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Kurokawa I, Takahashi K, Moll I, Moll R. Expression of keratins in cutaneous epithelial tumors and related disorders - distribution and clinical significance. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:217-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wilke K, Wepf R, Keil FJ, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Biel SS. Are Sweat Glands an Alternate Penetration Pathway? Understanding the Morphological Complexity of the Axillary Sweat Gland Apparatus. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 19:38-49. [PMID: 16247248 DOI: 10.1159/000089142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To build an effective barrier against the penetration of extrinsic agents is one of the skin's main functions. The barrier properties of the stratum corneum and the epidermis have been subject to extensive studies in the past while the role of skin appendages as possible pathways of penetration are only rarely described. In order to study the possible penetration barriers in these complex appendages, a careful investigation of their morphology and ultrastructure has to be done. Studying the morphology of axillary skin appendages requires clear-cut criteria for the differentiation between eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine glands. Therefore we studied the distribution of proteins described to be specific for either eccrine or apocrine glands (CD15, CD44, S-100 and milk fat globulin) on axillary skin samples from healthy young adults by immunofluorescence. Additionally, we examined the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins such as cytokeratins (1/10/11, 14, 18) and F-actin. For a more detailed understanding of the possible versatile barrier elements of the axillary sweat glands, we studied the distribution of tight-junction-associated proteins (occludin, claudin 1, claudin 4). The coils and the dermal duct may provide an active barrier built of tight junctions as occludin and claudin 4 are co-localized. However, the intra-epidermal duct did not show any co-localization of the investigated proteins. By combining morphological features as revealed by F-actin staining and the distribution of the above-mentioned proteins, immunocytochemical typing of eccrine and apocrine glands becomes possible. With this tool, we could also confirm the existence of apoeccrine glands and locate them in their 'natural environment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wilke
- Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Deutschland
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3
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Langbein L, Rogers MA, Praetzel S, Cribier B, Peltre B, Gassler N, Schweizer J. Characterization of a novel human type II epithelial keratin K1b, specifically expressed in eccrine sweat glands. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:428-44. [PMID: 16117782 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that a novel human type II epithelial keratin, K1b, is exclusively expressed in luminal duct cells of eccrine sweat glands. Taking this luminal K1b expression as a reference, we have used antibodies against a plethora of epithelial keratins to systematically investigate their expression in the secretory globule and the two-layered sweat duct, which was divided into the intraglandular, intradermal, and intraepidermal (acrosyringium) segments, the latter being further subdivided into the sweat duct ridge and upper intraepidermal duct. We show that (i) each of the eccrine sweat gland tissue compartments expresses their own keratin patterns, (ii) the peripheral and luminal duct layers exhibit a sequential keratin expression, with both representing self-renewing cell layers, (iii) the intradermal duct and the sweat duct ridge display hitherto unknown length variations, and (iv) out of all cell layers, the luminal cell layer is the most robust layer and expresses the highest number of keratins, these being concentrated at the apical side of the cells to form the cuticle. We provide evidence that the cellular and intercellular properties of the peripheral and the luminal layers reflect adaptations to different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Langbein
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kurokawa I, Nishijima S, Kusumoto K, Senzaki H, Shikata N, Tsubura A. A case report of hidroacanthoma simplex with an immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44:775-6. [PMID: 16135152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Kurokawa I, Nishijima S, Kusumoto K, Senzaki H, Shikata N, Tsubura A. Immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins in hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). J Int Med Res 2002; 30:131-6. [PMID: 12025520 DOI: 10.1177/147323000203000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 14 cases of hidradenitis suppurativa, cytokeratin (CK) expression was studied immunohistochemically, using six antikeratin antibodies against CK1, CK10, CK14, CK16, CK17 and CK19, respectively. The draining sinus tract epithelium of hidradenitis suppurativa lesions was divided into three components: infundibular-like keratinized epithelium (type A), non-infundibular keratinized epithelium (type B), and non-keratinized epithelium (type C). In type A samples, CK17 (which is found in normal infundibulum) was not detected, suggesting fragility of this epithelial type. Keratin expression in types B and C epithelia was similar to that observed in the outer root sheath in normal hair follicles. Our results suggest that the draining sinus epithelium may possess characteristics of fragility, undifferentiation and hyperproliferation, as shown with CK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kurokawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo Prefectural Tsukaguchi Hospital, Hyogo, Japan.
