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Yue X, Fu Y, Li Z, Zou Y, Dai Y. Network pharmacology and untargeted metabolomic-based investigation of anti-osteoporotic effects of viscozyme-assisted polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116104. [PMID: 38513501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease closely associated with oxidative stress. We had previously confirmed that the Viscozyme-assisted polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L (VPOP1) protects against antioxidant stress and evaluated the structure of VPOP1. In this study, we aimed to explore the anti-osteoporotic effects of VPOP1 on H2O2-induced osteoblast apoptosis. In addition, untargeted zebrafish metabolomics based on UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS was used to investigate the potential anti-osteoporotic mechanisms of VPOP1. The levels of Bcl-2 decreased significantly and those of caspase-3, Bax, and cytochrome C increased after treatment with H2O2. VPOP1 inhibited apoptosis in H2O2-induced MC3T3 cells. Metabolomic analyses showed that 28 potential biomarkers were gradually restored to normal levels after treatment with VPOP1 compared with that in the model group. Among them, leukotrienes D4 and A4, L-dopa, and L-tyrosine are important biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Pathway analysis revealed that arachidonic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and sphingolipid metabolism were the major intervening pathways. Collectively, these results help us understand the protective activity of large molecular weight compounds, such as VPOP1, against osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Yue
- School of Medical Information, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yunhua Fu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhuoran Li
- School of Medical Information, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yuanjun Zou
- School of Medical Information, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yulin Dai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Osanai-Futahashi M, Uchino K, Tamura T, Sezutsu H. The red egg gene as a novel effective egg color marker for silkworm transgenesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 143:103728. [PMID: 35085769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are major pigments involved in coloration of eggs, eyes, and epidermis of arthropods. The recessive homozygous of egg and eye color mutant of Bombyx mori, red egg (re), exhibits red eggs and dark red eyes instead of normal purplish-brown eggs and black eyes, due to a defect in ommochrome pigment synthesis. The gene responsible for the re mutant is a major facilitator superfamily transporter gene, Bm-re. Here, we demonstrate that the re phenotype can be effectively rescued by an intact Bm-re gene driven by the Bombyx Actin A3 promoter or the baculovirus Immediate Early 1 promoter, indicating that the Bm-re gene can be used as a marker gene for visual screening of transgenic silkworms. The coloration of eggs rescued by the Bm-re transgene could be distinguished from that of host mutant eggs from diapausing period through head pigmentation stage. This allows transgenic screening at earlier embryonic stages and over a longer time period compared to conventional 3xP3 fluorescent markers, without requiring the skill and equipment to detect stemmata fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Osanai-Futahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan; Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Silk Science and Technology Research Institute, 1053, Iikura, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-0324, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
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Zabelina V, Yonemura N, Uchino K, Iizuka T, Mochida Y, Takemura Y, Klymenko V, Sezutsu H, Sehnal F, Tamura T. Production of cloned transgenic silkworms by breeding non-diapausing parthenogenetic strains. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104265. [PMID: 34097982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clonal transgenic silkworms are useful for the functional analysis of insect genes and for the production of recombinant proteins. Such silkworms have previously been created using an existing ameiotic parthenogenetic strain. However, the process was labor intensive, and the efficiency of producing transgenic silkworms was very low. To overcome this issue, we developed a more convenient and efficient method by breeding non-diapausing parthenogenetic strains. The strains produced non-diapausing eggs only when the embryogenesis of the parent eggs was performed at low temperatures, which could then be used for injecting vector plasmids. This demonstrated that transgenic silkworms could be produced with greater ease and efficiency. To breed the strains, we crossed the existing parthenogenetic strains with bivoltine strains and made F1 and F2 from each cross. Then we selected the silkworms whose eggs have a high ability of parthenogenesis and became non-diapausing. We also demonstrated that the germplasm could be cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Thus, this method increases the efficiency and ease of using genetically engineered silkworms to analyze gene function and produce recombinant proteins, potentially impacting various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Zabelina
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yonemura
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iizuka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yuji Mochida
- Institute of Sericulture, Iikura 1053, 300-0324 Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Takemura
- Institute of Sericulture, Iikura 1053, 300-0324 Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Tamura
