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Jihu Y, Leng R, Liu M, Ren H, Xie D, Yao C, Yan H. Angiotensin (1-7) Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-Β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Keratinocyte Hacat Cells in vitro. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1049-1058. [PMID: 38737946 PMCID: PMC11088851 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s441596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) is an emerging component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with effective anti-fibrosis properties and has been shown to interfere with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by numerous studies. In recent years, EMT has been proposed as a new therapeutic target for skin fibrotic diseases such as keloids. However, the effect of Ang-(1-7) on EMT in skin is still unclear. Hence, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Ang-(1-7) on Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)-induced EMT of human immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT in vitro. Methods The study involved the use of the human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Four groups were created for experimentation: control group (Group C), TGF-β1-treated group (Group T), Ang-(1-7)-treated group (Group A), and a group treated with both TGF-β1 and Ang-(1-7) (Group A + T). Various assays were conducted, including a cell proliferation assay using CCK-8 solution, a scratch wound healing assay to evaluate cell migration, and Western blotting to detect protein expressions related to cell characteristics. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related gene expression levels. The study aimed to investigate the effects of TGF-β1 and Ang-(1-7) on HaCaT cells. Results We found that Ang-(1-7) not only reduced the migration of HaCaT cells induced by TGF-β1 in vitro but also reduced the expression of α-SMA and vimentin, and restored the protein expression of E-cadherin and claudin-1. Mechanistically, Ang-(1-7) inhibits the phosphorylation levels of Smad2 and Smad3 in the TGF-β1 canonical pathway, and suppresses the expression of EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) such as SNAI2, TWIST1, and ZEB1. Discussion Taken together, our findings suggest that Ang-(1-7) inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in HaCaT cells in vitro by disrupting the TGF-β1-Smad canonical signaling pathway. These results may be helpful in the treatment of EMT in skin fibrotic diseases such as keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueda Jihu
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruobing Leng
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengchang Liu
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjing Ren
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defu Xie
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong Yao
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yan
- Clinical College of Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, People’s Republic of China
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Wang H, Wu J, Ma L, Bai Y, Liu J. Theroleofinterleukin-1familyinfibroticdiseases. Cytokine 2023; 165:156161. [PMID: 36921509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis refers to the phenomenon that fibrous connective tissues are increased and parenchymal cells are decreased in organs or tissues such as lung, heart, liver, kidney, skin and so on. It usually occurs at the late stage of repair of chronic or recurrent tissue damage. Fibrotic disease is the main factor for the morbidity and mortality of all tissues and organ systems. Long-term fibrosis can lead to organ and tissue dysfunction and even failure. Interleukin -1 family cytokines are a series of classical inflammatory factors and involved in the occurrence and development process of multiple fibrotic diseases, its biological function, relationship with diseases and application are more and more favored by scientists from various countries. So far, 11 cytokines and 10 receptors of IL-1 family have been identified. In this paper, the cytokines, receptors, signaling pathways and biological functions of IL-1 family are summarized, and the correlation with fibrosis diseases is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China.
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China.
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Dolivo DM, Sun LS, Rodrigues AE, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. Epidermal Potentiation of Dermal Fibrosis: Lessons from Occlusion and Mucosal Healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:510-519. [PMID: 36740181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic skin conditions, such as hypertrophic and keloid scars, frequently result from injury to the skin and as sequelae to surgical procedures. The development of skin fibrosis may lead to patient discomfort, limitation in range of motion, and cosmetic disfigurement. Despite the frequency of skin fibrosis, treatments that seek to address the root causes of fibrosis are lacking. Much research into fibrotic pathophysiology has focused on dermal pathology, but less research has been performed to understand aberrations in fibrotic epidermis, leading to an incomplete understanding of dermal fibrosis. The literature on occlusion, a treatment modality known to reduce dermal fibrosis, in part through accelerating wound healing and regulating aberrant epidermal inflammation that otherwise drives fibrosis in the dermis, is reviewed. There is a focus on epidermal-dermal crosstalk, which contributes to the development and maintenance of dermal fibrosis, an underemphasized interplay that may yield novel strategies for treatment if understood in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren S Sun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adrian E Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas A Mustoe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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4
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Neves LMG, Wilgus TA, Bayat A. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Approaches for Investigation of Skin Scarring: Human and Animal Models. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:97-116. [PMID: 34915768 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The cutaneous repair process naturally results in different types of scarring that are classified as normal or pathological. Affected individuals are often affected from an esthetic, physical (functional), and psychosocial perspective. The distinct nature of scarring in humans, particularly the formation of pathological scars, makes the study of skin scarring a challenge for researchers in this area. Several established experimental models exist for studying scar formation. However, the increasing development and validation of newly emerging models have made it possible to carry out studies focused on different variables that influence this unique process. Recent Advances: Experimental models such as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models have obtained different degrees of success in the reproduction of the scar formation in its native milieu and true environment. These models also differ in their ability to elucidate the molecular, cellular, and structural mechanisms involved in scarring, as well as for testing new agents and approaches for therapies. The models reviewed here, including cells derived from human skin and in vivo animal models, have contributed to the advancement of skin scarring research. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The absence of experimental models that faithfully reproduce the typical characteristics of the different types of human skin scars makes the improvement of validated models and the establishment of new ones a critical unmet need. The fields of wound healing research combined with tissue engineering have offered newer alternatives for experimental studies with the potential to provide clinically useful knowledge about scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M G Neves
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, Wound Healing Theme, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, Wound Healing Theme, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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5
