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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5397. [PMID: 38791435 PMCID: PMC11121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally derived essential oils and their active components are known to possess various properties, ranging from anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activities. Numerous types of essential oils and active components have been discovered, and their permissive roles have been addressed in various fields. In this comprehensive review, we focused on the roles of essential oils and active components in skin diseases and cancers as discovered over the past three decades. In particular, we opted to highlight the effectiveness of essential oils and their active components in developing strategies against various skin diseases and skin cancers and to describe the effects of the identified essential-oil-derived major components from physiological and pathological perspectives. Overall, this review provides a basis for the development of novel therapies for skin diseases and cancers, especially melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Hock BD, Goddard L, MacPherson SA, Strother M, Gibbs D, Pearson JF, McKenzie JL. Levels and in vitro functional effects of circulating anti-hinge antibodies in melanoma patients receiving the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290793. [PMID: 37713423 PMCID: PMC10503750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of PD-1 monoclonals such as pembrolizumab can be modulated by the signals delivered via their Fc region. Tumour/inflammation associated proteases can generate F(ab')2 fragments of therapeutic monoclonals, and subsequent recognition of F(ab')2 epitopes by circulating anti-hinge antibodies (AHA) can then, potentially, link F(ab')2 binding to the target antigen with novel Fc signalling. Although elevated in inflammatory diseases, AHA levels in cancer patients have not been investigated and functional studies utilising the full repertoire of AHA present in sera have been limited. AHA levels in pembrolizumab treated melanoma patients (n = 23) were therefore compared to those of normal donors and adalimumab treated patients. A subset of melanoma patients and the majority of adalimumab patients had elevated levels of AHA reactive with F(ab')2 fragments of IgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonals (nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and IgG1 therapeutic monoclonals (rituximab, adalimumab). Survival analysis was restricted by the small patient numbers but those melanoma patients with the highest levels (>75% percentile, n = 5) of pembrolizumab-F(ab')2 reactive AHA had significantly better overall survival post pembrolizumab treatment (p = 0.039). In vitro functional studies demonstrated that the presence of AHA+ sera restored the neutrophil activating capacity of pembrolizumab to its F(ab')2 fragment. Neither pembrolizumab nor its F(ab')2 fragments can induce NK cell or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). However, AHA+ sera in combination with pembrolizumab-F(ab')2 provided Fc regions that could activate NK cells. The ability of AHA+ sera to restore CDC activity was more restricted and observed using only one pembrolizumab and one adalimumab patient serum in combination with rituximab- F(ab')2. This study reports the presence of elevated AHA levels in pembrolizumab treated melanoma patients and highlight the potential for AHA to provide additional Fc signaling. The issue of whether tumour associated proteolysis of PD-1 mAbs and subsequent AHA recognition impacts on treatment efficacy requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D. Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Liping Goddard
- Haematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sean A. MacPherson
- Haematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Strother
- Canterbury Regional Cancer and Haematology Service, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Gibbs
- Canterbury Regional Cancer and Haematology Service, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John F. Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Judith L. McKenzie
- Haematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Malta MD, Cerqueira MT, Marques AP. Extracellular matrix in skin diseases: The road to new therapies. J Adv Res 2023; 51:149-160. [PMID: 36481476 PMCID: PMC10491993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital structure with a dynamic and complex organization that plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis. In the skin, the ECM is arranged into two types of compartments: interstitial dermal matrix and basement membrane (BM). All evidence in the literature supports the notion that direct dysregulation of the composition, abundance or structure of one of these types of ECM, or indirect modifications in proteins that interact with them is linked to a wide range of human skin pathologies, including hereditary, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Even though the ECM's key role in these pathologies has been widely documented, its potential as a therapeutic target has been overlooked. AIM OF REVIEW This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in three groups of skin ECM-related diseases - genetic, autoimmune, and neoplastic - and the recent therapeutic progress and opportunities targeting ECM. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This article describes the implications of alterations in ECM components and in BM-associated molecules that are determinant for guaranteeing its function in different skin disorders. Also, ongoing clinical trials on ECM-targeted therapies are discussed together with future opportunities that may open new avenues for treating ECM-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Malta
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M T Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A P Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
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4
