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Yamamura Y, Yoshinari K, Yamazoe Y. Construction of a fused grid-based CYP2C19-Template system and the application. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:100481. [PMID: 36813636 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A ligand-accessible space in the CYP2C19 active site was reconstituted as a fused grid-based Template with the use of structural data of the ligands. An evaluation system of CYP2C19-mediated metabolism has been developed on Template with the introduction of the idea of Trigger-residue initiated ligand-movement and fastening. Reciprocal comparison of the data of simulation on Template with experimental results suggested a unified way of the interaction of CYP2C19 and its ligands through the simultaneous plural-contact with Rear-wall of Template. CYP2C19 was expected to have a room for ligands between vertically standing parallel walls termed Facial-wall and Rear-wall, which were separated by a distance corresponding to 1.5-Ring (grid) diameter size. The ligand sittings were stabilized through contacts with Facial-wall and the left-side borders of Template including specific Position 29 or Left-end after Trigger-residue initiated ligand-movement. Trigger-residue movement is suggested to force ligands to stay firmly in the active site and then to initiate CYP2C19 reactions. Simulation experiments for over 450 reactions of CYP2C19 ligands supported the system established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Yamamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Non-Clinical Regulatory Science, Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan; Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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Wang K, Yang A, Shi M, Tam CCH, Lau ESH, Fan B, Lim CKP, Lee HM, Kong APS, Luk AOY, Tomlinson B, Ma RCW, Chan JCN, Chow E. CYP2C19 Loss-of-function Polymorphisms are Associated with Reduced Risk of Sulfonylurea Treatment Failure in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:461-469. [PMID: 34656068 PMCID: PMC9297921 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonylureas (SUs) are predominantly metabolized by cytochrome p450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and cytochrome p450 2C19 (CYP2C19) enzymes. CYP2C9 polymorphisms are associated with greater treatment response and hypoglycemic risk in SU users. However, there are no large scale pharmacogenetic studies investigating the effect of loss‐of‐function alleles CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3, which occur frequently in East Asians. Retrospective pharmacogenetic analysis was performed in 11,495 genotyped patients who were enrolled in the Hong Kong Diabetes Register between 1995 and 2017, with follow‐up to December 31, 2019. The associations of CYP2C19 polymorphisms with SU treatment failure, early HbA1c response, and severe hypoglycemia were analyzed by Cox regression or logistic regression assuming an additive genetic model. There were 2341 incident SU users that were identified (mean age 59 years, median diabetes duration 9 years), of which 324 were CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (CYP2C19 *2/*2 or *2/*3 or *3/*3). CYP2C19 poor metabolizers had lower risk of SU treatment failure (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–0.97, P = 0.018) and were more likely to reach the HbA1c treatment target < 7% (odds ratio 1.52, 95% CI 1.02–2.27, P = 0.039) than wild‐type carriers (CYP2C19 *1/*1) following adjustment for multiple covariates. There were no significant differences in severe hypoglycemia rates among different CYP2C19 genotype groups. CYP2C19 polymorphisms should be considered during personalization of SU therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mai Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Claudia C H Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric S H Lau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cadmon K P Lim
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alice P S Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrea O Y Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Fukuno S, Nagai K, Kasahara K, Mizobata Y, Omotani S, Hatsuda Y, Myotoku M, Konishi H. Altered tolbutamide pharmacokinetics by a decrease in hepatic expression of CYP2C6/11 in rats pretreated with 5-fluorouracil. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:53-59. [PMID: 28051340 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1278808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. We investigated the change in the pharmacokinetic profile of tolbutamide (TB), a substrate for CYP2C6/11, 4 days after single administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and the hepatic gene expression and activity of CYP2C6/11 were also examined in 5-FU-pretreated rats. 2. Regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters of the 5-FU group, the area under the curve (AUC) was significantly increased, and correspondingly, the elimination rate constant at the terminal phase (ke) was significantly decreased without significant change in the volume of distribution at the steady state (Vdss). 3. The metabolic production of 4-hydroxylated TB in hepatic microsomes was significantly reduced by the administration of 5-FU. 4. The expression level of mRNAs for hepatic CYP2C6 and CYP2C11 was significantly lower than in the control group when the rats were pretreated with 5-FU. 5. These results demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic profile of TB was altered by the treatment with 5-FU through a metabolic process, which may be responsible for the decreased CYP2C6/11 expression at mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Fukuno
