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Iannetta PPM, Hawes C, Begg GS, Maaß H, Ntatsi G, Savvas D, Vasconcelos M, Hamann K, Williams M, Styles D, Toma L, Shrestha S, Balázs B, Kelemen E, Debeljak M, Trajanov A, Vickers R, Rees RM. A Multifunctional Solution for Wicked Problems: Value-Chain Wide Facilitation of Legumes Cultivated at Bioregional Scales Is Necessary to Address the Climate-Biodiversity-Nutrition Nexus. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.692137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-managed legume-based food systems are uniquely positioned to curtail the existential challenge posed by climate change through the significant contribution that legumes can make toward limiting Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. This potential is enabled by the specific functional attributes offered only by legumes, which deliver multiple co-benefits through improved ecosystem functions, including reduced farmland biodiversity loss, and better human-health and -nutrition provisioning. These three critical societal challenges are referred to collectively here as the “climate-biodiversity-nutrition nexus.” Despite the unparalleled potential of the provisions offered by legumes, this diverse crop group remains characterized as underutilized throughout Europe, and in many regions world-wide. This commentary highlights that integrated, diverse, legume-based, regenerative agricultural practices should be allied with more-concerted action on ex-farm gate factors at appropriate bioregional scales. Also, that this can be achieved whilst optimizing production, safeguarding food-security, and minimizing additional land-use requirements. To help avoid forfeiting the benefits of legume cultivation for system function, a specific and practical methodological and decision-aid framework is offered. This is based upon the identification and management of sustainable-development indicators for legume-based value chains, to help manage the key facilitative capacities and dependencies. Solving the wicked problems of the climate-biodiversity-nutrition nexus demands complex solutions and multiple benefits and this legume-focus must be allied with more-concerted policy action, including improved facilitation of the catalytic provisions provided by collaborative capacity builders—to ensure that the knowledge networks are established, that there is unhindered information flow, and that new transformative value-chain capacities and business models are established.
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Squire GR, Quesada N, Begg GS, Iannetta PPM. Transitions to greater legume inclusion in cropland: Defining opportunities and estimating benefits for the nitrogen economy. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Schöb C, Hortal S, Karley AJ, Morcillo L, Newton AC, Pakeman RJ, Powell JR, Anderson IC, Brooker RW. Species but not genotype diversity strongly impacts the establishment of rare colonisers. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöb
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Scotland UK
| | - Sara Hortal
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Hawkesbury Campus Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Alison J. Karley
- The James Hutton Institute Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA Scotland UK
| | - Luna Morcillo
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Scotland UK
- Departament d'Ecologia and Institut Multidisciplinari per a l'Estudi del Medi Universitat d'Alacant Apartat de Correus 99 03080 Alacant Spain
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- The James Hutton Institute Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA Scotland UK
| | - Robin J. Pakeman
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Scotland UK
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Hawkesbury Campus Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Ian C. Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Hawkesbury Campus Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Rob W. Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Scotland UK
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Rühl AT, Eckstein RL, Otte A, Donath TW. Distinct germination response of endangered and common arable weeds to reduced water potential. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:83-90. [PMID: 25786499 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arable weeds are one of the most endangered species groups in Europe. Modern agriculture and intensive land-use management are the main causes of their dramatic decline. However, besides the changes in land use, climate change may further challenge the adaptability of arable weeds. Therefore, we investigated the response pattern of arable weeds to different water potential and temperature regimes during the phase of germination. We expected that endangered arable weeds would be more sensitive to differences in water availability and temperature than common arable weeds. To this end, we set up a climate chamber experiment where we exposed seeds of five familial pairs of common and endangered arable weed species to different temperatures (5/15, 10/20 °C) and water potentials (0.0 to -1.2 MPa). The results revealed a significant relationship between the reaction of arable weed species to water availability and their Red List status. The effects of reduced water availability on total germination, mean germination time and synchrony were significantly stronger in endangered than in common arable weeds. Therefore, global climate change may present a further threat to the survival of endangered arable weed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Rühl