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Alba J, Barcia R, Gutiérrez-Berzal J, Ramos-Martínez JI. Could inhibition of metalloproteinases be used to block the process of metastasis? Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:600-607. [PMID: 35789101 PMCID: PMC9544369 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a multisequential process that allows tumor cells to migrate to tissues distant from the primary tumor. Only a small number of cells escape from the primary tumor; however, the metastases generated are responsible for more than 90% of cancer deaths. Many metastatic processes initially require the total or partial start‐up of a program for the transformation of tumor epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells (EMT). The launching of the EMT program is stimulated by cytokines and other elements produced by the diverse types of cells composing the tumor stroma. In parallel, a process of destabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) takes place by means of the synthesis of proteases of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family. EMC degradation allows the exportation of some tumor cells as mesenchymal cells to the circulatory system and their subsequent implantation in a tissue distant from the primary tumor. The blocking of these both processes appears as a hypothetical stop point in the metastatic mechanism. The present review deals with the different options to achieve the inhibition of MMPs, focusing on MMP7 as a target given its involvement in the metastatic processes of a wide variety of tumors. The simultaneous implantation of the epithelial–mesenchymal program and the synthesis and activation of matrix metalloproteinases during the first phases of the metastasis process is known. The inhibition of proteases could constitute a possible blockage of the process. The review describes the evolution of the different inhibition mechanisms that could inform applicable therapeutic mechanisms for the paralysis of the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alba
- Histobiomol, Hospital POLUSA, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ramiro Barcia
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Juan I Ramos-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Meng N, Li Y, Jiang P, Bu X, Ding J, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yu F, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xia L. A Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Tumorigenic Role of Matrix Metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7) Across Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:916907. [PMID: 35785154 PMCID: PMC9248742 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.916907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown the oncogenic function of matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7) in various tumors. However, no systemic pan-cancer analysis on the association between MMP7 and different cancers based on big clinical data is available. TIMER2, GEPIA2, UALCAN, cBioPortal, String, Metascape, and other web databases were searched in the present study. Generally, MMP7 expression is significantly upregulated in most The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cancer types compared to the paired normal controls, yet is downregulated in tumor tissues of invasive breast carcinoma (BRCA), kidney chromophobe (KICH), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM). MMP7 protein expression is notably higher in the primary tumor tissues of colon cancer, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) than in normal tissues and is significantly lower in the primary tumor tissues of breast cancer, clear cell renal carcinoma, and ovarian cancer. Furthermore, MMP7 expression is strongly associated with pathological stages, clinical outcomes, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (TSI). Gene amplification was detected in most TCGA cancer types. In addition, the missense mutation is the primary type of MMP7 genetic alteration in tumors. Significant positive correlations between MMP7 expression and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been demonstrated in most TCGA cancers. MMP7 expression was also found to be positively correlated with infiltration of dendritic cells and macrophages in some specific tumor types. Functional enrichment analysis by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and gene ontology (GO) methods revealed that RNA processing and DNA damage checkpoints might reveal the pathogenetic mechanisms of MMP7. This pan-cancer analysis provides a clear panorama for the tumorigenic roles of MMP7 across different cancer types. Moreover, MMP7 could be a potential drug therapeutic target in such cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhenjiang Kangfu Eye Hospital, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaguang Li
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengcheng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Bu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jifei Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Leizhou Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Leizhou Xia,
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Salama Y, Jaradat N, Hattori K, Heissig B. Aloysia Citrodora Essential Oil Inhibits Melanoma Cell Growth and Migration by Targeting HB-EGF-EGFR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158151. [PMID: 34360915 PMCID: PMC8347434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with melanoma have a poor prognosis due to regional invasion and metastases. The receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is found in a subtype of melanoma with a poor prognosis and contributes to drug resistance. Aloysia citrodora essential oil (ALOC-EO) possesses an antitumor effect. Understanding signaling pathways that contribute to the antitumor of ALOC-EO is important to identify novel tumor types that can be targeted by ALOC-EO. Here, we investigated the effects of ALOC-EO on melanoma growth and tumor cell migration. ALOC-EO blocked melanoma growth in vitro and impaired primary tumor cell growth in vivo. Mechanistically, ALOC-EO blocked heparin-binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)-induced EGFR signaling and suppressed ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Myelosuppressive drugs upregulated HB-EGF and EGFR expression in melanoma cells. Cotreatment of myelosuppressive drugs with ALOC-EO improved the antitumor activity and inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -9 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein9. In summary, our study demonstrates that ALOC-EO blocks EGFR and ERK1/2 signaling, with preclinical efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with myelosuppressive drugs in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus 99900800, Palestine
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 00970, Palestine;
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (B.H.)