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Lee CC, Tsai CH, Chen CH, Yeh YC, Chung WH, Chen CB. An updated review of the immunological mechanisms of keloid scars. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117630. [PMID: 37033989 PMCID: PMC10075205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid is a type of disfiguring pathological scarring unique to human skin. The disorder is characterized by excessive collagen deposition. Immune cell infiltration is a hallmark of both normal and pathological tissue repair. However, the immunopathological mechanisms of keloid remain unclear. Recent studies have uncovered the pivotal role of both innate and adaptive immunity in modulating the aberrant behavior of keloid fibroblasts. Several novel therapeutics attempting to restore regulation of the immune microenvironment have shown variable efficacy. We review the current understanding of keloid immunopathogenesis and highlight the potential roles of immune pathway-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Lee
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chun-Bing Chen, ;
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Markiewicz E, Karaman-Jurukovska N, Mammone T, Idowu OC. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Dark Skin: Molecular Mechanism and Skincare Implications. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2555-2565. [PMID: 36466945 PMCID: PMC9709857 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s385162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is characterized by significant diversity in color and tone, which are determined by the quantity and distribution of melanin pigment in the epidermis. Melanin absorbs and reflects ultraviolet radiation (UVR), preventing the damage to genomic DNA in the epidermis and degradation of collagen in the dermis; therefore, darker skin types are thought to be well protected from the photodamage because of the high melanin content. However, increased content of melanin in combination with the extrinsic stress factors causing inflammation such as excess UVR, allergic reactions, or injury can also frequently lead to cosmetic problems resulting in discoloration and scarring. This review summarizes current knowledge on histopathology and likely molecular signatures of one of the most common problems, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). The mechanisms proposed so far are subsequently discussed in the context of other factors characterizing darker skin types. This includes the common cellular features, organization of upper skin layers, and major biomarkers, with particular emphasis on increased propensities to systemic and localized inflammation. Enhanced or prolonged inflammatory responses can not only affect the process of melanogenesis but also have been implicated in injury-related skin pathologies and aging. Finally, we summarize the major cosmetic treatments for PIH and their known anti-inflammatory targets, which can be beneficial for darker skin tones and combined with broad-spectrum filters against UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Hexis Lab, The Catalyst, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Olusola C Idowu
- Hexis Lab, The Catalyst, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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7
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Feng C, Shan M, Xia Y, Zheng Z, He K, Wei Y, Song K, Meng T, Liu H, Hao Y, Liang Z, Wang Y, Huang Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct immunology profiles in human keloid. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940645. [PMID: 35990663 PMCID: PMC9381754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids, characterized by skin fibrosis and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, remain a therapeutic challenge. In this study, we systematically capture the cellular composition of keloids by the single-cell RNA sequencing technique. Our results indicated that there are significant differences in most cell types present between 12 pairs of keloid and adjacent normal tissue. We found that fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mast cells, mural cells, and Schwann cells increased significantly in keloid. The proportion of mesenchymal fibroblast subpopulations in keloids was markedly higher than those in the surrounding normal skin tissue. Furthermore, we found that the immune profiles between two groups varied significantly. The proportion of macrophages in the keloid was significantly elevated compared to the surrounding normal tissue, while cDC2 cells significantly decreased. Hotspot and pseudotime trajectory analysis indicated two modules of macrophage cells (Module2: highly expresses RNASE1, C1QA, CD163, CD14, C1QC, FCGRT, MS4A7; Module10: highly expresses APOC1, CTSB, CTSL, TYROBP), which exhibited the characteristics of tumor-associated macrophages, were upregulated in more-advanced keloid cells. Subsequently, the analysis of cellular communication networks suggested that a macrophage-centered communication regulatory network may exist in keloids and that fibroblasts in keloids may facilitate the transition and proliferation of M2 macrophages, which contributes to further comprehension of the immunological features of keloids. Overall, we delineate the immunology landscape of keloids and present new insights into the mechanisms involved in its formation in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Shan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai He
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxin Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Meng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyun Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youbin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Youbin Wang, ; Yongsheng Huang,
| | - Yongsheng Huang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Youbin Wang, ; Yongsheng Huang,
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Xia Y, Wang Y, Shan M, Hao Y, Liu H, Chen Q, Liang Z. Advances in the pathogenesis and clinical application prospects of tumor biomolecules in keloid. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac025. [PMID: 35769828 PMCID: PMC9233200 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Keloid scarring is a kind of pathological healing manifestation after skin injury and possesses various tumor properties, such as the Warburg effect, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), expression imbalances of apoptosis-related genes and the presence of stem cells. Abnormal expression of tumor signatures is critical to the initiation and operation of these effects. Although previous experimental studies have recognized the potential value of a single or several tumor biomolecules in keloids, a comprehensive evaluation system for multiple tumor signatures in keloid scarring is still lacking. This paper aims to summarize tumor biomolecules in keloids from the perspectives of liquid biopsy, genetics, proteomics and epigenetics and to investigate their mechanisms of action and feasibility from bench to bedside. Liquid biopsy is suitable for the early screening of people with keloids due to its noninvasive and accurate performance. Epigenetic biomarkers do not require changes in the gene sequence and their reversibility and tissue specificity make them ideal therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, given the ethnic specificity and genetic predisposition of keloids, more large-sample multicenter studies are indispensable for determining the prevalence of these signatures and for establishing diagnostic criteria and therapeutic efficacy estimations based on these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Youbin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Shan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhengyun Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Role of Inflammasomes in Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars-Lessons Learned from Chronic Diabetic Wounds and Skin Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126820. [PMID: 35743263 PMCID: PMC9223684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids and hypertrophic scars are pathological cutaneous scars. They arise from excessive wound healing, which induces chronic dermal inflammation and results in overwhelming fibroblast production of extracellular matrix. Their etiology is unclear. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that are important in proinflammatory innate-immune system responses. We asked whether inflammasomes participate in pathological scarring by examining the literature on scarring, diabetic wounds (also characterized by chronic inflammation), and systemic sclerosis (also marked by fibrosis). Pathological scars are predominantly populated by anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and recent literature hints that this could be driven by non-canonical inflammasome signaling. Diabetic-wound healing associates with inflammasome activation in immune (macrophages) and non-immune (keratinocytes) cells. Fibrotic conditions associate with inflammasome activation and inflammasome-induced transition of epithelial cells/endothelial cells/macrophages into myofibroblasts that deposit excessive extracellular matrix. Studies suggest that mechanical stimuli activate inflammasomes via the cytoskeleton and that mechanotransduction-inflammasome crosstalk is involved in fibrosis. Further research should examine (i) the roles that various inflammasome types in macrophages, (myo)fibroblasts, and other cell types play in keloid development and (ii) how mechanical stimuli interact with inflammasomes and thereby drive scar growth. Such research is likely to significantly advance our understanding of pathological scarring and aid the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Artlett CM. The Mechanism and Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome during Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050634. [PMID: 35625564 PMCID: PMC9138796 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is often the end result of chronic inflammation. It is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. This leads to structural alterations in the tissue, causing permanent damage and organ dysfunction. Depending on the organ it effects, fibrosis can be a serious threat to human life. The molecular mechanism of fibrosis is still not fully understood, but the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin–domain–containing protein 3) inflammasome appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been the most extensively studied inflammatory pathway to date. It is a crucial component of the innate immune system, and its activation mediates the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 activation has been strongly linked with fibrosis and drives the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by the chronic upregulation of IL-1β and IL-18 and subsequent autocrine signaling that maintains an activated inflammasome. Both IL-1β and IL-18 are profibrotic, however IL-1β can have antifibrotic capabilities. NLRP3 responds to a plethora of different signals that have a common but unidentified unifying trigger. Even after 20 years of extensive investigation, regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is still not completely understood. However, what is known about NLRP3 is that its regulation and activation is complex and not only driven by various activators but controlled by numerous post-translational modifications. More recently, there has been an intensive attempt to discover NLRP3 inhibitors to treat chronic diseases. This review addresses the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in fibrotic disorders across many different tissues. It discusses the relationships of various NLRP3 activators to fibrosis and covers different therapeutics that have been developed, or are currently in development, that directly target NLRP3 or its downstream products as treatments for fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Artlett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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11
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The Bigger Picture: Why Oral Mucosa Heals Better Than Skin. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081165. [PMID: 34439831 PMCID: PMC8394648 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an essential process to restore tissue integrity after trauma. Large skin wounds such as burns often heal with hypertrophic scarring and contractures, resulting in disfigurements and reduced joint mobility. Such adverse healing outcomes are less common in the oral mucosa, which generally heals faster compared to skin. Several studies have identified differences between oral and skin wound healing. Most of these studies however focus only on a single stage of wound healing or a single cell type. The aim of this review is to provide an extensive overview of wound healing in skin versus oral mucosa during all stages of wound healing and including all cell types and molecules involved in the process and also taking into account environmental specific factors such as exposure to saliva and the microbiome. Next to intrinsic properties of resident cells and differential expression of cytokines and growth factors, multiple external factors have been identified that contribute to oral wound healing. It can be concluded that faster wound closure, the presence of saliva, a more rapid immune response, and increased extracellular matrix remodeling all contribute to the superior wound healing and reduced scar formation in oral mucosa, compared to skin.
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Zhang D, Li B, Zhao M. Therapeutic Strategies by Regulating Interleukin Family to Suppress Inflammation in Hypertrophic Scar and Keloid. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667763. [PMID: 33959031 PMCID: PMC8093926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) and keloid are fibroproliferative disorders (FPDs) of the skin due to aberrant wound healing, which cause disfigured appearance, discomfort, dysfunction, psychological stress, and patient frustration. The unclear pathogenesis behind HS and keloid is partially responsible for the clinical treatment stagnancy. However, there are now increasing evidences suggesting that inflammation is the initiator of HS and keloid formation. Interleukins are known to participate in inflammatory and immune responses, and play a critical role in wound healing and scar formation. In this review, we summarize the function of related interleukins, and focus on their potentials as the therapeutic target for the treatment of HS and keloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Muxin Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Gora IM, Ciechanowska A, Ladyzynski P. NLRP3 Inflammasome at the Interface of Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020314. [PMID: 33546399 PMCID: PMC7913585 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), accounting for 90–95% cases of diabetes, is characterized by chronic inflammation. The mechanisms that control inflammation activation in T2DM are largely unexplored. Inflammasomes represent significant sensors mediating innate immune responses. The aim of this work is to present a review of links between the NLRP3 inflammasome, endothelial dysfunction, and T2DM. The NLRP3 inflammasome activates caspase-1, which leads to the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin 18. In this review, we characterize the structure and functions of NLRP3 inflammasome as well as the most important mechanisms and molecules engaged in its activation. We present evidence of the importance of the endothelial dysfunction as the first key step to activating the inflammasome, which suggests that suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome could be a new approach in depletion hyperglycemic toxicity and in averting the onset of vascular complications in T2DM. We also demonstrate reports showing that the expression of a few microRNAs that are also known to be involved in either NLRP3 inflammasome activation or endothelial dysfunction is deregulated in T2DM. Collectively, this evidence suggests that T2DM is an inflammatory disease stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, studies revealing the role of glucose concentration in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome are analyzed. The more that is known about inflammasomes, the higher the chances to create new, effective therapies for patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. This may offer potential novel therapeutic perspectives in T2DM prevention and treatment.
