1
|
Shi B, Han H, Li H, Tan L, Li X, Wang K, Li B, He W, Tian C, Yan F, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Zhao Z. NLRP6 Induces Lung Injury and Inflammation Early in Brucella and Influenza Coinfection. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122063. [PMID: 36556283 PMCID: PMC9785007 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: With the resurgence of brucellosis epidemics in China in recent years, the chances of a brucella coinfection with other common respiratory pathogens, such as the influenza virus, have increased dramatically. However, little is known about the pathogenicity or the mechanisms of brucella and influenza coinfections. (2) Methods: To clarify the interventions in the early stages of lung damage due to brucella and influenza coinfections, we evaluated the effect of the coinfection on disease progression and mortality using a coinfection model in WT mice and NLRP6-/- mice, and we verified the function of NLRP6 in infection and proinflammation. (3) Results: The coinfection induced significant respiratory symptoms, weight loss, and a high mortality rate in WT mice. Influenza in the coinfection group significantly increased brucella proliferation in a synergistic manner. Meanwhile, a histological examination showed severe lung tissue destruction and excessive inflammatory responses in coinfected WT animals, and the expression of NLRP6 and IL-18 was dramatically increased in the lung tissues. Furthermore, NLRP6 deletion attenuated lung injuries and inflammation, a reduced bacterial load, and decreased IL-18 protein expression. (4) Conclusions: Our findings indicated that NLRP6 plays a critical role and might be a promising potential therapeutic target for brucella-influenza coinfections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bochang Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Hui Han
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, China
- Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huabin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Lingyun Tan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Keyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Bo Li
- The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Chongyu Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Fang Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Yanchun Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-139-4810-1570 (Y.Z.); +86-186-1285-0349 (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-139-4810-1570 (Y.Z.); +86-186-1285-0349 (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Y, Chen L, Zhu D, Li R, Zhao Z, Song W, Zhao X, Qin K. Increasing serum antibodies against type B influenza virus in 2017-2018 winter in Beijing, China. AMB Express 2022; 12:127. [PMID: 36182978 PMCID: PMC9526770 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus circulates yearly with lower activity than that of influenza A virus in China. During winter 2017 to 2018, a sharp surge of influenza activity dominated by type B/Yamagata lineage virus caused unprecedented medical burden in Beijing. This research aimed to understand the underlying mechanism for this circulation and prepare for epidemics in the future. Sera samples collected from the patients in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 flu seasons were tested for profiling hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibodies against both prevailing Victoria and Yamagata lineages of type B influenza viruses. It showed that the seroprevalence against both lineages of the virus in 2017–2018 winter was higher than that in 2016–2017, while no difference of the seroprevalence was observed between the two viruses. Meanwhile, significant elevated geometric mean titer (GMT) against both lineages of influenza B viruses was found in the specimens collected during 2017–2018 flu season than that from 2016 to 2017, suggesting the viruses might undergo antigenic changes. These results also suggested that lower GMT against both type B variants in 2016–2017 might serve as an immunological niche for the dominating of B/Yamagata virus in China during 2017–2018 winter season. Our findings have implication that there was a significantly elevation of HI antibodies to influenza viruses B in 2017–2018 than in 2016–2017. On the other hand, the low level of HI antibodies to both B/Y and B/V in 2016–2017 could contribute to the severe B/Y epidemic in 2017–2018 to some extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, People's Republic of China
| | - Runqing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, 100 Yingxin Street, Beijing, 100052, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang S, Chen J, Wang J, Zhao Y, Jin C, Wang Y, Lu M, Wang W, Qian Q, Pang T. Application of MRT-qPCR for pathogen detection of lower respiratory tract infection. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:3311-3318. [PMID: 35702072 PMCID: PMC9185067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and clarify the application value of multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (MRT-PCR) assay in detecting pathogens involved in lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), so as to realize accurate and rapid detection of respiratory pathogens. METHODS Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens from 186 patients with LRTI collected in the Cangzhou Central Hospital from June 2020 to September 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Pathogen detection was performed by both MRT-PCR and direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA), and the results of different inspection methods were compared. RESULTS Among the seven pathogens detected by MRT-PCR, 140 positive specimens were identified out of the 186 patients, with the top three pathogens with the highest positive rates being influenza A virus (Flu A; 36 [19.35%]), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 30 [16.13%]) and human adenovirus (HAdV; 23 [12.37%]), and the pathogen with the lowest positive rate being parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3; 9 [4.84%]). DFA showed 110 pathogen-positive specimens, and the top three pathogens with the highest positive rates were Flu A (30 [16.13%]), HAdV (21 [11.29%]) and RSV (19 [10.22%]). The total sensitivity and accuracy of MRT-PCR assay were 93.01% and 98.69% respectively, which were statistically higher than those of 48.45% and 91.24% of DFA (P<0.05). The two inspection methods showed no significant difference in specificity (99.4% for MRT-PCR assay and 97.28% for DFA) (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS MRT-PCR is rapid, accurate and specific in detecting pathogens of LRTI, which significantly improves the detection rate, with reliable performance and it has high clinical application value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Huang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jiangpo Chen
- Biotecnovo (Langfang) Medical Lab Co, LtdLangfang 065000, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Cangzhou Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalCangzhou 061000, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Cangzhou Central HospitalCangzhou 061000, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Cong Jin
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Lu
- Biotecnovo (Langfang) Medical Lab Co, LtdLangfang 065000, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Biotecnovo (Langfang) Medical Lab Co, LtdLangfang 065000, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Qingzeng Qian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and TechnologyTangshan 063210, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Tieliang Pang
- Biotecnovo (Langfang) Medical Lab Co, LtdLangfang 065000, Hebei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shinjoh M, Furuichi M, Kobayashi H, Yamaguchi Y, Maeda N, Yaginuma M, Kobayashi K, Nogayama T, Chiga M, Oshima M, Kuramochi Y, Yamada G, Narabayashi A, Ookawara I, Nishida M, Tsunematsu K, Kamimaki I, Shimoyamada M, Yoshida M, Shibata A, Nakata Y, Taguchi N, Mitamura K, Takahashi T. Trends in effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in children by age groups in seven seasons immediately before the COVID-19 era. Vaccine 2022; 40:3018-3026. [PMID: 35450780 PMCID: PMC8995322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Shinjoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Munehiro Furuichi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Yamaguchi
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Infection and Allergy, National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Center, 1-10-37 Nakatomaturi, Utsunomiya-City, Tochigi 320-8580, Japan.
| | - Naonori Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Yaginuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Hiratsuka City Hospital, 1-19-1 Minamihara, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-0065, Japan.
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, 1-1 Mitsuzawanishimachi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-0855, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Nogayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiratsuka City Hospital, 1-19-1 Minamihara, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-0065, Japan.
| | - Michiko Chiga
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital, 2-8-1 Minamiohtsuka, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8476, Japan.
| | - Mio Oshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital, 2-8-1 Minamiohtsuka, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8476, Japan.
| | - Yuu Kuramochi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ota Memorial Hospital, 455-1 Ohshimacho, Ota City, Gunma 273-8585, Japan.
| | - Go Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0013, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Narabayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0013, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Ookawara
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, 8-2 Outemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-0853, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishida
- Department of Pediatrics, Shizuoka City Shimizu Hospital, 1231 Miyakami, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 424-8636, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Tsunematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hino Municipal Hospital, 4-3-1 Tamadaira, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-0061, Japan.
| | - Isamu Kamimaki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Saitama Hospital, 2-1 Suwa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0102, Japan.
| | - Motoko Shimoyamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama City Hospital, 2460 Mimuro, Midori-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 336-0911, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Sano Kosei General Hospital, 1728 Horigome-chou, Sano-city, Tochigi 327-8511, Japan.
| | - Akimichi Shibata
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Ashikaga Hospital, 284-1 Yobe-cho, Ashikaga, Tochigi 326-0843, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nakata
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Koukan Hospital, 1-2-1Koukan-Dori, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0852, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Taguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keiyu Hospital, 3-7-3 Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-8581, Japan.
| | - Keiko Mitamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Eiju General Hospital, 2-23-16 Higashiueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-8645, Japan.
| | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoshihara K, Minh LN, Okada T, Toizumi M, Nguyen HA, Vo HM, Hashizume M, Dang DA, Kimura H, Yoshida LM. Evolutionary dynamics of influenza B strains detected from paediatric acute respiratory infections in central Vietnam. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104264. [PMID: 32105864 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus B belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae with segmented negative-sense RNA genomes. Since 1970s, influenza B has diverged intoVictoria and Yamagata, which differs in antigenic and evolutionary characteristics. Yet, molecular-epidemiological information of influenza B from developing nations is limited. In central Vietnam, influenza A subtype-specific circulation pattern and clinical characteristics were previously described. However, molecular evolutionary characteristics of influenza B has not been discussed to date. We utilized the influenza B positives obtained from paediatric ARI surveillance during 2007-2013. Influenza B HA and NA genes were amplified, sequenced, and phylogenetic/molecular evolutionary analysis was performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian MCMC. Phylodynamics analysis was performed with Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP). Furthermore, we performed selection pressure analysis and estimated N-glycosylation sites. In the current study, overall positive rate for influenza B was 3.0%, and Victoria lineage immediately became predominant in post-A/H1N1pdm09 period. The noticeable shift in Victoria lineage WHO Group occurred. With respect to the evolutionary rate (substitutions/site/year), Victoria lineage HA gene was evolving faster than Yamagata lineage (2.43 × 10-3 vs 2.00 × 10-3). Furthermore, the evolutionary rate of Victoria Group 5 was greater than Group 1. BSP presented the rapid growth in Effective Population Size (EPS) of Victoria lineage occurred soon after the 1st A/H1N1pdm09 case was detected whereas the EPS of Yamagata lineage was stable for both genes. N-glycosylation pattern between lineages and among WHO Groups were slightly different, and HA gene had a total of 6 amino acid substitutions under positive section pressure (4 for Victoria and 2 for Yamagata). The current results highlight the importance of Victoria lineage in post-A/H1N1pdm09 period. Difference in evolutionary characteristics and phylodynamics may indicate lineage and WHO Group-specific evolutionary dynamics. It is necessary to further continue the molecular-epidemiological surveillance in local setting to gain a better understanding of local evolutionary characteristics of influenza B strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshihara
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Le Nhat Minh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Michiko Toizumi
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hien Anh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hien Minh Vo
- Department of Paediatrics, Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang 650000, Viet Nam
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- School of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoshihara K, Le MN, Toizumi M, Nguyen HA, Vo HM, Odagiri T, Fujisaki S, Ariyoshi K, Moriuchi H, Hashizume M, Dang DA, Yoshida LM. Influenza B associated paediatric acute respiratory infection hospitalization in central vietnam. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:248-261. [PMID: 30575288 PMCID: PMC6468073 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza B is one of the major etiologies for acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children worldwide; however, its clinical‐epidemiological information is limited. We aimed to investigate the hospitalization incidence and clinical‐epidemiological characteristics of influenza B‐associated paediatric ARIs in central Vietnam. Methods We collected clinical‐epidemiological information and nasopharyngeal swabs from ARI children hospitalized at Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang, Vietnam from February 2007 through June 2013. Nasopharyngeal samples were screened for 13 respiratory viruses using Multiplex‐PCRs. Influenza B‐confirmed cases were genotyped by Haemagglutinin gene sequencing. We analyzed the clinical‐epidemiological characteristics of influenza B Lineages (Victoria/Yamagata) and WHO Groups. Results In the pre‐A/H1N1pdm09 period, influenza B‐associated ARI hospitalization incidence among children under five was low, ranging between 14.7 and 80.7 per 100 000 population. The incidence increased to between 51.4 and 330 in the post‐A/H1N1pdm09. Influenza B ARI cases were slightly older with milder symptoms. Both Victoria and Yamagata lineages were detected before the A/H1N1pdm09 outbreak; however, Victoria lineage became predominant in 2010‐2013 (84% Victoria vs 16% Yamagata). Victoria and Yamagata lineages did not differ in demographic and clinical characteristics. In Victoria lineage, Group1 ARI cases were clinically more severe compared to Group5, presenting a greater proportion of wheeze, tachypnea, and lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions The current results highlight the increased incidence of influenza B‐related ARI hospitalization among children in central Vietnam in the post‐A/H1N1pdm09 era. Furthermore, the difference in clinical severity between Victoria lineage Group1 and 5 implies the importance of influenza B genetic variation on clinical presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshihara
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minh Nhat Le
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michiko Toizumi
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hien Anh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Paediatrics, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|