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R L Eckstein
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - A Otte
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - T W Donath
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Deng W, Jeng DS, Toorop PE, Squire GR, Iannetta PPM. A mathematical model of mucilage expansion in myxospermous seeds of Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:419-27. [PMID: 22112439 PMCID: PMC3268541 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myxospermy is a term which describes the ability of a seed to produce mucilage upon hydration. The mucilage is mainly comprised of plant cell-wall polysaccharides which are deposited during development of those cells that comprise the seed coat (testa). Myxospermy is more prevalent among those plant species adapted to surviving on arid sandy soils, though its significance in determining the ecological fitness of plants is unclear. In this study, the first mathematical model of myxospermous seed mucilage expansion is presented based on seeds of the model plant species Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse). METHODS The structures underpinning the expansion process were described using light, electron and time-lapse confocal micrographs. The data and experimental observations were used to create a mathematical model of myxospermous seed mucilage expansion based on diffusion equations. KEY RESULTS The mucilage expansion was rapid, taking 5 s, during which the cell mucilage volume increased 75-fold. At the level of the seed, this represented a 6-fold increase in seed volume and a 2·5-fold increase in seed surface area. These increases were shown to be a function of water uptake (16 g water g(-1) mucilage dry weight), and relaxation of the polymers which comprised the mucilage. In addition, the osmotic pressure of the seed mucilage, estimated by assessing the mucilage expansion of seeds hydrated in solutions of varying osmotic pressure, was -0·54 MPa (equivalent to 0·11 M or 6·6 g L(-1) NaCl). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the mucilage may be characterized as hydrogel and seed-mucilage expansion may be modelled using the diffusion equation described. The potential of myxospermous seeds to affect the ecological services provided by soil is discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenni Deng
- Division of Civil Engineering, University of Dundee, UK.
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Toorop PE, Cuerva RC, Begg GS, Locardi B, Squire GR, Iannetta PPM. Co-adaptation of seed dormancy and flowering time in the arable weed Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:481-9. [PMID: 22147546 PMCID: PMC3268546 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The duration of the plant life cycle is an important attribute that determines fitness and coexistence of weeds in arable fields. It depends on the timing of two key life-history traits: time from seed dispersal to germination and time from germination to flowering. These traits are components of the time to reproduction. Dormancy results in reduced and delayed germination, thus increasing time to reproduction. Genotypes in the arable seedbank predominantly have short time to flowering. Synergy between reduced seed dormancy and reduced flowering time would create stronger contrasts between genotypes, offering greater adaptation in-field. Therefore, we studied differences in seed dormancy between in-field flowering time genotypes of shepherd's purse. METHODS Genotypes with early, intermediate or late flowering time were grown in a glasshouse to provide seed stock for germination tests. Secondary dormancy was assessed by comparing germination before and after dark-incubation. Dormancy was characterized separately for seed myxospermy heteromorphs, observed in each genotype. Seed carbon and nitrogen content and seed mass were determined as indicators of seed filling and resource partitioning associated with dormancy. KEY RESULTS Although no differences were observed in primary dormancy, secondary dormancy was weaker among the seeds of early-flowering genotypes. On average, myxospermous seeds showed stronger secondary dormancy than non-myxospermous seeds in all genotypes. Seed filling was similar between the genotypes, but nitrogen partitioning was higher in early-flowering genotypes and in non-myxospermous seeds. CONCLUSIONS In shepherd's purse, early flowering and reduced seed dormancy coincide and appear to be linked. The seed heteromorphism contributes to variation in dormancy. Three functional groups of seed dormancy were identified, varying in dormancy depth and nitrate response. One of these groups (FG-III) was distinct for early-flowering genotypes. The weaker secondary dormancy of early-flowering genotypes confers a selective advantage in arable fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Toorop
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK.