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de Bakker E, van der Putten MAM, Heymans MW, Spiekstra SW, Waaijman T, Butzelaar L, Negenborn VL, Beekman VK, Akpinar EO, Rustemeyer T, Niessen FB, Gibbs S. Prognostic tools for hypertrophic scar formation based on fundamental differences in systemic immunity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:169-178. [PMID: 32618380 PMCID: PMC7818462 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unpredictable hypertrophic scarring (HS) occurs after approximately 35% of all surgical procedures and causes significant physical and psychological complaints. Parallel to the need to understanding the mechanisms underlying HS formation, a prognostic tool is needed. The objective was to determine whether (systemic) immunological differences exist between patients who develop HS and those who develop normotrophic scars (NS) and to assess whether those differences can be used to identify patients prone to developing HS. A prospective cohort study with NS and HS groups in which (a) cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and (b) the irritation threshold (IT) after an irritant (sodium lauryl sulphate) patch test was evaluated. Univariate regression analysis of PBMC cytokine secretion showed that low MCP-1, IL-8, IL-18 and IL-23 levels have a strong correlation with HS (P < .010-0.004; AUC = 0.790-0.883). Notably, combinations of two or three cytokines (TNF-a, MCP-1 and IL-23; AUC: 0.942, Nagelkerke R2 : 0.727) showed an improved AUC indicating a better correlation with HS than single cytokine analysis. These combination models produce good prognostic results over a broad probability range (sensitivity: 93.8%, specificity 86.7%, accuracy 90,25% between probability 0.3 and 0.7). Furthermore, the HS group had a lower IT than the NS group and an accuracy of 68%. In conclusion, very fundamental immunological differences exist between individuals who develop HS and those who do not, whereas the cytokine assay forms the basis of a predictive prognostic test for HS formation, the less invasive, easily performed irritant skin patch test is more accessible for daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Bakker
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mirthe A. M. van der Putten
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Plastic surgeryOLVG HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn W. Heymans
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsAmsterdam UMCThe Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Taco Waaijman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Butzelaar
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vera L. Negenborn
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vivian K. Beekman
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erman O. Akpinar
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of DermatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frank B. Niessen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand SurgeryAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell BiologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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15
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Lee S, Kim SK, Park H, Lee YJ, Park SH, Lee KJ, Lee DG, Kang H, Kim JE. Contribution of Autophagy-Notch1-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation to Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Keloid Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218050. [PMID: 33126764 PMCID: PMC7663397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid is a representative chronic fibroproliferative condition that occurs after tissue injury. Emerging evidence showed that activation of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the pro-inflammatory response in injured tissues. However, the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in keloid progression remains unclear. Notch signaling, which activates NLRP3 inflammasome, is known to contribute to scar formation in keloid, but the cause of enhanced Notch signaling in keloid is not clear. We sought to investigate whether autophagy regulates Notch1 signaling in keloid fibroblasts and determine whether Notch1 signaling might regulate NLRP3 inflammasomes and myofibroblast differentiation. An in vitro model of keloid was established by culturing primary keloid fibroblasts from patients. Expression levels of Notch1, NLRP3 inflammasome proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and myofibroblast markers in keloid fibroblasts were examined and compared with those in normal fibroblasts. Autophagy known to mediate Notch1 degradation was also monitored in fibroblasts. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Notch1 was used to transfect keloid fibroblasts to further examine the role of Notch signaling in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Expression levels of Notch1 and NLRP3 inflammasome in keloid fibroblasts increased compared to those in normal fibroblasts. Such increases were accompanied by increased LC3 levels and reduced autophagic flux. Notch1 silencing in keloid fibroblasts by siRNA transfection significantly suppressed increased levels of overall NLRP3 inflammasome complex proteins, NF-kB, and α-smooth muscle actin. Autophagy induction by rapamycin treatment in keloid fibroblasts effectively suppressed expression levels of Notch1 and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. Decreased autophagy activity in keloid can result in Notch1-mediated myofibroblast activation and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation which is critical for chronic inflammation. Collectively, these results identify Notch1 as a novel activator of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling leading to chronic tissue damage and myofibroblast differentiation in keloid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (S.K.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Sun Kyeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (S.K.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyungsun Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (S.L.); (S.K.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (S.H.P.); (K.J.L.); (D.G.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Song Hee Park
- Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (S.H.P.); (K.J.L.); (D.G.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Kyung Jae Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (S.H.P.); (K.J.L.); (D.G.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Dong Geon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (S.H.P.); (K.J.L.); (D.G.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (S.H.P.); (K.J.L.); (D.G.L.); (H.K.)
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (Y.J.L.); (S.H.P.); (K.J.L.); (D.G.L.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2030-2845
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16
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Limandjaja GC, Niessen FB, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S. The Keloid Disorder: Heterogeneity, Histopathology, Mechanisms and Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:360. [PMID: 32528951 PMCID: PMC7264387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids constitute an abnormal fibroproliferative wound healing response in which raised scar tissue grows excessively and invasively beyond the original wound borders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several important themes in keloid research: namely keloid histopathology, heterogeneity, pathogenesis, and model systems. Although keloidal collagen versus nodules and α-SMA-immunoreactivity have been considered pathognomonic for keloids versus hypertrophic scars, conflicting results have been reported which will be discussed together with other histopathological keloid characteristics. Importantly, histopathological keloid abnormalities are also present in the keloid epidermis. Heterogeneity between and within keloids exists which is often not considered when interpreting results and may explain discrepancies between studies. At least two distinct keloid phenotypes exist, the superficial-spreading/flat keloids and the bulging/raised keloids. Within keloids, the periphery is often seen as the actively growing margin compared to the more quiescent center, although the opposite has also been reported. Interestingly, the normal skin directly surrounding keloids also shows partial keloid characteristics. Keloids are most likely to occur after an inciting stimulus such as (minor and disproportionate) dermal injury or an inflammatory process (environmental factors) at a keloid-prone anatomical site (topological factors) in a genetically predisposed individual (patient-related factors). The specific cellular abnormalities these various patient, topological and environmental factors generate to ultimately result in keloid scar formation are discussed. Existing keloid models can largely be divided into in vivo and in vitro systems including a number of subdivisions: human/animal, explant/culture, homotypic/heterotypic culture, direct/indirect co-culture, and 3D/monolayer culture. As skin physiology, immunology and wound healing is markedly different in animals and since keloids are exclusive to humans, there is a need for relevant human in vitro models. Of these, the direct co-culture systems that generate full thickness keloid equivalents appear the most promising and will be key to further advance keloid research on its pathogenesis and thereby ultimately advance keloid treatment. Finally, the recent change in keloid nomenclature will be discussed, which has moved away from identifying keloids solely as abnormal scars with a purely cosmetic association toward understanding keloids for the fibroproliferative disorder that they are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Limandjaja
