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Arvidsson G, Czarnewski P, Johansson A, Raine A, Imgenberg-Kreuz J, Nordlund J, Nordmark G, Syvänen AC. Multimodal Single-Cell Sequencing of B Cells in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:255-267. [PMID: 37610265 DOI: 10.1002/art.42683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B cells are important in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Patients positive for Sjögren's syndrome antigen A/Sjögren syndrome antigen B (SSA/SSB) autoantibodies are more prone to systemic disease manifestations and adverse outcomes. We aimed to determine the role of B cell composition, gene expression, and B cell receptor usage in pSS subgroups stratified for SSA/SSB antibodies. METHODS Over 230,000 B cells were isolated from peripheral blood of patients with pSS (n = 6 SSA-, n = 8 SSA+ single positive and n = 10 SSA/SSB+ double positive) and four healthy controls and processed for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell variable, diversity, and joining (VDJ) gene sequencing (scVDJ-seq). RESULTS We show that SSA/SSB+ patients present the highest and lowest proportion of naïve and memory B cells, respectively, and the highest up-regulation of interferon-induced genes across all B cell subtypes. Differential usage of IGHV showed that IGHV1-69 and IGHV4-30-4 were more often used in all pSS subgroups compared with controls. Memory B cells from SSA/SSB+ patients displayed a higher proportion of cells with unmutated VDJ transcripts compared with other pSS patient groups and controls, indicating altered somatic hypermutation processes. Comparison with previous studies revealed heterogeneous clonotype pools, with little overlap in CDR3 sequences. Joint analysis using scRNA-seq and scVDJ-seq data allowed unsupervised stratification of patients with pSS and identified novel parameters that correlated to disease manifestations and antibody status. CONCLUSION We describe heterogeneity and molecular characteristics in B cells from patients with pSS, providing clues to intrinsic differences in B cells that affect the phenotype and outcome and allowing stratification of patients with pSS at improved resolution.
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2
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Amjadi MF, Parker MH, Adyniec RR, Zheng Z, Robbins AM, Bashar SJ, Denny MF, McCoy SS, Ong IM, Shelef MA. Novel and unique rheumatoid factors cross-react with viral epitopes in COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2024; 142:103132. [PMID: 37956528 PMCID: PMC10957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid factors (RFs), polyreactive antibodies canonically known to bind two conformational epitopes of IgG Fc, are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis but also can arise in other inflammatory conditions and infections. Also, infections may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Recently, RFs only in rheumatoid arthritis were found to bind novel linear IgG epitopes as well as thousands of other rheumatoid arthritis autoantigens. Specific epitopes recognized by infection-induced polyreactive RFs remain undefined but could provide insights into loss of immune tolerance. Here, we identified novel linear IgG epitopes bound by RFs in COVID-19 but not rheumatoid arthritis or other conditions. The main COVID-19 RF was polyreactive, binding two IgG and multiple viral peptides with a tripeptide motif, as well as IgG Fc and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. In contrast, a rheumatoid arthritis-specific RF recognized IgG Fc, but not tripeptide motif-containing peptides or spike. Thus, RFs have disease-specific IgG reactivity and distinct polyreactivities that reflect the broader immune response. Moreover, the polyreactivity of a virus-induced RF appears to be attributable to a very short peptide motif. These findings refine our understanding of RFs and provide new insights into how viral infections may contribute to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maxwell H Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan R Adyniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zihao Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alex M Robbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael F Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Kobak S. VEXAS syndrome: Current clinical, diagnostic and treatment approaches. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2023; 12:170-179. [PMID: 37662628 PMCID: PMC10468411 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2023.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
VEXAS syndrome, is a hemato-inflammatory chronic disease characterized with predominantly rheumatic and hematologic systemic involvement. It was first described in 2020 by a group of researchers in the United States. VEXAS syndrome is a rare condition that primarily affects adult males and is caused by a mutation in the UBA1 gene located on the X chromosome. Its pathogenesis is related to the somatic mutation affecting methionine-41 (p.Met41) in UBA1, the major E1 enzyme that initiates ubiquitylation. Mutant gene lead to decreased ubiquitination and activated innate immune pathways and systemic inflammation occur. The specific mechanism by which the UBA1 mutation leads to the clinical features of VEXAS syndrome is not yet fully understood. VEXAS is a newly define adult-onset inflammatory syndrome manifested with treatment-refractory fevers, arthritis, chondritis, vasculitis, cytopenias, typical vacuoles in hematopetic precursor cells, neutrophilic cutaneous and pulmonary inflammation. Diagnosing VEXAS syndrome can be challenging due to its rarity and the overlap of symptoms with other inflammatory conditions. Genetic testing to identify the UBA1 gene mutation is essential for definitive diagnosis. Currently, there is no known cure for VEXAS syndrome, and treatment mainly focuses on managing the symptoms. This may involve the use of anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressive drugs, and supportive therapies tailored to the individual patient's needs. Due to the recent discovery of VEXAS syndrome, ongoing research is being conducted to better understand its pathogenesis, clinical features, and potential treatment options. In this review article, the clinical, diagnostic and treatment approaches of VEXAS syndrome were evaluated in the light of the latest literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senol Kobak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Liv Hospital, WASOG Sarcoidosis Clinic, Istanbul,Turkey
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4
