol 3-2″-rhamnosylrutinoside, KFR-Rh), rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside), and kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside (KFR-Ne). Notably, KFR-Rh and KFR-Ne were presented in higher concentrations in BFPF (764.31 mg/kg and 1135.10 mg/kg dry matter) and significantly contributed to the antiglycative activity (IC50 = 182.17 μM and IC50 = 131.03 μM). Molecular docking (MD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses revealed that KFR-Rh and KFR-Ne formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with BSA, while KFR-Ne demonstrating a stronger interaction than KFR-Rh. Collectively, our findings highlight the beneficial effects of BFPF with clearly identified active components, which might further promote its application in functional food and medical industry.

Exploring the Role of Phenolic Compounds in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a formidable global health concern, affecting one in six adults over 25. This review explores the potential of phenolic compounds in managing CKD and its complications. By examining the existing research, we highlight their diverse biological activities and potential to combat CKD-related issues. We analyze the nutritional benefits, bioavailability, and safety profile of these compounds. While the clinical evidence is promising, preclinical studies offer valuable insights into underlying mechanisms, optimal dosages, and potential side effects. Further research is crucial to validate the therapeutic efficacy of phenolic compounds for CKD. We advocate for continued exploration of their innovative applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. This review aims to catalyze the scientific community's efforts to leverage phenolic compounds against CKD-related challenges.

Anthocyanins From Clitoria ternatea Flower: Biosynthesis, Extraction, Stability, Antioxidant Activity, and Applications

Clitoria ternatea plant is commonly grown as an ornamental plant and possesses great medicinal value. Its flower is edible and also known as blue pea or butterfly pea flower. The unique feature of anthocyanins present in blue pea flowers is the high abundance of polyacylated anthocyanins known as ternatins. Ternatins are polyacylated derivatives of delphinidin 3,3',5'-triglucoside. This review covers the biosynthesis, extraction, stability, antioxidant activity, and applications of anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flower. Hot water extraction of dried or fresh petals of blue pea flower could be employed successfully to extract anthocyanins from blue pea flower for food application. Blue pea flower anthocyanins showed good thermal and storage stability, but less photostability. Blue pea flower anthocyanins also showed an intense blue colour in acidic pH between pH 3.2 to pH 5.2. Blue pea flower anthocyanin extracts demonstrate significant in vitro and cellular antioxidant activities. Blue pea flower anthocyanins could be used as a blue food colourant in acidic and neutral foods. The incorporation of blue pea flower anthocyanins in food increased the functional properties of food such as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Blue pea flower anthocyanins have also been used in intelligent packaging. A comparison of blue pea flower anthocyanins with two other natural blue colouring agents used in the food industry, spirulina or phycocyanin and genipin-derived pigments is also covered. Anthocyanins from blue pea flowers are promising natural blue food colouring agent.

Extraction methods of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower and biological activities of its phytochemicals

Clitoria ternatea or commonly known as 'Butterfly pea' has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine in which various parts of the plants are used to treat health issues such as indigestion, constipation, arthritis, skin diseases, liver and intestinal problems. The flowers of C. ternatea are used worldwide as ornamental flowers and traditionally used as a food colorant. This paper reviews the recent advances in the extraction and biological activities of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. The application of maceration or ultrasound assisted extraction greatly increased the yield (16-247% of increase) of phytochemicals from C. ternatea flowers. Various phytochemicals such as kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin glycosides as well as anthocyanins have been isolated from C. ternatea flowers. Clitoria ternatea flower extracts were found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antidiabetic activities which are beneficial to human health. Clitoria ternatea flower is a promising candidate for functional food applications owing to its wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties as well as its safety and effectiveness.