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Smith S, Houghton A, Mockeridge B, van Zundert A. The Internet, Apps, and the Anesthesiologist. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:3000. [PMID: 37998492 PMCID: PMC10671284 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11223000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern anesthesia continues to be impacted in new and unforeseen ways by digital technology. Combining portability and versatility, mobile applications or "apps" provide a multitude of ways to enhance anesthetic and peri-operative care. Research suggests that the uptake of apps into anesthetic practice is becoming increasingly routine, especially amongst younger anesthetists brought up in the digital age. Despite this enthusiasm, there remains no consensus on how apps are safely and efficiently integrated into anesthetic practice. This review summarizes the most popular forms of app usage in anesthesia currently and explores the challenges and opportunities inherent in implementing app use in anesthesia, with an emphasis on a practical approach for the modern anesthetist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Smith
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Redcliffe Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4020, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.H.)
| | - Andrew Houghton
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.H.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Brydie Mockeridge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.H.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - André van Zundert
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.H.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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Saxena N, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Richmond L, Babic A, Singh KD, Hall JE, Wise RG, Shaw AD. A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118659. [PMID: 34767940 PMCID: PMC9227747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying changes in cortical oscillations can help elucidate the mechanistic link between receptor physiology and the clinical effects of anaesthetic drugs. Propofol, a GABA-ergic drug produces divergent effects on visual cortical activity: increasing induced gamma-band responses (GBR) while decreasing evoked responses. Dexmedetomidine, an α2- adrenergic agonist, differs from GABA-ergic sedatives both mechanistically and clinically as it allows easy arousability from deep sedation with less cognitive side-effects. Here we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize and compare the effects of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation, on visual and motor cortical oscillations. Sixteen male participants received target-controlled infusions of propofol and dexmedetomidine, producing mild-sedation, in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study. MEG data was collected during a combined visuomotor task. The key findings were that propofol significantly enhanced visual stimulus induced GBR (44% increase in amplitude) while dexmedetomidine decreased it (40%). Propofol also decreased the amplitudes of the Mv100 (visual M100) (27%) and Mv150 (52%) visual evoked fields (VEF), whilst dexmedetomidine had no effect on these. During the motor task, neither drug had any significant effect on movement related gamma synchrony (MRGS), movement related beta de-synchronisation (MRBD) or Mm100 (movement-related M100) movement-related evoked fields (MEF), although dexmedetomidine slowed the Mm300. Dexmedetomidine increased (92%) post-movement beta synchronisation/rebound (PMBR) power while propofol reduced it (70%, statistically non- significant). Overall, dexmedetomidine and propofol, at equi-sedative doses, produce contrasting effects on visual induced GBR, VEF, PMBR and MEF. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the known receptor physiology of these sedative drugs with their known clinical effects and may be used to explore mechanisms of other anaesthetic drugs on human consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Saxena
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, United Kingdom.
| | - Suresh D Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland 1123, New Zealand; School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland 1123, New Zealand
| | - Lewys Richmond
- Department of Anaesthetics, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Babic
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, NP20 2UB, United Kingdom
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Hall
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alexander D Shaw
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Daniëls N, Bartels S, Verhagen S, Van Knippenberg R, De Vugt M, Delespaul P. Digital assessment of working memory and processing speed in everyday life: Feasibility, validation, and lessons-learned. Internet Interv 2020; 19:100300. [PMID: 31970080 PMCID: PMC6965714 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2019.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive functioning is often impaired in mental and neurological conditions and might fluctuate throughout the day. An existing experience-sampling tool was upgraded to assess individual's cognition in everyday life. The objectives were to test the feasibility and validity of two momentary cognition tasks. METHODS The momentary Visuospatial Working Memory Task (mVSWMT) and momentary Digit Symbol Substitution Task (mDSST) were add-ons to an experience sampling method (ESM) smartphone app. Healthy adults (n = 49) between 19 and 73 years of age performed the tasks within an ESM questionnaire 8 times a day, over 6 consecutive days. Feasibility was determined through completion rate and participant experience. Validity was assessed through contextualization of cognitive performance within intrapersonal and situational factors in everyday life. FINDINGS Participants experienced the tasks as pleasant, felt motivated, and the completion rate was high (71%). Social context, age, and distraction influenced cognitive performance in everyday life. The mVSWMT was too difficult as only 37% of recalls were correct and thus requires adjustments (i.e. fixed time between encoding and recall; more trials per moment). The mDSST speed outcome seems the most sensitive outcome measure to capture between- and within-person variance. CONCLUSIONS Short momentary cognition tasks for repeated assessment are feasible and hold promise, but more research is needed to improve validity and applicability in different samples. Recommendations for teams engaging in the field include matching task design with traditional neuropsychological tests and involving a multidisciplinary team as well as users. Special attention for individual needs can improve motivation and prevent frustration. Finally, tests should be attractive and competitive to stimulate engagement, but still reflect actual cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.E.M. Daniëls
