1
|
Ofodile J, Alves MR, Liang Y, Franklin EB, Lunderberg DM, Ivey CE, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing PM 2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5047-5057. [PMID: 38437595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of incense-generated organic aerosol in residential indoor air has received limited attention in Western literature. In this study, we conducted incense burning experiments in a single-family California residence during vacancy. We report the chemical composition of organic fine particulate matter (PM2.5), associated emission factors (EFs), and gas-particle phase partitioning for indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Speciated organic PM2.5 measurements were made using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HR-ToF-MS) and semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Organic PM2.5 EFs ranged from 7 to 31 mg g-1 for burned incense and were largely comprised of polar and oxygenated species, with high abundance of biomass-burning tracers such as levoglucosan. Differences in PM2.5 EFs and chemical profiles were observed in relation to the type of incense burned. Nine indoor SVOCs considered to originate from sources other than incense combustion were enhanced during incense events. Time-resolved concentrations of these SVOCs correlated well with PM2.5 mass (R2 > 0.75), suggesting that low-volatility SVOCs such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate partitioned to incense-generated PM2.5. Both direct emissions and enhanced partitioning of low-volatility indoor SVOCs to incense-generated PM2.5 can influence inhalation exposures during and after indoor incense use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ofodile
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ballesteros-Gómez A, Ballesteros J, Rubio S. Comprehensive characterization of organic compounds in indoor dust after generic sample preparation with SUPRAS and analysis by LC-HRMS/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169390. [PMID: 38135084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) are employed for the first time to perform a wide screening of organic compounds in indoor dust samples. The potential of SUPRAS to efficiently extract a wide polarity range of compounds, and to simplify and improve the green properties of sample treatment in this area are discussed. SUPRAS made up of inverse aggregates of hexanol in tetrahydrofuran:water mixtures, which have been previously and successfully applied to the target determination of a variety of organic contaminants in different environmental matrices, were employed. Analysis was done with liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. Twelve samples from public buildings (six educative buildings, two food stores, two nightclubs, one office and a coffee shop) were collected in South Spain. A total of 146 compounds were detected by target (∼33 %), suspect (∼55 %) and non-target screening (∼12 %). Around 86 % of all the compounds were identified (or tentatively identified) with levels of confidence equal or higher than 3. Novel designer drugs of abuse, unreported organophosphorus compounds and well-known organic contaminants, such as bisphenols, parabens, phthalates and flame retardants are reported. Differences with previous studies on wide screening of indoor dust reveal the influence of the employed databases for data processing and of the extraction method together with the different contamination profiles given by the sample location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Energy and the Environment, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Energy and the Environment, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Milton SG, Tejiram RA, Joglekar R, Hoffman K. Characterizing the Contribution of Indoor Residential Phthalate and Phthalate Alternative Dust Concentrations to Internal Dose in the US General Population: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6589. [PMID: 37623174 PMCID: PMC10454216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Diet is the primary exposure pathway for phthalates, but relative contributions of other exposure sources are not well characterized. This study quantifies the relative contribution of indoor residential dust phthalate and phthalate alternative concentrations to total internal dose estimated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) urinary metabolite concentrations. Specifically, median phthalate and phthalate alternative concentrations measured in residential dust were determined by updating a pre-existing systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2015 and the attributable internal dose was estimated using intake and reverse dosimetry models. Employing a predetermined search strategy, 12 studies published between January 2000 and April 2022 from Web of Science and PubMed measuring phthalates and phthalate alternatives in residential dust were identified. From the data extracted, it was estimated that dust contributed more significantly to the internal dose of low-molecular weight chemicals such as DEP and BBP when compared to high-molecular weight chemicals such as DEHTP. Additionally, findings showed that the chemical profile of residential dust is changing temporally with more phthalate alternatives being detected in the indoor environment. Future studies should seek to characterize the contribution of dust to an overall phthalate and phthalate alternative intake for individuals who have higher than normal exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sashoy G. Milton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Rachel A. Tejiram
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Rashmi Joglekar
- Earthjustice, Toxic Exposure and Health Program, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Samon SM, Hammel SC, Stapleton HM, Anderson KA. Silicone wristbands as personal passive sampling devices: Current knowledge, recommendations for use, and future directions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107339. [PMID: 36116363 PMCID: PMC9713950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Personal chemical exposure assessment is necessary to determine the frequency and magnitude of individual chemical exposures, especially since chemicals present in everyday environments may lead to adverse health outcomes. In the last decade, silicone wristbands have emerged as a new chemical exposure assessment tool and have since been utilized for assessing personal exposure to a wide range of chemicals in a variety of populations. Silicone wristbands can be powerful tools for quantifying personal exposure to chemical mixtures in a single sample, associating exposure with health outcomes, and potentially overcoming some of the challenges associated with quantifying the chemical exposome. However, as their popularity grows, it is crucial that they are used in the appropriate context and within the limits of the technology. This review serves as a guide for researchers interested in utilizing silicone wristbands as a personal exposure assessment tool. Along with briefly discussing the passive sampling theory behind silicone wristbands, this review performs an in-depth comparison of wristbands to other common exposure assessment tools, including biomarkers of exposure measured in biospecimens, and evaluates their utility in exposure assessments and epidemiological studies. Finally, this review includes recommendations for utilizing silicone wristbands to evaluate personal chemical exposure and provides suggestions on what research is needed to recognize silicone wristbands as a premier chemical exposure assessment tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Samon