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank B Niessen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Russo B, Brembilla NC, Chizzolini C. Interplay Between Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts: A Systematic Review Providing a New Angle for Understanding Skin Fibrotic Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:648. [PMID: 32477322 PMCID: PMC7232541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: Skin fibrosis is the result of aberrant processes leading to abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the dermis. In healthy skin, keratinocytes participate to maintain skin homeostasis by actively crosstalking with fibroblasts. Within the wide spectrum of fibrotic skin disorders, relatively little attention has been devoted to the role of keratinocytes for their capacity to participate to skin fibrosis. This systematic review aims at summarizing the available knowledge on the reciprocal interplay of keratinocytes with fibroblasts and their soluble mediators in physiological states, mostly wound healing, and conditions associated with skin fibrosis. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed to identify in vitro and ex vivo human studies investigating the keratinocyte characteristics and their interplay with fibroblasts in physiological conditions and within fibrotic skin disorders including hypertrophic scars, keloids, and systemic sclerosis. Studies were selected according to pre-specified eligibility criteria. Data on study methods, models, stimuli and outcomes were retrieved and summarized according to pre-specified criteria. Results: Among the 6,271 abstracts retrieved, 73 articles were included, of which 14 were specifically dealing with fibrotic skin pathologies. Fifty-six studies investigated how keratinocyte may affect fibroblast responses in terms of ECM-related genes or protein production, phenotype modification, and cytokine production. Most studies in both physiological conditions and fibrosis demonstrated that keratinocytes stimulate fibroblasts through the production of interleukin 1, inducing keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and metalloproteinases in the fibroblasts. When the potential of keratinocytes to modulate collagen synthesis by healthy fibroblasts was explored, the results were controversial. Nevertheless, studies investigating keratinocytes from fibrotic skin, including keloids, hypertrophic scar, and scleroderma, suggested their potential involvement in enhancing ECM deposition. Twenty-three papers investigated keratinocyte proliferation differentiation and production of soluble mediators in response to interactions with fibroblasts. Most studies showed that fibroblasts modulate keratinocyte viability, proliferation, and differentiation. The production of KGF by fibroblast was identified as key for these functions. Conclusions: This review condenses evidence for the active interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts in maintaining skin homeostasis and the altered homeostatic interplay between keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in scleroderma and scleroderma-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Russo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò C Brembilla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Dermatology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Chizzolini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Background Keloids are defined as a benign dermal fibroproliferative disorder with no malignant potential. They tend to occur following trivial trauma or any form of trauma in genetically predisposed individuals. Keloids are known to grow beyond the margins of the wound and are common in certain body parts. The pathophysiology of keloid remains unclear, and fibroblasts have been presumed to be the main cells involved in keloid formation. Understanding the mechanism(s) of keloid formation could be critical in the identification of novel therapeutic regimen for the treatment of the keloids. Objective To review the pertinent literature and provide updated information on keloid pathophysiology. Data Source A Medline PubMed literature search was performed for relevant publications. Results A total of 66 publications were retrieved, with relevant publications on the etiology and pathogenesis as well as experimental studies on keloids. All articles were critically analyzed, and all the findings were edited and summarized. Conclusion There is still no consensus as on what is the main driving cell to keloid formation. One may, however, hypothesize that keloid formation could be a result of an abnormal response to tissue injury, hence resulting in an exaggerated inflammatory state characterized by entry of excessive inflammatory cells into the wound, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells. These cells seem to release cytokines including transforming growth factor β1 that stimulate fibroblasts to synthesize excess collagen, which is a hallmark of keloid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand W Nangole
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Po Box 2212 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095 USA
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19
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Reconstructed human keloid models show heterogeneity within keloid scars. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:815-826. [PMID: 30370495 PMCID: PMC6244653 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Keloid scars are often described as having an actively growing peripheral margin with a regressing centre. The aim of this study was to examine the possible heterogeneity within keloids and the involvement of different regions within and around keloid scars in the pathogenesis, using an in vitro keloid scar model. In vitro skin models were constructed from keratinocytes and fibroblasts from normal skin and different regions within and around keloid scars: periphery, centre, and (adjacent) surrounding-normal-skin regions. Additionally, fibroblasts were isolated from the superficial-central and deep-central regions of the keloid and combined with central keratinocytes. All keloid regions showed increased contraction compared to normal skin models, particularly in central regions. Myofibroblasts were present in all keloid regions but were more abundant in models containing central-deep keloid fibroblasts. Secretion of anti-fibrotic HGF and extracellular matrix collagen IV gene expression was reduced in the central deep keloid compared to normal skin. No significant differences between peripheral and central regions within keloids were observed for inflammatory cytokine CCL20, CCL27, CXCL8, IL-6 and IL-18 secretion. Parameters for surrounding-normal-skin showed similarities to both non-lesional normal skin and keloids. In conclusion, a simple but elegant method of culturing keloid-derived keratinocytes and fibroblasts in an organotypic 3D scar model was developed, for the dual purpose of studying the underlying pathology and ultimately testing new therapeutics. In this study, these tissue engineered scar models show that the central keloid region shows a more aggressive keloid scar phenotype than the periphery and that the surrounding-normal-skin also shares certain abnormalities characteristic for keloids.
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20
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Role of Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 2 in the Pathogenesis of Tissue Fibrosis in Keloid-Derived Keratinocytes. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 79:546-551. [PMID: 29053518 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in fibrotic keloid formation, which is characterized by excessive collagen and extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition. Growing evidence suggests that the serine/threonine kinase homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) acts upstream of several major fibrosis signaling pathways; however, the role of HIPK2 in the keloid fibrogenesis remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the roles of HIPK2 in the pathogenesis of keloids. Primary normal skin and keloid keratinocytes were cultured and pretreated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Next, keratinocytes were transfected with scrambled small interfering RNA (siRNA) and anti-HIPK2 siRNA. The TGF-β1-associated HIPK2 alterations were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels were analyzed by western blotting. The HIPK2 was markedly increased in the keloid-derived keratinocytes compared with normal skin keratinocytes. In addition, HIPK2 induced the expression of EMT markers in normal skin keratinocytes by TGF-β1-SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3). The effect of TGF-β1-related EMT markers and SMAD3 phosphorylation in response to added TGF-β1 was significantly abrogated when the cells were transfected with HIPK2 siRNA. We conclude that HIPK2 is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of keloids, suggesting that HIPK2 might be a novel potential drug target for antikeloid therapy.