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E Birch AN, Begg GS, Squire GR. How agro-ecological research helps to address food security issues under new IPM and pesticide reduction policies for global crop production systems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3251-61. [PMID: 21669880 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Drivers behind food security and crop protection issues are discussed in relation to food losses caused by pests. Pests globally consume food estimated to feed an additional one billion people. Key drivers include rapid human population increase, climate change, loss of beneficial on-farm biodiversity, reduction in per capita cropped land, water shortages, and EU pesticide withdrawals under policies relating to 91/414 EEC. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) will be compulsory for all EU agriculture by 2014 and is also being widely adopted globally. IPM offers a 'toolbox' of complementary crop- and region-specific crop protection solutions to address these rising pressures. IPM aims for more sustainable solutions by using complementary technologies. The applied research challenge now is to reduce selection pressure on single solution strategies, by creating additive/synergistic interactions between IPM components. IPM is compatible with organic, conventional, and GM cropping systems and is flexible, allowing regional fine-tuning. It reduces pests below economic thresholds utilizing key 'ecological services', particularly biocontrol. A recent global review demonstrates that IPM can reduce pesticide use and increase yields of most of the major crops studied. Landscape scale 'ecological engineering', together with genetic improvement of new crop varieties, will enhance the durability of pest-resistant cultivars (conventional and GM). IPM will also promote compatibility with semiochemicals, biopesticides, precision pest monitoring tools, and rapid diagnostics. These combined strategies are urgently needed and are best achieved via multi-disciplinary research, including complex spatio-temporal modelling at farm and landscape scales. Integrative and synergistic use of existing and new IPM technologies will help meet future food production needs more sustainably in developed and developing countries, in an era of reduced pesticide availability. Current IPM research gaps are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicholas E Birch
- The James Hutton Institute, Environment Plant Interactions, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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HAMEISTER STEFFEN, NEUFFER BARBARA, BLEEKER WALTER. Genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation of a naturally occurring floral homeotic mutant within a wild-type population ofCapsella bursa-pastoris(Brassicaceae). Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2659-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Squire GR, Hawes C, Begg GS, Young MW. Cumulative impact of GM herbicide-tolerant cropping on arable plants assessed through species-based and functional taxonomies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2009; 16:85-94. [PMID: 19048321 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-008-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE In a gradualist approach to the introduction of crop biotechnology, the findings of experimentation at one scale are used to predict the outcome of moving to a higher scale of deployment. Movement through scales had occurred for certain genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops in the UK as far as large-scale field trials. However, the land area occupied by these trials was still <1% of the area occupied by the respective non-GM crops. Some means is needed to predict the direction and size of the effect of increasing the area of GMHT cropping on ecological variables such as the diversity among species and trophic interactions. Species-accumulation curves are examined here as a method of indicating regional-scale impacts on botanical diversity from multiple field experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were used from experiments on the effect of (GMHT) crops and non-GM, or conventional, comparators in fields sown with four crop types (beet, maize, spring and winter oilseed rape) at a total of 250 sites in the UK between 2000 and 2003. Indices of biodiversity were measured in a split-field design comparing GMHT with the farmers' usual weed management. In the original analyses based on the means at site level, effects were detected on the mass of weeds in the three spring crops and the proportion of broadleaf and grass weeds in winter oilseed rape, but not on indices of plant species diversity. To explore the links between site means and total taxa, accumulation curves were constructed based on the number of plant species (a pool of around 250 species in total) and the number of plant functional types (24), inferred from the general life-history characteristics of a species. RESULTS Species accumulation differed between GMHT and conventional treatments in direction and size, depending on the type of crop and its conventional management. Differences were mostly in the asymptote of the curve, indicative of the maximum number of species found in a treatment, rather than the steepness of the curve. In winter oilseed rape, 8% more species were accumulated in the GMHT treatment, mainly as a result of the encouragement of grass species by the herbicide when applied in the autumn. (Overall, GMHT winter oilseed rape had strong negative effects on both the food web and the potential weed burden by increasing the biomass of grasses and decreasing that of broadleaf weeds.) In maize, 33% more species-a substantial increase-were accumulated in the GMHT than in the conventional, consistent with the latter's highly suppressive weed management using triazine herbicides. In the spring oilseed rape and beet, fewer species (around 10%) were accumulated in the GMHT than the conventional. The GMHT treatments did not remove or add any functional (life history) types, however. Differences in species accumulation between treatments appeared to be caused by loss or gain of rarer species. The generality of this effect was confirmed by simulations of species accumulation in which the species complement at each of 50 sites was drawn from a regional pool and subjected to reducing treatment at each site. Shifts in the species-accumulation parameters, comparable to those measured, occurred only when a treatment removed the rarer species at each site. DISCUSSION Species accumulation provided a set of simple curve-parameters that captured the net result of numerous local effects of treatments on plant species and, in some instances, the balance between grass and broadleaf types. The direction of effect was not the same in the four crops and depended on the severity of the conventional treatment and on complex interactions between season, herbicide and crop. The accumulation curves gave an indication of potential positive or negative consequences for regional species pools of replacing a conventional practice with GMHT weed management. In this and related studies, a range of indicators, through which diversity was assessed by both species and functional type, and at both site and regional scales, gave more insight into effects of GMHT treatment than provided by any one indicator. CONCLUSIONS Species accumulation was shown to discriminate at the regional scale between agronomic treatments that had little effect on species number at the field scale. While a comprehensive assessment of GM cropping needs to include an examination of regional effects, as here, the costs of doing this in all instances would be prohibitive. Simulations of diversity-reducing treatments could provide a theoretical framework for predicting the likely regional effects from in-field plant dynamics. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Accumulation curves potentially offer a means of linking within-site effects to regional impacts on biodiversity resulting from any change in agricultural practice. To guide empirical measurement, there is a scope to apply a methodology such as individual-based modelling at the field scale to explore the links between agronomic treatments and the relative abundance of plant types. The framework needs to be validated in practice, using species-based and functional taxonomies, the latter defined by measured rather than inferred traits.