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Lifesciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S.L. Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Lifesciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S.J.W. Verhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Lifesciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R.J.M. Van Knippenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Lifesciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M.E. De Vugt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Lifesciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ph.A.E.G Delespaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Lifesciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Mondriaan Mental Health Trust, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Heerlen, the Netherlands
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Moore RC, Swendsen J, Depp CA. Applications for self-administered mobile cognitive assessments in clinical research: A systematic review. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2017; 26:e1562. [PMID: 28370881 PMCID: PMC5623609 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent, brief and repeated self-administered mobile assessments of cognitive function, conducted in everyday life settings, are a promising complementary tool to traditional assessment approaches. Mobile cognitive assessments promote patient-centered care and might enhance capacity to inform individual-level outcomes over time (i.e. detecting subtle declines in cognitive function), as well as in assessing cognition and its correlates in the naturalistic environment. The goal of this systematic review was to assess the feasibility and psychometric properties of mobile cognitive assessments. Through a comprehensive search, we identified 12 articles using self-administered, mobile phone-based cognitive assessments. Studies sampled participants between 1 and 6 times per day for 1-14 days. Samples ranged in age from 14 to 83 years old and were generally healthy populations without cognitive impairment. Working memory was the most frequently-assessed cognitive domain (n = 7), followed by attention/reaction time (n = 4). Seven studies reported adherence, with mean adherence rates of 79.2%. In addition to positive evidence of feasibility, there was general support for high levels of between- and within-person reliability and construct validity. While research has only begun to explore the utility of mobile cognitive assessments, studies to-date indicate they may be a promising complementary tool to traditional assessment methods with potential to improve clinical care and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeanne C Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joel Swendsen
- National Center for Scientific Research, University of Bordeaux, EPHE, Bordeaux, France
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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Sepúlveda PO, Carrasco E, Tapia LF, Ramos M, Cruz F, Conget P, Olivares QFB, Cortínez I. Evidence of hysteresis in propofol pharmacodynamics. Anaesthesia 2017; 73:40-48. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. O. Sepúlveda
- Servicio de Anestesia; Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - E. Carrasco
- Servicio de Anestesia; Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - L. F. Tapia
- Servicio de Anestesia; Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - M. Ramos
- Servicio de Anestesia; Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - F. Cruz
- Servicio de Anestesia; Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - P. Conget
- Centro de Química Médica; Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Q. F. B. Olivares
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa; Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - I. Cortínez
- División de Anestesiología; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
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Price E, Moore G, Galway L, Linden M. Validation of a Smartphone-Based Approach to In Situ Cognitive Fatigue Assessment. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 5:e125. [PMID: 28818818 PMCID: PMC5579321 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acquired Brain Injuries (ABIs) can result in multiple detrimental cognitive effects, such as reduced memory capability, concentration, and planning. These effects can lead to cognitive fatigue, which can exacerbate the symptoms of ABIs and hinder management and recovery. Assessing cognitive fatigue is difficult due to the largely subjective nature of the condition and existing assessment approaches. Traditional methods of assessment use self-assessment questionnaires delivered in a medical setting, but recent work has attempted to employ more objective cognitive tests as a way of evaluating cognitive fatigue. However, these tests are still predominantly delivered within a medical environment, limiting their utility and efficacy. Objective The aim of this research was to investigate how cognitive fatigue can be accurately assessed in situ, during the quotidian activities of life. It was hypothesized that this assessment could be achieved through the use of mobile assistive technology to assess working memory, sustained attention, information processing speed, reaction time, and cognitive throughput. Methods The study used a bespoke smartphone app to track daily cognitive performance, in order to assess potential levels of cognitive fatigue. Twenty-one participants with no prior reported brain injuries took place in a two-week study, resulting in 81 individual testing instances being collected. The smartphone app delivered three cognitive tests on a daily basis: (1) Spatial Span to measure visuospatial working memory; (2) Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to measure sustained attention, information processing speed, and reaction time; and (3) a Mental Arithmetic Test to measure cognitive throughput. A smartphone-optimized version of the Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS) self-assessment questionnaire was used as a baseline to assess the validity of the three cognitive tests, as the questionnaire has already been validated in multiple peer-reviewed studies. Results The most highly correlated results were from the PVT, which showed a positive correlation with those from the prevalidated MFS, measuring 0.342 (P<.008). Scores from the cognitive tests were entered into a regression model and showed that only reaction time in the PVT was a significant predictor of fatigue (P=.016, F=2.682, 95% CI 9.0-84.2). Higher scores on the MFS were related to increases in reaction time during our mobile variant of the PVT. Conclusions The results show that the PVT mobile cognitive test developed for this study could be used as a valid and reliable method for measuring cognitive fatigue in situ. This test would remove the subjectivity associated with established self-assessment approaches and the need for assessments to be performed in a medical setting. Based on our findings, future work could explore delivering a small set of tests with increased duration to further improve measurement reliability. Moreover, as the smartphone assessment tool can be used as part of everyday life, additional sources of data relating to physiological, psychological, and environmental context could be included within the analysis to improve the nature and precision of the assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Price