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21
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Limandjaja GC, van den Broek LJ, Breetveld M, Waaijman T, Monstrey S, de Boer EM, Scheper RJ, Niessen FB, Gibbs S. Characterization of In Vitro Reconstructed Human Normotrophic, Hypertrophic, and Keloid Scar Models. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:242-253. [PMID: 29490604 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand scar pathology, develop new drugs, and provide a platform for personalized medicine, physiologically relevant human scar models are required, which are characteristic of different scar pathologies. Hypertrophic scars and keloids are two types of abnormal scar resulting from unknown abnormalities in the wound healing process. While they display different clinical behavior, differentiation between the two can be difficult-which in turn means that it is difficult to develop optimal therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to develop in vitro reconstructed human hypertrophic and keloid scar models and compare these to normotrophic scar and normal skin models to identify distinguishing biomarkers. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts from normal skin and scar types (normotrophic, hypertrophic, keloid) were used to reconstruct skin models. All skin models showed a reconstructed differentiated epidermis on a fibroblast populated collagen-elastin matrix. Both abnormal scar types showed increased contraction, dermal thickness, and myofibroblast staining compared to normal skin and normotrophic scar. Notably, the expression of extracellular matrix associated genes showed distinguishing profiles between all scar types and normal skin (hyaluronan synthase-1, matrix-metalloprotease-3), between keloid and normal skin (collagen type IV), between normal scar and keloid (laminin α1), and between keloid and hypertrophic scar (matrix-metalloprotease-1, integrin α5). Also, inflammatory cytokine and growth factor secretion (CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL27, IL-6, HGF) showed differential secretion between scar types. Our results strongly suggest that abnormal scars arise from different pathologies rather than simply being on different ends of the scarring spectrum. Furthermore, such normal skin and scar models together with biomarkers, which distinguish the different scar types, would provide an animal free, physiologically relevant scar diagnostic and drug testing platform for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Limandjaja
- 1 Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Breetveld
- 1 Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco Waaijman
- 1 Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stan Monstrey
- 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Ghent , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edith M de Boer
- 1 Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- 3 Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Niessen
- 4 Department of Plastic Surgery, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- 1 Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Centre (VUMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,5 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Lang H, Zhao F, Zhang T, Liu X, Wang Z, Wang R, Shi P, Pang X. MicroRNA-149 contributes to scarless wound healing by attenuating inflammatory response. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627609 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A fibrotic or pathological scar is an undesired consequence of skin wound healing and may trigger a series of problems. An attenuated inflammatory response is a significant characteristic of fetal skin wound healing, which can contribute to the scarless healing of fetal skin. According to deep sequencing data, microRNA‑149 (miR‑149) expression was increased in mid-gestational compared with that in late‑gestational fetal skin keratinocytes. It was demonstrated that overexpression of miR‑149 in HaCaT cells can downregulate the expression of pro‑inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‑1α, IL‑1β, and IL‑6 at basal levels and in inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, miR‑149 was revealed to indirectly accelerate transforming growth factor‑β3 and collagen type III expression in fibroblasts, which are essential cells in extracellular matrix remodeling. In a rat skin wound model, miR‑149 improved the quality of the arrangement of collagen bundles and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration during skin wound healing. These results indicate that miR‑149 may be a potential regulator in improving the quality of skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Lang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110013, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110013, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110013, P.R. China
| | - Ping Shi
- Department of General Practice, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110013, P.R. China
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Rödel F, Fournier C, Wiedemann J, Merz F, Gaipl US, Frey B, Keilholz L, Seegenschmiedt MH, Rödel C, Hehlgans S. Basics of Radiation Biology When Treating Hyperproliferative Benign Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:519. [PMID: 28515727 PMCID: PMC5413517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, low- and moderate-dose radiation therapy (RT) has been shown to exert a beneficial therapeutic effect in a multitude of non-malignant conditions including painful degenerative muscoloskeletal and hyperproliferative disorders. Dupuytren and Ledderhose diseases are benign fibroproliferative diseases of the hand/foot with fibrotic nodules and fascial cords, which determine debilitating contractures and deformities of fingers/toes, while keloids are exuberant scar formations following burn damage, surgery, and trauma. Although RT has become an established and effective option in the management of these diseases, experimental studies to illustrate cellular composites and factors involved remain to be elucidated. More recent findings, however, indicate the involvement of radiation-sensitive targets like mitotic fibroblasts/myofibroblasts as well as inflammatory cells. Radiation-related molecular mechanisms affecting these target cells include the production of free radicals to hamper proliferative activity and interference with growth factors and cytokines. Moreover, an impairment of activated immune cells involved in both myofibroblast proliferative and inflammatory processes may further contribute to the clinical effects. We here aim at briefly describing mechanisms contributing to a modulation of proliferative and inflammatory processes and to summarize current concepts of treating hyperproliferative diseases by low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Wiedemann
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felicitas Merz
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ludwig Keilholz
- Department of Radiotherapy, Clinical Center Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Claus Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Jumper N, Hodgkinson T, Paus R, Bayat A. Site-specific gene expression profiling as a novel strategy for unravelling keloid disease pathobiology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172955. [PMID: 28257480 PMCID: PMC5336271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloid disease (KD) is a fibroproliferative cutaneous tumour characterised by heterogeneity, excess collagen deposition and aggressive local invasion. Lack of a validated animal model and resistance to a multitude of current therapies has resulted in unsatisfactory clinical outcomes of KD management. In order to address KD from a new perspective, we applied for the first time a site-specific in situ microdissection and gene expression profiling approach, through combined laser capture microdissection and transcriptomic array. The aim here was to analyse the utility of this approach compared with established methods of investigation, including whole tissue biopsy and monolayer cell culture techniques. This study was designed to approach KD from a hypothesis-free and compartment-specific angle, using state-of-the-art microdissection and gene expression profiling technology. We sought to characterise expression differences between specific keloid lesional sites and elucidate potential contributions of significantly dysregulated genes to mechanisms underlying keloid pathobiology, thus informing future explorative research into KD. Here, we highlight the advantages of our in situ microdissection strategy in generating expression data with improved sensitivity and accuracy over traditional methods. This methodological approach supports an active role for the epidermis in the pathogenesis of KD through identification of genes and upstream regulators implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammation and immune modulation. We describe dermal expression patterns crucial to collagen deposition that are associated with TGFβ-mediated signalling, which have not previously been examined in KD. Additionally, this study supports the previously proposed presence of a cancer-like stem cell population in KD and explores the possible contribution of gene dysregulation to the resistance of KD to conventional therapy. Through this innovative in situ microdissection gene profiling approach, we provide better-defined gene signatures of distinct KD regions, thereby addressing KD heterogeneity, facilitating differential diagnosis with other cutaneous fibroses via transcriptional fingerprinting, and highlighting key areas for future KD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Jumper
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T. Hodgkinson
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, University of Manchester, and MAHSC, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and MAHSC, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A. Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and MAHSC, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Examination of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Keloid Tissues and Possibility of Keloid Therapy Target. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 4:e1138. [PMID: 27975033 PMCID: PMC5142499 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Keloid is a fibroproliferative skin disorder that is characterized by collagen accumulation and blood vessel proliferation in the reticular layer of the dermis. It is caused by prolonged inflammation after cutaneous injury. Several studies suggested recently that epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the development of fibrosis. This study assessed whether EMT also participates in keloid development and/or aggravation. Methods: Resected keloid (n = 19) and normal skin (n = 13) samples were subjected to immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent, and Western blot analyses of their expression of epidermal (E-cadherin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) proteins. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the keloid tissues had more vimentin-positive cells in the epidermis than the normal tissues. When normal primary keratinocytes were cultured with proinflammatory cytokines, the cobblestone-shaped cells changed to a spindle shape and many vimentin-positive cells were detected. When immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes were cocultured in split-well plates with normal or keloid-derived fibroblasts, they also underwent EMT, as indicated by their greater vimentin expression on Western blot analysis compared with HaCaT cells that were cultured alone. Conclusions: EMT was observed in keloid specimens. EMT was induced by inflammatory cytokines and fibroblasts. EMT may be involved in keloid generation and/or aggravation and may have potential as a keloid treatment target.