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7
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Shi S, Li C, Zhang Y, Deng C, Liu W, Du J, Li Q, Ji Y, Guo L, Liu L, Hu H, Liu Y, Cui H. Dihydrocapsaicin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Melanoma via Down-regulating β-Catenin Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648052. [PMID: 33833997 PMCID: PMC8023049 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) is one of the main components of capsaicinoids in Capsicum. It has been reported that DHC exerts anti-cancer effects on diverse malignant tumors, such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and glioma. However, studies focused on the effect of DHC upon melanoma have rarely been done. In the present study, melanoma A375 and MV3 cell lines were treated with DHC and the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, DHC effectively inhibited xenograft tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells in NOD/SCID mice model. It was identified that β-catenin, which plays significant roles in cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, was down-regulated after DHC treatment. In addition, cyclin D1, c-Myc, MMP2, and MMP7, which are critical in diverse cellular process regulation as downstream proteins of β-catenin, were all decreased. Mechanistically, DHC accelerates ubiquitination of β-catenin and up-regulates the beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (BTRC) in melanoma cells. The DHC induced suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were partly rescued by exogenous β-catenin overexpression, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, DHC may serve as a candidate natural compound for human melanoma treatment through β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaowei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yacong Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leiyang Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lichao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huanrong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liao HY, Da CM, Liao B, Zhang HH. Roles of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in cancer. Clin Biochem 2021; 92:9-18. [PMID: 33713636 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is a small proteolytic enzyme that secretes zinc and calcium endopeptidases. It can degrade a variety of extracellular matrix substrates and other substrates and plays important regulatory roles in many human pathophysiological processes. Since its discovery, MMP-7 has been recognized as a regulatory protein in wound healing, bone growth, and remodeling. Later, MMP-7 was reported to regulate the occurrence and development of cancers and mediate the proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and invasion of several types of cancer cells via various mechanisms. Thus, matrix metalloproteinase-7 may be a promising tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. The expression of MMP-7 correlates with the clinical characteristics of cancer patients, and its expression profile is a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for a variety of human diseases. Hence, manipulating the expression or function of MMP-7 may be a potential treatment strategy for different diseases including cancers. This review summarizes the role played by MMP-7 in carcinogenesis of several human cancers, underlying mechanisms, and its clinical significance of the occurrence and development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Chao-Ming Da
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Bei Liao
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 1 Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Napoli S, Scuderi C, Gattuso G, Di Bella V, Candido S, Basile MS, Libra M, Falzone L. Functional Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051151. [PMID: 32392801 PMCID: PMC7291303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the regulation of the tissue microenvironment and in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Several proteins with a proteolytic activity toward several ECM components are involved in the regulation and remodeling of the ECM. Among these, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of peptidase able to remodel the ECM by favoring the tumor invasive processes. Of these peptidases, MMP-9 is the most involved in the development of cancer, including that of melanoma. Dysregulations of the MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways can lead to an aberrant overexpression of MMP-9. Even ncRNAs are implicated in the aberrant production of MMP-9 protein, as well as other proteins responsible for the activation or inhibition of MMP-9, such as Osteopontin and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases. Currently, there are different therapeutic approaches for melanoma, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies. However, no biomarkers are available for the prediction of the therapeutic response. In this context, several studies have tried to understand the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of MMP-9 in melanoma patients by performing clinical trials with synthetic MMPs inhibitors. Therefore, MMP-9 may be considered a promising molecule for the management of melanoma patients due to its role as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Napoli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Chiara Scuderi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Virginia Di Bella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1271 (M.L.); +39-094-478-1278 (L.F.)
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1271 (M.L.); +39-094-478-1278 (L.F.)