- Institute of Sericulture, Iikura 1053, 300-0324 Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Yuzawa T, Matsuoka M, Sumitani M, Aoki F, Sezutsu H, Suzuki MG. Transgenic and knockout analyses of Masculinizer and doublesex illuminated the unique functions of doublesex in germ cell sexual development of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:19. [PMID: 32957956 PMCID: PMC7504827 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Masculinizer (Masc) plays a pivotal role in male sex determination in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Masc is required for male-specific splicing of B. mori doublesex (Bmdsx) transcripts. The male isoform of Bmdsx (BmdsxM) induces male differentiation in somatic cells, while females express the female isoform of Bmdsx (BmdsxF), which promotes female differentiation in somatic cells. Our previous findings suggest that Masc could direct the differentiation of genetically female (ZW) germ cells into sperms. However, it remains unclear whether Masc directly induces spermatogenesis or if it promotes male differentiation in germ cells indirectly by inducing the expression of BmdsxM. Results In this study, we performed genetic analyses using the transgenic line that expressed Masc, as well as various Bmdsx knockout lines. We found that Masc-expressing females with a homozygous mutation in BmdsxM showed normal development in ovaries. The formation of testis-like tissues was abolished in these females. On the other hand, Masc-expressing females carrying a homozygous mutation in BmdsxF exhibited almost complete male-specific development in gonads and germ cells. These results suggest that BmdsxM has an ability to induce male development in germ cells as well as internal genital organs, while BmdsxF inhibits BmdsxM activity and represses male differentiation. To investigate whether MASC directly controls male-specific splicing of Bmdsx and identify RNAs that form complexes with MASC in testes, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) using an anti-MASC antibody. We found that MASC formed a complex with AS1 lncRNA, which is a testis-specific factor involved in the male-specific splicing of Bmdsx pre-mRNA. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that Masc induces male differentiation in germ cells by enhancing the production of BmdsxM. Physical interaction between MASC and AS1 lncRNA may be important for the BmdsxM expression in the testis. Unlike in the Drosophila dsx, BmdsxM was able to induce spermatogenesis in genetically female (ZW) germ cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the role of dsx in germ cell sexual development is different between insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Yuzawa
- AIR WATER INC, 4-9-4 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0032, Japan.,Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Misato Matsuoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.,SHINYUSHA, 1-12 Kanda Jimbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0051, Japan
| | - Megumi Sumitani
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Fugaku Aoki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Masataka G Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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5
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Yamamoto DS, Sumitani M, Kasashima K, Sezutsu H, Matsuoka H, Kato H. A synthetic male-specific sterilization system using the mammalian pro-apoptotic factor in a malaria vector mosquito. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8160. [PMID: 31160726 PMCID: PMC6547752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional cell death systems are useful for various aspects of basic science with a wide range of applications, including genetic pest control. We recently demonstrated that expression of the mammalian pro-apoptotic factor, B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax), can induce apoptosis in specific tissues by using tissue specific promoters in silkworm and mosquito. Here, we newly identified a functional promoter in the Asian malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, which enables gene expression specifically in the testis. We produced a transgenic mosquito line that expresses mouse Bax under the control of this testis-specific promoter. Transgenic mosquito males exhibited aberrant testes without functional sperm and complete sterility, whereas transgenic females maintained normal fecundity. Despite their abnormal testes, the transgenic males maintained normal function of male accessory glands and typical mating behaviour. As a result of mating with these males, females showed refractoriness to further mating. These results suggest that transgenic males induce female sterility via mating. The mosquito is one of the most important disease vectors, and the control of their population benefits global public health. Thus, this Bax-mediated synthetic male-specific sterilization system could be applied to population control of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Megumi Sumitani
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kasashima
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuoka
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Cheng J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liang K. Stilbene glycoside protects osteoblasts against oxidative damage via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:196-203. [PMID: 30697271 PMCID: PMC6348355 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.79937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is currently proposed as a risk factor associated with the development and progression of osteoporosis. Here, the effect of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glycoside (THSG) on oxidative damage was investigated in an osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cell model. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (100 µM) and THSG (20, 50 and 100 μM), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ROS and MDA levels were measured using specific kits. Meanwhile, cell viability and apoptosis were also assessed using MTT methods and flow cytometry, respectively. Then, expression levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets were determined using real-time PCR and western blotting, as well as the apoptosis related factors, including Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9. RESULTS Upon H2O2 treatment, cell viability was significantly decreased, while THSG clearly attenuated this decrease in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the negative control, H2O2 significantly decreased ALP and increased the levels of MDA, ROS and apoptosis, while THSG markedly reversed these effects in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, THSG was identified to reverse the elevation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax and the reduction of Bcl-2 induced by H2O2. For the Nrf2 signaling pathway, THSG was also observed to attenuate the up-regulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, and the down-regulation of NF-κB induced by H2O2. CONCLUSIONS THSG could significantly attenuate oxidative damage induced by H2O2 via the Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway, providing new insights for treatments of osteoporosis induced by oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- The First Department of Orthopedics Ward, First People’s Hospital of Yuyao, Yuyao, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- Department of Tumor Surgery, First Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- The First Department of Orthopedics Ward, First People’s Hospital of Yuyao, Yuyao, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keyong Liang
- The First Department of Orthopedics Ward, First People’s Hospital of Yuyao, Yuyao, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Xia G, Li X, Zhu X, Yin X, Ding H, Qiao Y. Mangiferin protects osteoblast against oxidative damage by modulation of ERK5/Nrf2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:807-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bioengineered silkworms with butterfly cytotoxin-modified silk glands produce sericin cocoons with a utility for a new biomaterial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6740-6745. [PMID: 28607081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703449114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically manipulated organisms with dysfunction of specific tissues are crucial for the study of various biological applications and mechanisms. However, the bioengineering of model organisms with tissue-specific dysfunction has not progressed because the challenges of expression of proteins, such as cytotoxins, in living cells of individual organisms need to be overcome first. Here, we report the establishment of a transgenic silkworm (Bombyx mori) with posterior silk glands (PSGs) that was designed to express the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae) cytotoxin pierisin-1A (P1A). P1A, a homolog of the apoptosis inducer pierisin-1, had relatively lower DNA ADP ribosyltransferase activity than pierisin-1; it also induced the repression of certain protein synthesis when expressed in B. mori-derived cultured cells. The transgene-derived P1A domain harboring enzymatic activity was successfully expressed in the transgenic silkworm PSGs. The glands showed no apoptosis-related morphological changes; however, an abnormal appearance was evident. The introduced truncated P1A resulted in the dysfunction of PSGs in that they failed to produce the silk protein fibroin. Cocoons generated by the silkworms solely consisted of the glue-like glycoprotein sericin, from which soluble sericin could be prepared to form hydrogels. Embryonic stem cells could be maintained on the hydrogels in an undifferentiated state and proliferated through stimulation by the cytokines introduced into the hydrogels. Thus, bioengineering with targeted P1A expression successfully produced silkworms with a biologically useful trait that has significant application potential.
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Sumitani M, Kondo M, Kasashima K, Endo H, Nakamura K, Misawa T, Tanaka H, Sezutsu H. Characterization of Bombyx mori mitochondrial transcription factor A, a conserved regulator of mitochondrial DNA. Gene 2016; 608:103-113. [PMID: 28027964 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we initially cloned and characterized a mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) homologue in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Bombyx mori TFAM (BmTFAM) localized to mitochondria in cultured silkworm and human cells, and co-localized with mtDNA nucleoids in human HeLa cells. In an immunoprecipitation analysis, BmTFAM was found to associate with human mtDNA in mitochondria, indicating its feature as a non-specific DNA-binding protein. In spite of the low identity between BmTFAM and human TFAM (26.5%), the expression of BmTFAM rescued mtDNA copy number reductions and enlarged mtDNA nucleoids in HeLa cells, which were induced by human Tfam knockdown. Thus, BmTFAM compensates for the function of human TFAM in HeLa cells, demonstrating that the mitochondrial function of TFAM is highly conserved between silkworms and humans. BmTfam mRNA was strongly expressed in early embryos. Through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-based RNA interference (RNAi) in silkworm embryos, we found that the knockdown of BmTFAM reduced the amount of mtDNA and induced growth retardation at the larval stage. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BmTFAM is a highly conserved mtDNA regulator and may be a good candidate for investigating and modulating mtDNA metabolism in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sumitani
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Mari Kondo
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kasashima
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nakamura
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Misawa
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Division of Insect Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Chiba, Japan.