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Lee YS, Hsu T, Chiu WC, Sarkozy H, Kulber DA, Choi A, Kim EW, Benya PD, Tuan TL. Keloid-derived, plasma/fibrin-based skin equivalents generate de novo dermal and epidermal pathology of keloid fibrosis in a mouse model. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:302-16. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shain Lee
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Tim Hsu
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Wei-Chih Chiu
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Heidi Sarkozy
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - David A. Kulber
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Aaron Choi
- UCLA-Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California; Los Angeles California
| | - Elliot W. Kim
- UCLA-Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California; Los Angeles California
| | - Paul D. Benya
- UCLA-Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California; Los Angeles California
| | - Tai-Lan Tuan
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
- Department of Surgery; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
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27
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Zhang M, Xu Y, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Zhao P, Liu H, Wang Y, Ma X. Chemokine-Like Factor 1 (CKLF-1) is Overexpressed in Keloid Patients: A Potential Indicating Factor for Keloid-Predisposed Individuals. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3082. [PMID: 26986142 PMCID: PMC4839923 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF-1) is a novel cytokine which have a crucial role in immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, the expression level of CKLF-1 was measured to assess the difference between keloid patients and people without keloid. Fifty samples were taken from 30 patients: 10 keloid patients; 10 scar patients; and 10 patients without obvious scarring. Patients were randomly selected from the hospitalized patients of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2013 to July 2015. Five groups of samples were established: keloid samples from keloid patients (K); normal skin samples from keloid patients (KS); scar samples from scar patients (C); normal skin samples from scar patients (CS); and normal skin samples from patients without obvious scarring (S). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe morphological changes. CKLF-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TGF-β were detected by immunohistochemical and western blot technology. The expression of CKLF-1's mRNA was also measured by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Compared to the K group, the other 4 groups presented significantly less inflammatory infiltration and lower expression levels of CKLF-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TGF-β. Among the 3 normal skin groups, the expression level of CKLF-1 was significantly higher in the KS group than in the CS or S group. The mRNA expression was also obvious in the K and KS groups. CKLF-1 and other inflammatory factors were overexpressed in the samples from keloid patients, indicating that the formation of keloid may be related to inflammation and that CKLF-1 may play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi Zhang
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery (MZ, HL, YW), Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of General Surgery (YX), Youan Hospital Capital Medical University; College of Life Science and Bioengineering (YL, PZ, XM), Beijing University of Technology; and Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics (YC), Peking University, Beijing, China
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28
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IL-18 and Cutaneous Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29357-69. [PMID: 26690141 PMCID: PMC4691115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18, an IL-1 family cytokine, is a pleiotropic immune regulator. IL-18 plays a strong proinflammatory role by inducing interferon (IFN)-γ. Previous studies have implicated IL-18 in the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, it is not well understood biologic activities of IL-18 in the diverse skin diseases. Here, we have reviewed the expression and function of IL-18 in skin diseases including inflammatory diseases. This article provides an evidence-based understanding of the role of IL-18 in skin diseases and its relationship with disease activities.
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29
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Lunding L, Schröder A, Wegmann M. Allergic airway inflammation: unravelling the relationship between IL-37, IL-18Rα and Tir8/SIGIRR. Expert Rev Respir Med 2015; 9:739-50. [PMID: 26561030 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2015.1109452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of allergic bronchial asthma arise from chronic airway inflammation. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms regulating the maintenance of this chronic inflammatory response is key to understanding asthma pathogenesis. To date, it is not clear whether a predominance of proinflammatory factors or a reduced capacity of counterbalancing anti-inflammatory mediators is the pivotal factor predisposing individuals towards asthma development. The IL-1 cytokine family and its receptor systems comprise a variety of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and IL-18 and anti-inflammatory molecules such as the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor 8/single Ig IL-1 receptor (IL-R)-related molecule (Tir8/SIGIRR) and the recently established cytokine IL-37. This article reviews the functions of these IL-1 cytokine family members in the regulation of allergic airway inflammation and asthma as they have been assessed clinically, in vitro and in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lunding
- a Division of Asthma Mouse Models, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North , Member of the German Center for Lung Research , Borstel , Germany
| | - Alexandra Schröder
- a Division of Asthma Mouse Models, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North , Member of the German Center for Lung Research , Borstel , Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- a Division of Asthma Mouse Models, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North , Member of the German Center for Lung Research , Borstel , Germany
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30
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Mantel A, Newsome A, Thekkudan T, Frazier R, Katdare M. The role of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3)-mediated prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) metabolism in keloids. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:38-43. [PMID: 26308156 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Keloids are progressively expanding scars, mostly prevalent in individuals of African descent. Previous data identified increased mast cell number and activation state in keloids suggesting a role in disease progression. The major eicosanoid secreted by mast cells is prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a relatively unstable pro-inflammatory mediator which can be spontaneously converted to 15-deoxy-(Delta12,14)-prostaglandin J2(15d-PGJ2) or enzymatically metabolized to 9α,11β-PGF2 by aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). In this work, we investigated the possible role of PGD2 and its metabolites in keloids using CRL1762 keloid fibroblasts (KF) and immunohistochemical staining. Our data suggested approximately 3-fold increase of tryptase-positive mast cell count in keloids compared with normal skin. Furthermore, AKR1C3 was overexpressed in the fibrotic area of keloids while relatively weak staining detected in normal skin. Metabolism of PGD2 to 9α,11β-PGF2 by both, KF and normal fibroblasts, was dependent on AKR1C3 as this reaction was attenuated in the presence of the AKR1C3 inhibitor, 2'-hydroxyflavanone, or in cells with decreased AKR1C3 expression. 15d-PGJ2, but not the other tested PGs, inhibited KF proliferation, attenuated KF-mediated collagen gel contraction and increased caspase-3 activation. In addition, treatment with 15d-PGJ2 activated P38-MAPK, induced reactive oxygen species and upregulated superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1). Finally, inhibition of P38-MAPK further augmented 15d-PGJ2-induced caspase-3 cleavage and attenuated its effect on SOD-1 transcription. This work suggests that localized dual inhibition of AKR1C3 and P38-MAPK may inhibit keloid progression. Inhibiting AKR1C3 activity may generate oxidative environment due to redirection of PGD2 metabolism towards 15d-PGJ2 while inhibition of P38-MAPK will sensitize keloid cells to ROS-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Mantel