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Hawes C, Haughton A, Bohan D, Squire G. Functional approaches for assessing plant and invertebrate abundance patterns in arable systems. Basic Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Broadley MR, White PJ, Hammond JP, Graham NS, Bowen HC, Emmerson ZF, Fray RG, Iannetta PPM, McNicol JW, May ST. Evidence of neutral transcriptome evolution in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:587-593. [PMID: 18801004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
* The transcriptome of an organism is its set of gene transcripts (mRNAs) at a defined spatial and temporal locus. Because gene expression is affected markedly by environmental and developmental perturbations, it is widely assumed that transcriptome divergence among taxa represents adaptive phenotypic selection. This assumption has been challenged by neutral theories which propose that stochastic processes drive transcriptome evolution. * To test for evidence of neutral transcriptome evolution in plants, we quantified 18 494 gene transcripts in nonsenescent leaves of 14 taxa of Brassicaceae using robust cross-species transcriptomics which includes a two-step physical and in silico-based normalization procedure based on DNA similarity among taxa. * Transcriptome divergence correlates positively with evolutionary distance between taxa and with variation in gene expression among samples. Results are similar for pseudogenes and chloroplast genes evolving at different rates. Remarkably, variation in transcript abundance among root-cell samples correlates positively with transcriptome divergence among root tissues and among taxa. * Because neutral processes affect transcriptome evolution in plants, many differences in gene expression among or within taxa may be nonfunctional, reflecting ancestral plasticity and founder effects. Appropriate null models are required when comparing transcriptomes in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Broadley
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - P J White
- SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - J P Hammond
- University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - N S Graham
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - H C Bowen
- University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Z F Emmerson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R G Fray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | | | - S T May
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Debeljak M, Squire GR, Demšar D, Young MW, Džeroski S. Relations between the oilseed rape volunteer seedbank, and soil factors, weed functional groups and geographical location in the UK. Ecol Modell 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pachepsky E, Bown JL, Eberst A, Bausenwein U, Millard P, Squire GR, Crawford JW. Consequences of intraspecific variation for the structure and function of ecological communities Part 2: Linking diversity and function. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ceplitis A, Su Y, Lascoux M. Bayesian inference of evolutionary history from chloroplast microsatellites in the cosmopolitan weed Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae). Mol Ecol 2006; 14:4221-33. [PMID: 16313588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides showing an extraordinary degree of phenotypic variability, Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) is also one of the world's most common plant species and a serious weed in many countries. We have employed a coalescent-based Bayesian analysis of chloroplast microsatellite data to infer demographic and evolutionary parameters of this species. Two different demographic models applied to data from seven chloroplast microsatellite loci among 59 accessions show that the effective population size of C. bursa-pastoris is very small indicating a rapid expansion of the species, a result that is in accordance with fossil and historical data. Against this background, analysis of flowering time variation among accessions suggests that ecotypic differentiation in flowering time has occurred recently in the species' history. Finally, our results also indicate that mononucleotide repeat loci in the chloroplast genome can deteriorate in relatively short periods of evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Ceplitis
- Department of Conservation Biology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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