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim K, Lee S, Choi Y, Kim D. Emissions of Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds in Residential Environments and Temporal Emission Patterns: Implications for Sampling Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12601. [PMID: 36231902 PMCID: PMC9564960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the occurrences of fungi-derived microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) in various indoor materials and their detection in residential environments, despite mVOCs being linked to several acute health effects. We identified various mVOCs emitted from fungi grown on PVC wallpaper, silicone rubber, and malt extract agar. We also investigated mVOCs temporal emission and whether fungi-derived VOCs concentration can be used to estimate fungal concentration in the air using active and passive air sampling methods. Among the three fungal growth media included in this study, silicone rubber produced the most variety of mVOCs: 106 compounds (from Aspergillus niger), 35 compounds (from Alternaria alternata), and 85 compounds (from Penicillium chrysogenum). We also found the emission patterns of eight chemical classes (i.e., aromatics, ethers, aliphatics, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, chlorides, and nitrides) from the three different fungi. From the results of our field experiments in 11 residential environments, passive air samplers led to higher correlations coefficients (0.08 to 0.86) between mVOCs' air concentrations and airborne fungal concentrations, compared with active air samplers, which showed negative correlation coefficients (-0.99 to -0.02) for most compounds. This study elucidated the occurrence and temporal emission patterns of fungal VOCs in residential environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daekeun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim K, Shin HM, Busgang SA, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Schmidt RJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett DH. Temporal Trends of Phenol, Paraben, and Triclocarban Exposure in California Pregnant Women during 2007-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11155-11165. [PMID: 34347462 PMCID: PMC8405127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about temporal trends of pregnant women's exposures to environmental phenols and parabens. We quantified four phenols [bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and triclosan), four parabens [butyl paraben, ethyl paraben (ETPB), methyl paraben (MEPB), and propyl paraben (PRPB)], and triclocarban in 760 urine samples collected during 2007-2014 from 218 California pregnant women participating in a high-familial risk autism spectrum disorder cohort. We applied multiple regression to compute least square geometric means of urinary concentrations and computed average annual percent changes. We compared our urinary concentrations with those of other study populations to examine geographic variations in pregnant women's exposure to these target compounds. Urinary concentrations of BPA, MEPB, ETPB, and PRPB in this study population decreased over the study period [percent change per year (95% confidence interval): -5.7% (-8.2%, -3.2%); -13.0% (-18.1%, -7.7%); -5.5% (-11.0%, 0.3%); and -13.3% (-18.3%, -8.1%), respectively] and were consistently lower than those in pregnant women in other U.S. regions during the same study period. In recent years, certain phenols and parabens with known adverse health effects are being regulated or replaced with alternatives, which explains decreased body burdens observed in this study population. Either the national regulations or the advocacy campaigns in California may have influenced exposures or consumer product choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghoon Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, USA
- Corresponding author: Hyeong-Moo Shin, Ph.D., University of Texas, Arlington, 500 Yates Street, Box 19049, Arlington, TX, 76019, , Voice: 949-648-1614
| | - Stefanie A. Busgang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), California, USA
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopment Disorders) Institute, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), California, USA
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopment Disorders) Institute, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim K, Shin HM, Wong L, Young TM, Bennett DH. Evaluating couch polyurethane foam for a potential passive sampler of semivolatile organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129349. [PMID: 33429263 PMCID: PMC7969436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Polyurethane foam (PUF), a proven sampling medium for measuring air concentrations of organic compounds, is widely used in upholstered home furniture. We evaluated the potential utility of couch PUF as a passive sampler and as a reservoir for non-flame retardant semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). METHODS We collected PUF samples from 13 California home couches, measured concentrations (CPUF) of 64 SVOCs at three different depths (i.e., top, top-middle, and middle from couch surfaces facing outward), and examined concentration changes with depth. To calculate the PUF-air partition coefficient (KPUF-air = CPUF/Cair = CPUF × Kdust-air/Cdust), we used the calculated dust-air partition coefficient (Kdust-air) with the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa) and dust concentrations (Cdust) simultaneously collected and measured. We used KPUF-air to compute fugacity capacity of PUF and chemical mass distribution among various indoor compartments and PUF. RESULTS Among 29 detected compounds, 11 compounds were detected in more than 50% of the samples at all depths. Among the 11 compounds, concentrations of phenanthrene, 2-benzylideneoctanal, galaxolide, tonalide, and homosalate decreased with depth. Among the studied SVOCs, more than 20% of the total mass was distributed to couch PUF for phenol and compounds in skin-applied products (i.e., 2-benzylideoneoctanal, galaxolide, and homosalate). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that couch PUF can absorb many SVOCs and may be an important reservoir for some SVOCs. However, it may not be an effective passive sampling medium for those that have relatively high Koa values. Direct dermal contact with couch seats may be an important exposure route for non-users of skin-applied compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghoon Kim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Luann Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Young
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|