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MMP7 sensitivity of mutant ECM proteins: An indicator of melanoma survival rates and T-cell infiltration. Clin Biochem 2018; 63:85-91. [PMID: 30414845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential impact of mutant ECM amino acids (AA) on melanoma-related matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) activity. DESIGN AND METHODS We applied a novel scripted algorithm, based on the MEROPS database, to reveal mutant-dependent sensitivity changes across the cancer genome atlas, melanoma dataset. RESULTS This approach revealed a strong bias in favor of mutant AA dependent protease sensitivity increases. Thus, melanoma specimens with relatively few mutations had only MMP7 mutant sensitive, ECM peptides. As mutations increased, melanoma specimens included mutant AA representing mostly increased sensitivity and a small but increasing number of mutant AA representing decreased MMP7 sensitivity. There was no detection of melanoma specimens with only decreases in MMP7 sensitivity. Furthermore, melanoma specimens with exclusively increased sensitivity and thereby only a few overall mutations represented reduced T-cell infiltrates and worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicated that changes in MMP7 sensitivity, attributable to mutant AA, have the potential of identifying patients with distinct survival outcomes as well as patients with cancer specimen immune activity.
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Ramani M, Mudge MC, Morris RT, Zhang Y, Warcholek SA, Hurst MN, Riviere JE, DeLong RK. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Poly I:C RNA Complexes: Implication as Therapeutics against Experimental Melanoma. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:614-625. [PMID: 28135100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is current interest in harnessing the combined anticancer and immunological effect of nanoparticles (NPs) and RNA. Here, we evaluate the bioactivity of poly I:C (pIC) RNA, bound to anticancer zinc oxide NP (ZnO-NP) against melanoma. Direct RNA association to unfunctionalized ZnO-NP is shown by observing change in size, zeta potential, and absorption/fluorescence spectra upon complexation. RNA corona was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time. Binding constant (Kb = 1.6-2.8 g-1 L) was determined by modified Stern-Volmer, absorption, and biological surface activity index analysis. The pIC-ZnO-NP complex increased cell death for both human (A375) and mouse (B16F10) cell lines and suppressed tumor cell growth in BALB/C-B16F10 mouse melanoma model. Ex vivo tumor analysis indicated significant molecular activity such as changes in the level of phosphoproteins JNK, Akt, and inflammation markers IL-6 and IFN-γ. High throughput proteomics analysis revealed zinc oxide and poly I:C-specific and combinational patterns that suggested possible utility as an anticancer and immunotherapeutic strategy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miranda C Mudge
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | - R Tyler Morris
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | | | | | - Miranda N Hurst
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | | | - Robert K DeLong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
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12
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Lee KR, Lee JS, Lee S, Son YK, Kim GR, Sim YC, Song JE, Ha SJ, Hong EK. Polysaccharide isolated from the liquid culture broth of Inonotus obliquus suppresses invasion of B16-F10 melanoma cells via AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4429-4435. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Pittayapruek P, Meephansan J, Prapapan O, Komine M, Ohtsuki M. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060868. [PMID: 27271600 PMCID: PMC4926402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing endopeptidases with an extensive range of substrate specificities. Collectively, these enzymes are able to degrade various components of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Based on their structure and substrate specificity, they can be categorized into five main subgroups, namely (1) collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13); (2) gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9); (3) stromelysins (MMP-3, MMP-10 and MMP-11); (4) matrilysins (MMP-7 and MMP-26); and (5) membrane-type (MT) MMPs (MMP-14, MMP-15, and MMP-16). The alterations made to the ECM by MMPs might contribute in skin wrinkling, a characteristic of premature skin aging. In photocarcinogenesis, degradation of ECM is the initial step towards tumor cell invasion, to invade both the basement membrane and the surrounding stroma that mainly comprises fibrillar collagens. Additionally, MMPs are involved in angiogenesis, which promotes cancer cell growth and migration. In this review, we focus on the present knowledge about premature skin aging and skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, with our main focus on members of the MMP family and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavida Pittayapruek
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Jitlada Meephansan
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Ornicha Prapapan
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Mamitaro Ohtsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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14
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Salhi A, Farhadian JA, Giles KM, Vega-Saenz de Miera E, Silva IP, Bourque C, Yeh K, Chhangawala S, Wang J, Ye F, Zhang DY, Hernando-Monge E, Houvras Y, Osman I. RSK1 activation promotes invasion in nodular melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:704-16. [PMID: 25579842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The two major melanoma histologic subtypes, superficial spreading and nodular melanomas, differ in their speed of dermal invasion but converge biologically once they invade and metastasize. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that distinct molecular alterations arising in primary melanoma cells might persist as these tumors progress to invasion and metastasis. Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, polypeptide 1 (RSK1; official name RPS6KA1) was significantly hyperactivated in human melanoma lines and metastatic tissues derived from nodular compared with superficial spreading melanoma. RSK1 was constitutively phosphorylated at Ser-380 in nodular but not superficial spreading melanoma and did not directly correlate with BRAF or MEK activation. Nodular melanoma cells were more sensitive to RSK1 inhibition using siRNA and the pharmacological inhibitor BI-D1870 compared with superficial spreading cells. Gene expression microarray analyses revealed that RSK1 orchestrated a program of gene expression that promoted cell motility and invasion. Differential overexpression of the prometastatic matrix metalloproteinase 8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 in metastatic nodular compared with metastatic superficial spreading melanoma was observed. Finally, using an in vivo zebrafish model, constitutive RSK1 activation increased melanoma invasion. Together, these data reveal a novel role for activated RSK1 in the progression of nodular melanoma and suggest that melanoma originating from different histologic subtypes may be biologically distinct and that these differences are maintained as the tumors invade and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Salhi
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joshua A Farhadian
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Keith M Giles
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eleazar Vega-Saenz de Miera
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ines P Silva
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Caitlin Bourque
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Karen Yeh
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jinhua Wang
- New York University Langone Medical Center Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York, New York
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Y Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eva Hernando-Monge
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Iman Osman
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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15
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Sun V, Zhou WB, Majid S, Kashani-Sabet M, Dar AA. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:234-41. [PMID: 24665835 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and deadly skin cancers, and, in its advanced stages, accounts for > 80% mortality. The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide; however, beyond surgical removal of the tumour, there is currently no curative therapy available, especially for its advanced stages. This may, in part, be owing to incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation and/or progression of melanoma to metastasis. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of melanoma are the focus of intense investigation, and many genetic/epigenetic alterations affecting melanoma progression and development have been identified. microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as important causal modulators in the development and progression of melanoma. The understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of tumours has grown immensely over the last few years, as it has been understood to regulate most biological processes. Here, we review the currently available data on miRNAs associated with melanoma, highlighting those deregulated miRNAs that target important genes and pathways involved in the progression of melanocytes to primary and metastatic melanoma. We also review their potential clinical utility as biomarkers and potential use in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sun
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan St Suite 220, San Francisco, CA, 94107, U.S.A
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16
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Moro N, Mauch C, Zigrino P. Metalloproteinases in melanoma. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:23-9. [PMID: 24530009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour cell adhesion, motility, proteolytic activities and cell receptors have important roles in cancer invasion. These processes are involved from early development of melanoma within the epidermis, to tumour cell invasion of the underlying tissue until intravasation of lymphatic or blood vessels, and thereafter, dissemination into distant organs occur. The activity of several proteolytic enzymes was shown to be pivotal in promoting melanoma cell invasion. These enzymes not only remodel the extracellular matrix, but also release active factors and shed cell surface receptors thereby mediating melanoma cross-communication with their microenvironment. This leads to the generation of a favourable environment for melanoma growth. Several proteases are involved in melanoma invasion and include serine, cysteine proteases, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and the disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs). This study summarises the current knowledge on the role of metalloproteinases, MMPs and ADAMs, in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Moro
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Oh S, Shin S, Lightfoot SA, Janknecht R. 14-3-3 proteins modulate the ETS transcription factor ETV1 in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5110-9. [PMID: 23774214 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the ETS-related transcription factor ETV1 can initiate neoplastic transformation of the prostate. ETV1 activity is highly regulated by phosphorylation, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we report that all 14-3-3 proteins, with the exception of the tumor suppressor 14-3-3σ, can bind to ETV1 in a condition manner dictated by its prominent phosphorylation site S216. Non-σ 14-3-3 proteins synergized with ETV1 to activate transcription of its target genes MMP-1 and MMP-7, which regulate extracellular matrix in the prostate tumor microenvironment. S216 mutation or 14-3-3τ downregulation was sufficient to reduce ETV1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells, indicating that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins protect ETV1 from degradation. Notably, S216 mutation also decreased ETV1-dependent migration and invasion in benign prostate cells. Downregulation of 14-3-3τ reduced prostate cancer cell invasion and growth in the same manner as ETV1 attenuation. Finally, we showed that 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3ε were overexpressed in human prostate tumors. Taken together, our results showed that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins are important modulators of ETV1 function that promote prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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18