- Computer Science Research Institute, School of Computing, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - George Moore
- Computer Science Research Institute, School of Computing, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Galway
- Computer Science Research Institute, School of Computing, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Linden
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Muthukumaraswamy SD. The use of magnetoencephalography in the study of psychopharmacology (pharmaco-MEG). J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:815-29. [PMID: 24920134 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114536790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a neuroimaging technique that allows direct measurement of the magnetic fields generated by synchronised ionic neural currents in the brain with moderately good spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. Because chemical neuromodulation can cause changes in neuronal processing on the millisecond time-scale, the combination of MEG with pharmacological interventions (pharmaco-MEG) is a powerful tool for measuring the effects of experimental modulations of neurotransmission in the living human brain. Importantly, pharmaco-MEG can be used in both healthy humans to understand normal brain function and in patients to understand brain pathologies and drug-treatment effects. In this paper, the physiological and technical basis of pharmaco-MEG is introduced and contrasted with other pharmacological neuroimaging techniques. Ongoing developments in MEG analysis techniques such as source-localisation, functional and effective connectivity analyses, which have allowed for more powerful inferences to be made with recent pharmaco-MEG data, are described. Studies which have utilised pharmaco-MEG across a range of neurotransmitter systems (GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin) are reviewed.
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Thomson AJ, Nimmo AF, Engbers FHM, Glen JB. A novel technique to determine an ‘apparent ke0’ value for use with the Marsh pharmacokinetic model for propofol. Anaesthesia 2014; 69:420-8. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- L. I. Cortínez
- Anaesthesia Department; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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Saxena N, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Diukova A, Singh K, Hall J, Wise R. Enhanced stimulus-induced gamma activity in humans during propofol-induced sedation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57685. [PMID: 23483920 PMCID: PMC3590225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-induced gamma oscillations in the 30-80 Hz range have been implicated in a wide number of functions including visual processing, memory and attention. While occipital gamma-band oscillations can be pharmacologically modified in animal preparations, pharmacological modulation of stimulus-induced visual gamma oscillations has yet to be demonstrated in non-invasive human recordings. Here, in fifteen healthy humans volunteers, we probed the effects of the GABAA agonist and sedative propofol on stimulus-related gamma activity recorded with magnetoencephalography, using a simple visual grating stimulus designed to elicit gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex. During propofol sedation as compared to the normal awake state, a significant 60% increase in stimulus-induced gamma amplitude was seen together with a 94% enhancement of stimulus-induced alpha suppression and a simultaneous reduction in the amplitude of the pattern-onset evoked response. These data demonstrate, that propofol-induced sedation is accompanied by increased stimulus-induced gamma activity providing a potential window into mechanisms of gamma-oscillation generation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Saxena
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf Local Health Board, Llantrisant, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Diukova
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Krish Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Hall
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Anderson KJ, Allam S, Chapman R, Kenny GNC. The effect of propofol on patient reaction time and its relationship with loss of verbal contact before induction of anaesthesia*. Anaesthesia 2012; 68:148-53. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kraidin J, Ginsberg SH, Solina A. Anesthesia Apps: Overview of Current Technology and Intelligent Search Techniques. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 26:322-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kennedy DO, Veasey RC, Watson AW, Dodd FL, Jones EK, Tiplady B, Haskell CF. Vitamins and psychological functioning: a mobile phone assessment of the effects of a B vitamin complex, vitamin C and minerals on cognitive performance and subjective mood and energy. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:338-47. [PMID: 21751253 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite being widely consumed, the effects of multi-vitamin supplements on psychological functioning have received little research attention. METHODS Using a mobile phone testing paradigm, 198 males (30-55 years) in full-time employment took part in this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-groups trial assessing the effects of a multi-vitamin/mineral on cognitive performance and psychological state/mood. Participants completed two cognitive tasks and a number of visual analogue scales (VAS) before and after a full day's work, on the day before, and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after, commencing their treatment. RESULTS Participants in the vitamin/mineral group rated themselves as having greater 'physical stamina' across assessments and weeks. They also rated themselves as having had greater 'concentration' and 'mental stamina' during the working day at the assessment carried out after a day's work, but not at the time of the assessment completed prior to work. Participants in this group also reported greater subjective 'alertness' on Bond-Lader mood scales during the post-work assessment on day 14 and both the pre and post-work assessments on day 28. CONCLUSIONS These findings complement the results from the laboratory-based, randomised-controlled trial in the same cohort and suggest that healthy members of the general population may benefit from augmented levels of vitamins/minerals via direct dietary supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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