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10
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Yamamoto DS, Sumitani M, Kasashima K, Sezutsu H, Matsuoka H. Inhibition of Malaria Infection in Transgenic Anopheline Mosquitoes Lacking Salivary Gland Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005872. [PMID: 27598328 PMCID: PMC5012584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an important global public health challenge, and is transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes during blood feeding. Mosquito vector control is one of the most effective methods to control malaria, and population replacement with genetically engineered mosquitoes to block its transmission is expected to become a new vector control strategy. The salivary glands are an effective target tissue for the expression of molecules that kill or inactivate malaria parasites. Moreover, salivary gland cells express a large number of molecules that facilitate blood feeding and parasite transmission to hosts. In the present study, we adapted a functional deficiency system in specific tissues by inducing cell death using the mouse Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) to the Asian malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. We applied this technique to salivary gland cells, and produced a transgenic strain containing extremely low amounts of saliva. Although probing times for feeding on mice were longer in transgenic mosquitoes than in wild-type mosquitoes, transgenic mosquitoes still successfully ingested blood. Transgenic mosquitoes also exhibited a significant reduction in oocyst formation in the midgut in a rodent malaria model. These results indicate that mosquito saliva plays an important role in malaria infection in the midgut of anopheline mosquitoes. The dysfunction in the salivary glands enabled the inhibition of malaria transmission from hosts to mosquito midguts. Therefore, salivary components have potential in the development of new drugs or genetically engineered mosquitoes for malaria control. Malaria, transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, represents an important global public health challenge. The salivary glands of mosquitoes are an attractive target tissue for malaria and vector control. We produced a transgenic strain inducing cell death in the salivary glands with a cell death effector molecule in the Asian malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi. This transgenic strain contained extremely low amounts of saliva. An analysis of this strain revealed that saliva plays an important role in probing as well as malaria infection in the midgut in a rodent malaria model. The dysfunction in the salivary glands enabled the inhibition of malaria transmission to mosquito midguts. Therefore, salivary components are also important in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke S. Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Megumi Sumitani
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kasashima
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuoka
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Sakai H, Sumitani M, Chikami Y, Yahata K, Uchino K, Kiuchi T, Katsuma S, Aoki F, Sezutsu H, Suzuki MG. Transgenic Expression of the piRNA-Resistant Masculinizer Gene Induces Female-Specific Lethality and Partial Female-to-Male Sex Reversal in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006203. [PMID: 27579676 PMCID: PMC5007099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bombyx mori (B. mori), Fem piRNA originates from the W chromosome and is responsible for femaleness. The Fem piRNA-PIWI complex targets and cleaves mRNAs transcribed from the Masc gene. Masc encodes a novel CCCH type zinc-finger protein and is required for male-specific splicing of B. mori doublesex (Bmdsx) transcripts. In the present study, several silkworm strains carrying a transgene, which encodes a Fem piRNA-resistant Masc mRNA (Masc-R), were generated. Forced expression of the Masc-R transgene caused female-specific lethality during the larval stages. One of the Masc-R strains weakly expressed Masc-R in various tissues. Females heterozygous for the transgene expressed male-specific isoform of the Bombyx homolog of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein (ImpM) and Bmdsx. All examined females showed a lower inducibility of vitellogenin synthesis and exhibited abnormalities in the ovaries. Testis-like tissues were observed in abnormal ovaries and, notably, the tissues contained considerable numbers of sperm bundles. Homozygous expression of the transgene resulted in formation of the male-specific abdominal segment in adult females and caused partial male differentiation in female genitalia. These results strongly suggest that Masc is an important regulatory gene of maleness in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sakai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Megumi Sumitani
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Chikami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yahata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takashi Kiuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Susumu Katsuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fugaku Aoki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Masataka G. Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- * E-mail:
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du ZQ. BAX, a novel cell pro-apoptotic protein, involved in hemocytes early antiviral immune response in fresh water crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:384-392. [PMID: 27291352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in various biological processes and acts as a host defending mechanism by which infected cells are eliminated to restrict the virus propagation scale. Bax is a crucial pro-apoptotic protein, which mediates the release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion to cytosol in mammalian. However, its role in invertebrate is still obscure. Here, a novel pro-apoptotic protein gene was identified from hemocytes of red swamp crayfish. There was a Bcl-2 domain in the C-terminus of Pc-Bax, which possessed 497 amino acids residues. And an important transmembrane region existed in the C-terminus of Pc-Bax, which implied that Pc-Bax located in mitochondrial membrane. Besides, Pc-Bax was expressed at a relative high level in hemocytes, and a relative low expression levels in hepatopancreas, gills, and intestine. In hemocytes, Pc-Bax transcript was rapidly up-regulated from 12 h to 36 h after WSSV infection. And there was the same trend for Pc-Bax protein expression level in hemocytes after WSSV infection. Results of qRT-PCR testing for VP28 gene showed WSSV replication was obviously enhanced after Pc-Bax knockdown. Meantime, hemocytes apoptosis was suppressed in Pc-Bax knockdown crayfish after WSSV injection, compared with the dsGFP injection group and normal group. Taken together, these results revealed that crayfish hemocytes apoptosis scale was enhanced to suppress WSSV replication by up-regulating Bax protein expression level after WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 014010, China.
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