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Usai A, Theodoropoulos C, Di Caprio F, Altimari P, Cao G, Concas A. Structured population balances to support microalgae-based processes: Review of the state-of-art and perspectives analysis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1169-1188. [PMID: 36789264 PMCID: PMC9918424 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Design and optimization of microalgae processes have traditionally relied on the application of unsegregated mathematical models, thus neglecting the impact of cell-to-cell heterogeneity. However, there is experimental evidence that the latter one, including but not limited to variation in mass/size, internal composition and cell cycle phase, can play a crucial role in both cultivation and downstream processes. Population balance equations (PBEs) represent a powerful approach to develop mathematical models describing the effect of cell-to-cell heterogeneity. In this work, the potential of PBEs for the analysis and design of microalgae processes are discussed. A detailed review of PBE applications to microalgae cultivation, harvesting and disruption is reported. The review is largely focused on the application of the univariate size/mass structured PBE, where the size/mass is the only internal variable used to identify the cell state. Nonetheless, the need, addressed by few studies, for additional or alternative internal variables to identify the cell cycle phase and/or provide information about the internal composition is discussed. Through the review, the limitations of previous studies are described, and areas are identified where the development of more reliable PBE models, driven by the increasing availability of single-cell experimental data, could support the understanding and purposeful exploitation of the mechanisms determining cell-to-cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Usai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom,Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Constantinos Theodoropoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom,Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Di Caprio
- Department of Chemistry, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Altimari
- Department of Chemistry, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy,Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy,Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Loc. Piscina Manna, Building 1, 09050 Pula, CA, Italy
| | - Alessandro Concas
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy,Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy,Corresponding author at: Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
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Groh A, Kohr H, Louis AK. Numerical rate function determination in partial differential equations modeling cell population dynamics. J Math Biol 2016; 74:533-565. [PMID: 27295108 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-016-1032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a method to solve the inverse problem of determining an unknown rate function in a partial differential equation (PDE) based on discrete measurements of the modeled quantity. The focus is put on a size-structured population balance equation (PBE) predicting the evolution of the number distribution of a single cell population as a function of the size variable. Since the inverse problem at hand is ill-posed, an adequate regularization scheme is required to avoid amplification of measurement errors in the solution method. The technique developed in this work to determine a rate function in a PBE is based on the approximate inverse method, a pointwise regularization scheme, which employs two key ideas. Firstly, the mollification in the directions of time and size variables are separated. Secondly, instable numerical data derivatives are circumvented by shifting the differentiation to an analytically given function. To examine the performance of the introduced scheme, adapted test scenarios have been designed with different levels of data disturbance simulating the model and measurement errors in practice. The success of the method is substantiated by visualizing the results of these numerical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Groh
- Hexagon Metrology PTS, Walter-Zapp-Strasse 4, 35578, Wetzlar, Germany.
| | - Holger Kohr
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Lindstedtsvägen 25, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfred K Louis
- Saarland University, POB: 151150, 66041, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Pisu M, Concas A, Cao G. A novel quantitative model of cell cycle progression based on cyclin-dependent kinases activity and population balances. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 55:1-13. [PMID: 25601491 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle regulates proliferative cell capacity under normal or pathologic conditions, and in general it governs all in vivo/in vitro cell growth and proliferation processes. Mathematical simulation by means of reliable and predictive models represents an important tool to interpret experiment results, to facilitate the definition of the optimal operating conditions for in vitro cultivation, or to predict the effect of a specific drug in normal/pathologic mammalian cells. Along these lines, a novel model of cell cycle progression is proposed in this work. Specifically, it is based on a population balance (PB) approach that allows one to quantitatively describe cell cycle progression through the different phases experienced by each cell of the entire population during its own life. The transition between two consecutive cell cycle phases is simulated by taking advantage of the biochemical kinetic model developed by Gérard and Goldbeter (2009) which involves cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) whose regulation is achieved through a variety of mechanisms that include association with cyclins and protein inhibitors, phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, and cyclin synthesis or degradation. This biochemical model properly describes the entire cell cycle of mammalian cells by maintaining a sufficient level of detail useful to identify check point for transition and to estimate phase duration required by PB. Specific examples are discussed to illustrate the ability of the proposed model to simulate the effect of drugs for in vitro trials of interest in oncology, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pisu
- CRS4 (Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia), Località Piscinamanna, Edificio 1, 09010 Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Concas
- CRS4 (Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia), Località Piscinamanna, Edificio 1, 09010 Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- CRS4 (Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia), Località Piscinamanna, Edificio 1, 09010 Pula, Cagliari, Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
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Guenther D, Oks A, Ettinger M, Liodakis E, Petri M, Krettek C, Jagodzinski M, Haasper C. Enhanced migration of human bone marrow stromal cells in modified collagen hydrogels. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:1605-11. [PMID: 23645081 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Collagen I hydrogels are widely used as scaffolds for regeneration of articular cartilage defects. We hypothesised that ingrowth might be improved by removing the superficial layer of a compressed hydrogel. The control group consisted of the original unmodified product. METHODS The migration of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) into the hydrogel was evaluated by confocal microscopy. We quantified the DNA concentration of the hydrogel for each group and time point and evaluated the chondrogenic differentiation of cells. RESULTS After one week, the detectable amount of cells at the depth of 26-50 μm was significantly higher in the modified matrix (MM) than in the non-modified matrix (NM) (p = 0.011). The maximum depth of penetration was 75 μm (NM) and 200 μm (MM). After three weeks, the maximum depth of penetration was 175 μm (NM) and 200 μm (MM). Likewise, at a depth of 0-25 μm the amount of detectable cells was significantly higher in the MM group (p = 0.003). After 14 days, the concentration of DNA was significantly higher in the samples of the MM than in the control group (p = 0.000). Staining of histological sections and labelling with collagen II antibodies showed that a chondrogenic differentiation of cells in the scaffold can occur during in vitro cultivation. CONCLUSIONS Removing the superficial layer is essential to ensuring proper ingrowth of cells within the compressed hydrogel. Compressed hydrogels contribute better to cartilage regeneration after surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guenther
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Fadda S, Cincotti A, Cao G. A novel population balance model to investigate the kinetics of in vitro cell proliferation: Part II. numerical solution, parameters' determination, and model outcomes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:782-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fadda S, Cincotti A, Cao G. A novel population balance model to investigate the kinetics of in vitro cell proliferation: Part I. model development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:772-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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