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T-cell and B-cell perturbations identify distinct differences in HIV-2 compared with HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency. AIDS 2019; 33:1131-1141. [PMID: 30845070 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For unknown reasons, HIV-2 is less pathogenic than HIV-1, and HIV-2-induced immunodeficiency may be different from that caused by HIV-1. Previous immunological studies have hinted at possible shifts in both T-cell and B-cell subsets, which we aimed to characterize further. METHODS From an HIV clinic in Guinea-Bissau, 63 HIV-2, 83 HIV-1, and 26 HIV-negative participants were included. All HIV-infected participants were ART-naive. The following cell subsets were analysed by flow cytometry; T cells (maturation and activation), regulatory T cells, and B cells (maturation and activation). RESULTS After standardizing for sex, age, and CD4 T-cell count HIV-2 had 0.938 log10 copies/ml lower HIV RNA levels than the HIV-1-infected patients. Whereas T-cell maturation and regulatory T-cell profiles were similar between patients, HIV-2-infected patients had higher proportions of CD8CD28 and lower proportions of CD8PD-1+ T cells than HIV-1-infected patients. This finding was independent of HIV RNA levels. HIV-2 was also associated with a more preserved proportion of naive B cells. CONCLUSION HIV-2 is characterized by lower viral load, and lower T-cell activation, which may account for the slower disease progression.
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Brookes RH, Hill PC, Owiafe PK, Ibanga HB, Jeffries DJ, Donkor SA, Fletcher HA, Hammond AS, Lienhardt C, Adegbola RA, McShane H, Hill AVS. Safety and immunogenicity of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine MVA85A in West Africa. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2921. [PMID: 18698342 PMCID: PMC2488375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination with a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara expressing antigen 85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MVA85A, induces high levels of cellular immune responses in UK volunteers. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of this new vaccine in West African volunteers. Methods and Findings We vaccinated 21 healthy adult male subjects (11 BCG scar negative and 10 BCG scar positive) with MVA85A after screening for evidence of prior exposure to mycobacteria. We monitored them over six months, observing for clinical, haematological and biochemical adverse events, together with assessment of the vaccine induced cellular immune response using ELISPOT and flow cytometry. MVA85A was well tolerated with no significant adverse events. Mild local and systemic adverse events were consistent with previous UK trials. Marked immunogenicity was found whether individuals had a previous BCG scar or not. There was not enhanced immunogenicity in those with a BCG scar, and induced T cell responses were better maintained in apparently BCG-naïve Gambians than previously studied BCG-naïve UK vaccinees. Although responses were predominantly attributable to CD4+ T cells, we also identified antigen specific CD8+ T cell responses, in subjects who were HLA B-35 and in whom enough blood was available for more detailed immunological analysis. Conclusions These data on the safety and immunogenicity of MVA85A in West Africa support its accelerated development as a promising booster vaccine for tuberculosis. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00423839
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger H. Brookes
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Philip C. Hill
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Patrick K. Owiafe
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Hannah B. Ibanga
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - David J. Jeffries
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Simon A. Donkor
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulrahman S. Hammond
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Richard A. Adegbola
- Bacterial Diseases Programme, Tuberculosis Division, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Helen McShane
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Soares R, Foxall R, Albuquerque A, Cortesão C, Garcia M, Victorino RMM, Sousa AE. Increased frequency of circulating CCR5+ CD4+ T cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. J Virol 2006; 80:12425-9. [PMID: 17035326 PMCID: PMC1676275 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01557-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 expression determines susceptibility to infection, cell tropism, and the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. CCR5 is also considered the major HIV-2 coreceptor in vivo, in spite of broad coreceptor use in vitro. Here we report a significantly increased proportion of memory-effector CD4 T cells expressing CCR5 in HIV-2-infected patients correlating with CD4 depletion. Moreover, HIV-2 proviral DNA was essentially restricted to memory-effector CD4, suggesting that this is the main target for HIV-2. Similar levels of proviral DNA were found in the two infection categories. Thus, the reduced viremia and slow rate of CD4 decline that characterize HIV-2 infection seem to be unrelated to coreceptor availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Soares
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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