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Kamishima T, Igarashi S, Takeuchi Y, Ito M, Fukuda T. Pigmented hidrocystoma of the eccrine secretory coil in the vulva: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26:145-9. [PMID: 10235380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1999.tb01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A case of pigmented hidrocystoma of eccrine secretory coil is presented. A 47-year-old woman had developed a bluish black small nodule in the anterior portion of the labium minor a few years before entry. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by eosinophilic columnar epithelium with abundant brownish granules. There was a vague suggestion of decapitation secretion focally in the epithelial layer of cuboidal cells. This layer expressed distinct reactivity against CA19-9 with no reactivity for human milk fat globule-1 (HMFG-1). These features demonstrated that the cyst was not of apocrine nature but of eccrine derivation. In addition, positive immunoreaction for cytokeratin (CK)7, CK8 and CK19 defined the cyst as originating from the secretory coil of the sweat gland. Ultrastructurally, melanosomes in various stages were identified in most of the epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the present case was a hidrocystoma of eccrine secretory coil with abnormal melanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamishima
- Department of Pathology, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya, Japan
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7
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Ishida-Yamamoto A, Iizuka H. Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (Mascaro). An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18:207-11. [PMID: 8739998 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199604000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Eccrine syringofibroadenoma is a rare benign skin tumor, which usually develops on the extremities of elderly persons. We performed immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of a typical case of eccrine syringofibroadenoma that developed on the left heel of a 58-year-old man. The tumor consisted of anastomosing thin epithelial strands connected to the epidermis. There were many ductal or cystic structures, and their luminal cells were strongly positive to antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen. Filagrin and involucrin immunoreactivities were also detected in some cells surrounding the ducts. Keratins K1 and K10, co-expressed in the peripheral cells of normal acrosyringia, were colocalized in small cell clusters. Ultrastructurally, intracellular duct formation characteristic of developing acrosyringia was observed. Tumor cells containing globular keratohyaline granules with various electron densities were seen around some ductal structures. In these areas, keratinization took place without lamellar granule formation or prominent cornified cell envelope assembly. These results suggest acrosyringial differentiation of this tumor.
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8
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Honda Y, Egawa K, Baba Y, Ono T. Sweat duct milia—immunohistological analysis of structure and three-dimensional reconstruction. Arch Dermatol Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02505822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Demirkesen C, Hoede N, Moll R. Epithelial markers and differentiation in adnexal neoplasms of the skin: an immunohistochemical study including individual cytokeratins. J Cutan Pathol 1995; 22:518-35. [PMID: 8835171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1995.tb01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Applying immunohistochemical procedures for the detection of eight different cytokeratin (CK) polypeptides and other differentiation markers, we compared the staining patterns of normal cutaneous structures with those of benign adnexal tumors (n = 65). Syringomas exhibited a marker pattern highly reminiscent of that seen in normal dermal eccrine ducts (EMA in peripheral cells, CK 10 in intermediate cells, and CK 6, CK 19, and CEA in luminal cells). Nodular hidradenomas exhibited complex patterns suggesting relationship between tumor cells, including clear cells, and normal secretory coil cells (CK 7, CK 8, CK 19, and EMA); however, dermal-duct and epidermoid differentiation were also detectable. In both cylindromas and spiradenomas, zonal staining patterns were apparent: modified myoepithelial cells were positive for smooth-muscle-type actin, while the luminal cells mainly expressed ductal markers (CK 6 and CK 19) and, less prominently, secretory-coil markers including CK 7. Eccrine poromas exhibited a widespread reaction for CK 5/6 and EMA, analogous to peripheral dermal duct cells, but focal maturation toward inner-ductal and secretory-coil cells was also demonstrable. The staining pattern observed in trichoepitheliomas resembled that of the outer but not the inner root sheath. In conclusion, the detailed marker profiles obtained in the present study have broadened our understanding of the differentiation and nature of these highly singular tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Demirkesen