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan and
| | - Katsuhito Nagai
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan and.,b Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan
| | - Keita Kasahara
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan and
| | - Yuki Mizobata
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan and
| | - Sachiko Omotani
- b Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Hatsuda
- b Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan
| | - Michiaki Myotoku
- b Laboratory of Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan
| | - Hiroki Konishi
- a Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University , Tondabayashi , Japan and
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Schiffman SS, Rother KI. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:399-451. [PMID: 24219506 PMCID: PMC3856475 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.842523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to Susan S. Schiffman, PhD, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7911, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Huang M. Polymorphisms of human cytochrome P450 2C9 and the functional relevance. Toxicology 2009; 278:165-88. [PMID: 19715737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) accounts for ∼20% of hepatic total CYP content and metabolizes ~15% clinical drugs such as phenytoin, S-warfarin, tolbutamide, losartan, and many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). CYP2C9 is highly polymorphic, with at least 33 variants of CYP2C9 (*1B through *34) being identified so far. CYP2C9*2 is frequent among Caucasians with ~1% of the population being homozygous carriers and 22% are heterozygous. The corresponding figures for the CYP2C9*3 allele are 0.4% and 15%, respectively. There are a number of clinical studies addressing the impact of CYP2C9 polymorphisms on the clearance and/or therapeutic response of therapeutic drugs. These studies have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles as a determining factor for drug clearance and drug response. The CYP2C9 polymorphisms are relevant for the efficacy and adverse effects of numerous NSAIDs, sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs and, most critically, oral anticoagulants belonging to the class of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitors. Warfarin has served as a practical example of how pharmacogenetics can be utilized to achieve maximum efficacy and minimum toxicity. For many of these drugs, a clear gene-dose and gene-effect relationship has been observed in patients. In this regard, CYP2C9 alleles can be considered as a useful biomarker in monitoring drug response and adverse effects. Genetic testing of CYP2C9 is expected to play a role in predicting drug clearance and conducting individualized pharmacotherapy. However, prospective clinical studies with large samples are warranted to establish gene-dose and gene-effect relationships for CYP2C9 and its substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Elliot DJ, Suharjono, Lewis BC, Gillam EMJ, Birkett DJ, Gross AS, Miners JO. Identification of the human cytochromes P450 catalysing the rate-limiting pathways of gliclazide elimination. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64:450-7. [PMID: 17517049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify the human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes responsible for the formation of the 6beta-hydroxy (6beta-OHGz), 7beta-hydroxy (7beta-OHGz) and hydroxymethyl (MeOH-Gz) metabolites of gliclizide (Gz). METHODS 6beta-OHGz, 7beta-OHGz and MeOH-Gz formation by human liver microsomes and a panel of recombinant human P450s was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure, and the kinetics of metabolite formation was determined for each pathway. Effects of prototypic CYP enzyme selective inhibitors were characterized for each of the microsomal metabolic pathways. RESULTS Microsomes from six human livers converted Gz to its 6beta-OHGz, 7beta-OHGz, and MeOH-Gz metabolites, with respective mean (+/- SD) K(m) values of 461 +/- 139, 404 +/- 143 and 334 +/- 75 microm and mean V(max) values of 130 +/- 55, 82 +/- 31 and 268 +/- 115 pmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. V(max)/K(m) ratios for the microsomal reactions parallelled relative metabolite formation in vivo. Sulfaphenazole inhibited microsomal 6beta-OHGz, 7beta-OHGz and MeOH-Gz formation by 87, 83 and 64%, respectively, whereas S-mephenytoin caused significant inhibition (48%) of only MeOH-Gz formation. Recombinant CYP2C9, CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 catalysed all hydroxylation pathways, whereas CYP2C8 formed only 6beta-OHGz and 7beta-OHGz. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that CYP2C9 is the major contributor to Gz metabolic clearance, although CYP2C19 may also be involved in MeOH-Gz formation (the major metabolic pathway). Factors known to influence CYP2C9 activity will provide the main source of variability in Gz pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Elliot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
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