- Hampton University Skin of Color Research Institute (HUSCRI), Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Austin Newsome
- Hampton University Skin of Color Research Institute (HUSCRI), Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Theresa Thekkudan
- Hampton University Skin of Color Research Institute (HUSCRI), Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Robert Frazier
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Meena Katdare
- Hampton University Skin of Color Research Institute (HUSCRI), Hampton, VA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), Norfolk, VA, USA
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31
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The danger model approach to the pathogenesis of the rheumatic diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:506089. [PMID: 25973436 PMCID: PMC4417989 DOI: 10.1155/2015/506089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The danger model was proposed by Polly Matzinger as complement to the traditional self-non-self- (SNS-) model to explain the immunoreactivity. The danger model proposes a central role of the tissular cells' discomfort as an element to prime the immune response processes in opposition to the traditional SNS-model where foreignness is a prerequisite. However recent insights in the proteomics of diverse tissular cells have revealed that under stressful conditions they have a significant potential to initiate, coordinate, and perpetuate autoimmune processes, in many cases, ruling over the adaptive immune response cells; this ruling potential can also be confirmed by observations in several genetically manipulated animal models. Here, we review the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease and provide realistic approaches based on the logic of the danger model. We assume that tissular dysfunction is a prerequisite for chronic autoimmunity and propose two genetically conferred hypothetical roles for the tissular cells causing the disease: (A) the Impaired cell and (B) the paranoid cell. Both roles are not mutually exclusive. Some examples in human disease and in animal models are provided based on current evidence.
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32
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Ma X, Chen J, Xu B, Long X, Qin H, Zhao RC, Wang X. Keloid-derived keratinocytes acquire a fibroblast-like appearance and an enhanced invasive capacity in a hypoxic microenvironment in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1246-56. [PMID: 25777304 PMCID: PMC4380122 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A keloid scar is an overgrowth of dense fibrous tissue that develops around a wound. These scars are raised scars that spread beyong the margins of the orinigal wound to normal skin by invasion. Keloid tissue consists of both an epithelium and dermal fibroblasts. Recent studies have primarily focused on keloid fibroblasts; however, the precise role of keratinocytes in the invasion process of keloids remains to be identified. Hypoxia is a typical characteristic of keloid scars, as well as other solid tumors. The expression of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), is mainly induced by hypoxia and is known for its ability to induce proliferative and transformative changes in cells; its expression has been shown to correlate with tumor invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry, fluorescence staining and western blot analysis and demonstrated that HIF-1α was highly expressed in both the epithelial layer of keloid tissue specimens and in hypoxia-exposed keratinocytes, which suggested that the keloid keratinocytes underwent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. The high expression of mesenchymal markers, such as as vimentin and fibronectin was confirmed, as well as the reduced expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) during this process by detection at the protein and mRNA level. Moreover, siRNA targeting HIF-1α reversed the changes which had occurred in the morphology of the keratinocytes (cells had acquired a fibroblast-like appearance) and suppressed the invasive ability of the keratinocytes. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that the hypoxia/HIF-1α microenvironment provides a favorable environment for keloid-derived keratinocytes to adopt a fibroblast-like appearance through EMT. This transition may be responsible for the enhanced capacity of keloid keratinocytes to invade, allowing the keloids to extend beyond the wound margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bei Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Han Qin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Neural tissue engineering scaffold with sustained RAPA release relieves neuropathic pain in rats. Life Sci 2014; 112:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Syed F, Sherris D, Paus R, Varmeh S, Singh S, Pandolfi PP, Bayat A. Keloid disease can be inhibited by antagonizing excessive mTOR signaling with a novel dual TORC1/2 inhibitor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1642-58. [PMID: 22982188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Keloid disease (KD) is a fibroproliferative lesion of unknown etiopathogenesis that possibly targets the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. We investigated whether PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor, Palomid 529 (P529), which targets both mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC-1) and mTORC-2 signaling, could exert anti-KD effects in a novel KD organ culture assay and in keloid fibroblasts (KF). Treatment of KF with P529 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited cell spreading, attachment, proliferation, migration, and invasive properties at a low concentration (5 ng/mL) and induced substantial KF apoptosis when compared with normal dermal fibroblasts. P529 also inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and completely suppressed Akt, GSK3β, mTOR, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, and S6 phosphorylation. P529 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D and caused considerable apoptosis. Compared with rapamycin and wortmannin, P529 also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced keloid-associated phenotypic markers in KF. P529 caused tissue shrinkage, growth arrest, and apoptosis in keloid organ cultures and substantially inhibited angiogenesis. pS6, pAkt-Ser473, and mTOR phosphorylation were also suppressed in situ. P529 reduced cellularity and expression of collagen, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (substantially more than rapamycin). These pre-clinical in vitro and ex vivo observations are evidence that the mTOR pathway is a promising target for future KD therapy and that the dual PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor P529 deserves systematic exploration as a candidate agent for the future treatment of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhatullah Syed
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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