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School of the University of Mainz, Germany
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Watanabe S, Hirose M, Sato S, Takahashi H. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratin expression in eccrine spiradenoma: similarities to the transitional portions between secretory segments and coiled ducts of eccrine glands. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:799-807. [PMID: 7532000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite light and electron microscopic and histochemical studies, there is no consensus on the cellular differentiation of eccrine spiradenoma. In the present study, eight specimens of eccrine spiradenoma were analysed by immunohistochemical techniques, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins. Two types of epithelial cells were identified in tumour nodules: large, pale epithelial cells in the centre, and small, dark epithelial cells situated at the periphery. These nodules frequently contained tubular structures lined by cuboidal, columnar or, less commonly, flattened epithelial cells. Cytokeratin expression in eccrine spiradenoma was compared with expression in normal eccrine glands. Immunohistochemistry revealed that large, pale epithelial cells expressed immunophenotypes similar to those of luminal cells in the transitional portions between the secretory portions and the coiled ducts. The small, dark cells expressed immunophenotypes similar to those of basal cells in the transitional portions. Tubular structures observed in eccrine spiradenoma showed staining patterns similar to those of the luminal cells in the transitional portions. Eccrine spiradenoma may, therefore, differentiate towards the transitional portions between the secretory portions and coiled ducts of eccrine glands. Some of the large, pale epithelial cells in eccrine spiradenoma differentiate towards tubular structures, forming a lumen lined by a cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ansai SI, Koseki S, Hozumi Y, Kondo S. Usefulness of the AMeX method for immunostaining with antikeratin antibodies. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19:458-62. [PMID: 7534220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We performed an immunohistochemical study with 11 antikeratin antibodies using the newly developed AMeX (acetone-methylbenzoate-xylene) tissue processing method. Specimens processed with this method showed almost as good preservation and morphological detail as routinely processed, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens, and as good preservation of antigenicity as fresh frozen tissue specimens. Thus, we propose the wide use of this method in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Ansai
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ansai SI, Katagata Y, Yoshikawa KI, Hozumi Y, Aso K. Keratin specificity analyses of eight anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies, and their immunostaining patterns in normal skin using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Arch Dermatol Res 1993; 285:6-12. [PMID: 7682400 DOI: 10.1007/bf00370816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Keratin specificity analyses of eight anti-keratin antibodies (34 beta B4 (K1), 35 beta H11 (K8), Ks 13.1 (K13), Ks 19.1 (K19), PKK1, LP34 (CK1), KL1 and AE1) using keratin protein derived from normal thigh epidermis, normal parotid gland and a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-5) were performed, and compared with those described in the data sheets. The reactivities of LP34, KL1 and PKK1 were markedly different from those mentioned in the data sheets. The immunostaining pattern of these antibodies in normal skin using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens was also examined. The staining patterns of suprabasal keratinocytes (K1, K13, CK1 and KL1 positive), basal cells of the epidermis (PKK1 and AE1 positive), inner cells of the ducts (K8, K13, CK1, KL1 and AE1 positive) and secretory cells of sweat glands (K8, K19, PKK1, KL1 and AE1 positive), mature cells (K8 and KL1 positive) and peripheral cells (CK1, KL1 and AE1 positive) of sebaceous glands and outer root sheaths (PKK1, CK1, KL1 and AE1 positive) were specific. Thus, we conclude that the differentiation of epidermis and skin appendages is possible by immunostaining with these eight anti-keratin antibodies using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens with proper protease pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Ansai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Japan