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Vihinen P, Ala-Aho R, Kähäri VM. Diagnostic and prognostic role of matrix metalloproteases in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:1025-39. [PMID: 23495924 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.9.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are key players in the progression and metastasis of cancer. MMPs cleave extracellular matrix components and in this way promote tumor growth, invasion and vascularization. MMPs also affect tumor progression by regulating availability and activity of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accordingly, several MMPs have been found to serve as prognostic indicators in solid tumors. Usually the increased levels of MMPs in patients' tumor tissue or serum/plasma are associated with poor outcome. Interestingly, recent results show that certain MMPs also serve as tumor suppressors. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the latest view on MMPs as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in cancer patients. METHODS Studies with clinical samples of 70 or more patients are included in particular. In addition, the possible roles of MMPs in future molecular diagnostics and in the evaluation of therapeutic responses are discussed. CONCLUSION MMP-9 in particular has shown prognostic value in various types of tumor, and its measurement in circulation, urine or tumor tissue might help in clinical surveillance of otherwise problematic patient cases. There is upcoming new knowledge on MMPs in therapy response evaluation, in which MMPs might be useful together with CT scans and other clinically more established prognostic factors. Certain MMPs have a dual role in terms of cancer-modulating properties and thus it is essential to evaluate their expression and function in tumor cells and host environment to select validated therapy targets but spare MMP antitargets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vihinen
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, POB 52, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland +358 2 313 0804 ; +358 2 313 2809 ;
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miR-126&126* restored expressions play a tumor suppressor role by directly regulating ADAM9 and MMP7 in melanoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56824. [PMID: 23437250 PMCID: PMC3578857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal expression of several microRNAs has a causal role in tumorigenesis with either antineoplastic or oncogenic functions. Here we demonstrated that miR-126 and miR-126* play a tumor suppressor role in human melanoma through the direct or indirect repression of several key oncogenic molecules. The expression levels of miR-126&126* were elevated in normal melanocytes and primary melanoma cell lines, whereas they markedly declined in metastatic cells. Indeed, the restored expression of miR-126&126* in two advanced melanoma cell lines was accompanied by a significant reduction of proliferation, invasion and chemotaxis in vitro as well as of growth and dissemination in vivo. In accordance, the reverse functional effects were obtained by knocking down miR-126&126* by transfecting antisense LNA oligonucleotides in melanoma cells. Looking for the effectors of these antineoplastic functions, we identified ADAM9 and MMP7, two metalloproteases playing a pivotal role in melanoma progression, as direct targets of miR-126&126*. In addition, as ADAM9 and MMP7 share a role in the proteolytic cleavage of the HB-EGF precursor, we looked for the effectiveness of this regulatory pathway in melanoma, confirming the decrease of HB-EGF activation as a consequence of miR-126&126*-dependent downmodulation of ADAM9 and MMP7. Finally, gene profile analyses showed that miR-126&126* reexpression was sufficient to inactivate other key signaling pathways involved in the oncogenic transformation, as PI3K/AKT and MAPK, and to restore melanogenesis, as indicated by KIT/MITF/TYR induction. In view of this miR-126&126* wide-ranging action, we believe that the replacement of these microRNAs might be considered a promising therapeutic approach.
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20
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Fröhlich E. Proteases in cutaneous malignant melanoma: relevance as biomarker and therapeutic target. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3947-60. [PMID: 20686912 PMCID: PMC11115755 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer. It is also the most rapidly spreading cancer in terms of worldwide incidence. Although it is detected by simple inspection and can be relatively easily removed or treated, differential diagnosis to other melanocytic lesions, lack of prognostic markers, and no efficient treatment of advanced melanoma pose problems. Detection and targeting of proteases may represent a useful tool since they play a role in tumor cell metabolism, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. This review gives an overview of the role of proteases in development and progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. In addition, regulation, activation, and interaction of proteases and their inhibitors are explained for tumors in general. The potential use of proteases as differential markers for melanoma mimicking melanocytic lesions, as biomarkers in tissues, and as prognostic serum markers is discussed. Current and future possibilities to target tumor proteases in therapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Institute of Anatomy, University Tübingen, Österbergstr. 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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21
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Alexandroff A, Graham-Brown R. Report from the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:12-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Alexandroff A, Burd R. Footprints of the EADV: a meeting report from the 17th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160:938-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Matrilysin: a rapidly expanding role in the etiopathogenesis of systemic malignancies. Med Oncol 2008; 26:508. [PMID: 19048418 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-008-9140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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