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Lee AYS, Putty T, Lin MW, Swaminathan S, Suan D, Chataway T, Thurlings RM, Gordon TP, Wang JJ, Reed JH. Isolated anti-Ro52 identifies a severe subset of Sjögren’s syndrome patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115548. [PMID: 37006271 PMCID: PMC10061105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionSerum autoantibodies targeting the SSA/Ro proteins are a key component of the classification criteria for the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Most patients' serum reacts with both Ro60 and Ro52 proteins. Here we compare the molecular and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with SS with anti-Ro52 in the presence or absence of anti-Ro60/La autoantibodies.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed. Patients in the SS biobank at Westmead Hospital (Sydney, Australia) that were positive for anti-Ro52 were included and stratified based on the absence (isolated) or presence (combined) of anti-Ro60/La, measured by line immunoassay. We examined clinical associations and the serological and molecular characteristics of anti-Ro52 using ELISA and mass spectrometry in serological groups.ResultsA total of 123 SS patients were included for study. SS patients with isolated anti-Ro52 (12%) identified a severe serological subset characterised by higher disease activity, vasculitis, pulmonary involvement, rheumatoid factor (RhF) and cryoglobulinaemia. Serum antibodies reacting with Ro52 in the isolated anti-Ro52 subset displayed less isotype switching, less immunoglobulin variable region subfamily usage and a lower degree of somatic hypermutation than the combined anti-Ro52 subset.ConclusionsIn our cohort of SS patients, isolated anti-Ro52 represents a severe subset of SS, and is associated with the presence of cryoglobulinaemia. We therefore provide clinical relevance to the stratification of SS patients by their sero-reactivities. It is possible that the autoantibody patterns may be immunological epiphenomena of the underlying disease process, and further work is required to unearth the mechanisms of the differential clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y. S. Lee
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital and Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Adrian Y. S. Lee,
| | - Trishni Putty
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital and Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sanjay Swaminathan
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital and Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Dan Suan
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital and Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- Flinders Proteomic Facility, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Rogier M. Thurlings
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tom P. Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Department of Immunology, SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne H. Reed
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Lee H, Yoo DK, Han J, Kim KH, Noh J, Lee Y, Lee E, Kwon S, Chung J. Optimization of peripheral blood volume for in silico reconstitution of the human B cell receptor repertoire. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1634-1643. [PMID: 35866358 PMCID: PMC9433817 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells recognize antigens via membrane‐expressed B‐cell receptors (BCR) and antibodies. Similar human BCR sequences are frequently found at a significantly higher frequency than that theoretically calculated. Patients infected with SARS‐CoV2 and HIV or with autoimmune diseases share very similar BCRs. Therefore, in silico reconstitution of BCR repertoires and identification of stereotypical BCR sequences related to human pathology have diagnostic potential. Furthermore, monitoring changes of clinically significant BCR sequences and isotype conversion has prognostic potential. For BCR repertoire analysis, peripheral blood (PB) is the most convenient source. However, the optimal human PB volume for in silico reconstitution of the BCR repertoire has not been studied in detail. Here, we sampled 5, 10, and 20 mL PB from the left arm and 40 mL PB from the right arm of two volunteers, reconstituted in silico PB BCR repertoires, and compared their composition. In both volunteers, PB sampling over 20 mL resulted in slight increases in functional unique sequences (FUSs) or almost no increase in repertoire diversity. All FUSs with a frequency above 0.08% or 0.03% in the 40 mL PB BCR repertoire were detected even in the 5 mL PB BCR repertoire from each volunteer. FUSs with a higher frequency were more likely to be found in BCR repertoires from reduced PB volume, and those coexisting in two repertoires showed a statistically significant correlation in frequency irrespective of sampled anatomical site. The correlation was more significant in higher‐frequency FUSs. These observations support the potential of BCR repertoire analysis for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jerome Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jinsung Noh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eunjae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,BK21+ Creative Research Engineer Development for IT, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
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Chepy A, Bourel L, Koether V, Launay D, Dubucquoi S, Sobanski V. Can Antinuclear Antibodies Have a Pathogenic Role in Systemic Sclerosis? Front Immunol 2022; 13:930970. [PMID: 35837382 PMCID: PMC9274282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by extensive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, associated with vasculopathy and autoimmune features. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are found in almost all SSc patients and constitute strong diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers. However, it remains unclear whether ANA are simple bystanders or if they can have a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. One might think that the nuclear nature of their targets prevents any accessibility to autoantibodies. Nevertheless, recent data suggest that ANA could be pathogenic or at least contribute to the perennation of the disease. We review here first the indirect clues of the contribution of ANA to SSc: they are associated to the disease subtypes, they may precede disease onset, their titer correlates with disease activity and severity, there is an association between molecular subsets, and some patients can respond to B-cell targeting therapy. Then, we describe in a second part the mechanisms of ANA production in SSc from individual genetic background to post-transcriptional modifications of neoantigens. Finally, we elaborate on the potential mechanisms of pathogenicity: ANA could be pathogenic through immune-complex-mediated mechanisms; other processes potentially involve molecular mimicry and ANA penetration into the target cell, with a focus on anti-topoisomerase-I antibodies, which are the most probable candidate to play a role in the pathophysiology of SSc. Finally, we outline some technical and conceptual ways to improve our understanding in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Chepy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), Lille, France
| | - Louisa Bourel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Koether
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), Lille, France
| | - David Launay
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Dubucquoi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Institut d’Immunologie, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Sobanski
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Vincent Sobanski,
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Pelanda R, Zikherman J. Many Achilles' heels of B and T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:5-11. [PMID: 35301733 PMCID: PMC8986605 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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