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Tazawa T, Ito M, Fujiwara H, Imai S, Akai S, Niizuma K. Monoclonal antibody analysis of keratin expression in carcinomas of sweat glands. J Cutan Pathol 1992; 19:407-14. [PMID: 1282136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1992.tb00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of keratins of five carcinomas of sweat gland origin were immunohistochemically investigated with several antikeratin monoclonal antibodies with differing specificities. Specimens were obtained from two cases of mucinous carcinoma of the skin, two cases of classic type of eccrine adenocarcinoma, and a case of eccrine porocarcinoma. The tumor cells of mucinous carcinoma expressed only simple epithelial keratins. In a case of eccrine adenocarcinoma, simple epithelial keratin 19 was diffusely expressed. The expression of the other simple epithelial keratins was confined to the luminal cells, whereas the remaining tumor cells further expressed stratified epithelial keratins. Eccrine porocarcinoma and a second case of eccrine adenocarcinoma did not express simple epithelial keratins, although stratified epithelial keratins were diffusely expressed. These data suggest that carcinomas of sweat glands express various combinations of simple and stratified epithelial keratins. Development of additional data along these lines may help to further define their classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan
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Moll I, Moll R. Changes of expression of intermediate filament proteins during ontogenesis of eccrine sweat glands. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:777-85. [PMID: 1569327 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12499950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate filament expression in fetal and adult human eccrine sweat glands was studied by immunoperoxidase microscopy performed on cryostat sections using monoclonal antibodies against various cytokeratins (CK), vimentin, and actin. In palmar skin of 14-week-old fetuses, the early dermal cords showed a primitive CK pattern similar to that of epidermal basal cells. From week 15 on (distal finger skin), inner cells of the proximal (ductal) portion of the glandular anlagen expressed CK 1/10/11 and 19 (markers of adult eccrine ductal luminal cells). In addition, CK 4 was expressed in ductal luminal cells mainly in the fetal period. In the distal portion of the sweat gland anlagen the increased or new expression of the simple-epithelium-type CK 7, 8, 18, and 19 was detected at week 15, indicating the onset of the secretory differentiation pathway. Two subsegments of the prospective secretory portion could be distinguished (elongated part and end bud). Interestingly, in fetuses, most secretory portion cells co-expressed vimentin in addition to CK. From week 22 on, peripheral cells of the secretory portion were stained for CK 17 and smooth-muscle-type actin, suggesting myoepithelial differentiation. In newborn and adult eccrine glands, secretory cells expressed mainly CK 7, 8, 18, and 19, whereas myoepithelial cells were conspicuous by their co-expression of certain CK (including CK 5 and 17), vimentin, and smooth-muscle-type actin and sometimes even glial filament protein (GFP), similar to myoepithelial cells of other glands. These results throw further light onto the complex processes of fetal development of eccrine sweat glands and their cellular diversification. The possible biologic significance of the differential CK expression in the various glandular cell types is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Moll
- Department of Dermatology, Mannheim Medical School, University of Heidelberg, F.R.G
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Heidenbluth VI, Conrad K, Karsten U, Heinisch G. [Expression of intermediate filaments in cutaneous cylindroma]. Acta Histochem 1991; 90:39-42. [PMID: 1710863 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using different monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibodies (broad spectrum, cytokeratin 7, 8, 18, 19) and the antibody A55-A/A9 until now characterized only by immunohistology the staining of ductal structures and some cells within the lobulae of dermal cylindromata was demonstrated. In regard to the cytokeratin polypeptide patterns of the adnexes in uninvolved skin an exact histogenetic correlation by our findings is not possible, but the pattern is consistent with the conception of the glandular origin of the tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Heidenbluth
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Medizinischen Akademie C. G. Carus, Dresden
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Wollina U, Schaarschmidt H, Knopf B. Immunolocalization of cytokeratins in human eccrine sweat glands. Acta Histochem 1990; 88:125-9. [PMID: 1699376 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands of adult human skin were described in terms of immunohistological distribution of cytokeratins using monoclonal antibodies. The results are in favour of a segmental cytokeratin expression and provide a feasible basis for the investigation of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wollina
- Hospital of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, GDR
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