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Tim-1 mucin domain-mutant mice display exacerbated atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2022; 352:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cao Y, Li Q, Liu H, He X, Huang F, Wang Y. Role of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis, inflammation, and antitumor immunity therapy. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:237-248. [PMID: 34092621 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICRs), has attained considerable progresses in clinical practice. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) act as next ICRs, and originally function as a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on interferon (IFN)-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, Tim-3 has also been found to express on innate immune cells and several types of tumors, signifying the pivotal role that Tim-3 plays in chronic viral infections and cancer. In addition, Tim-3 and multiple ICRs are concurrently expressed and regulated on dysfunctional or exhausted T-cells, leading to improved antitumor immune responses in preclinical or clinical cancer therapy through co-blockade of Tim-3 and other ICRs such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In this review, the biological characteristics of Tim-3 and the function of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis and inflammation have been summarized. The usage of a single blockade of Tim-3 or in combination with multiple immunotherapy regimens have drawn attention to antitumor potential as a target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Boehne C, Behrendt AK, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Boettcher M, Drube S, Kamradt T, Hansen G. Tim-3 is dispensable for allergic inflammation and respiratory tolerance in experimental asthma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249605. [PMID: 33822811 PMCID: PMC8023500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) has been described as a transmembrane protein, expressed on the surface of various T cells as well as different cells of innate immunity. It has since been associated with Th1 mediated autoimmune diseases and transplantation tolerance studies, thereby indicating a possible role of this receptor in counter-regulation of Th2 immune responses. In the present study we therefore directly examined the role of Tim-3 in allergic inflammation and respiratory tolerance. First, Tim-3-/- mice and wild type controls were immunized and challenged with the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA) to induce an asthma-like phenotype. Analysis of cell numbers and distribution in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as well as lung histology in H&E stained lung sections demonstrated a comparable degree of eosinophilic inflammation in both mouse strains. Th2 cytokine production in restimulated cell culture supernatants and serum IgE and IgG levels were equally increased in both genotypes. In addition, cell proliferation and the distribution of different T cell subsets were comparable. Moreover, analysis of both mouse strains in our respiratory tolerance model, where mucosal application of the model allergen before immunization, prevents the development of an asthma-like phenotype, revealed no differences in any of the parameters mentioned above. The current study demonstrates that Tim-3 is dispensable not only for the development of allergic inflammation but also for induction of respiratory tolerance in mice in an OVA-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Boehne
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Behrendt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Boettcher
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kerr D, Tietjen GT, Gong Z, Tajkhorshid E, Adams EJ, Lee KYC. Sensitivity of peripheral membrane proteins to the membrane context: A case study of phosphatidylserine and the TIM proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2126-2133. [PMID: 29920237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a diverse class of peripheral membrane-binding proteins that specifically bind phosphatidylserine (PS), a lipid that signals apoptosis or cell fusion depending on the membrane context of its presentation. PS-receptors are specialized for particular PS-presenting pathways, indicating that they might be sensitive to the membrane context. In this review, we describe a combination of thermodynamic, structural, and computational techniques that can be used to investigate the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity. As an example, we focus on three PS-receptors of the T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin containing (TIM) protein family, which we have previously shown to differ in their sensitivity to PS surface density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerr
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Gregory T Tietjen
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Zhiliang Gong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ka Yee C Lee
- Program in Biophysical Sciences, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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5
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Hiraishi Y, Nambu A, Shibui A, Nakanishi W, Yamaguchi S, Morita H, Iikura M, McKenzie AN, Matsumoto K, Sudo K, Yamasoba T, Nagase T, Nakae S. TIM-3 is not essential for development of airway inflammation induced by house dust mite antigens. Allergol Int 2016; 65:459-465. [PMID: 27209052 PMCID: PMC5074363 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), which is preferentially expressed on Th1 cells rather than Th2 cells, is considered to be a negative regulator of Th1 cell function. This suggests that TIM-3 indirectly enhances Th2-type immune responses by suppressing Th1 cell function. Methods To investigate TIM-3's possible involvement in Th2-type acute and chronic airway inflammation, wild-type and TIM-3-deficient (TIM-3−/−) mice were sensitized and challenged with a house dust mite (HDM) extract. Airway inflammation and the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) in the mice were determined by histological analysis and with a hemocytometer, respectively. Expression of mRNA in the lungs was determined by quantitative PCR, while the levels of cytokines in the BALFs and IgE in sera were determined by ELISA. Results Despite constitutive expression of TIM-3 mRNA in the lungs, the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) and the score of pulmonary inflammation were comparable between wild-type and TIM-3−/− mice during both acute and chronic HDM-induced airway inflammation. On the other hand, the number of lymphocytes in the BALFs of TIM-3−/− mice was significantly increased compared with wild-type mice during HDM-induced chronic, but not acute, airway inflammation, while the levels of Th2 cytokines in the BALFs and HDM-specific IgG1 and IgG2a and total IgE in the sera were comparable in both groups. Conclusions Our findings indicate that, in mice, TIM-3 is not essential for development of HDM-induced acute or chronic allergic airway inflammation, although it appears to be involved in reduced lymphocyte recruitment during HDM-induced chronic allergic airway inflammation.
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Abstract
Polymorphisms in the T cell (or transmembrane) immunoglobulin and mucin
domain 1 ( TIM-1) gene, particularly in the mucin
domain, have been associated with atopy and allergic diseases in mice and human.
Genetic- and antibody-mediated studies revealed that Tim-1 functions as a
positive regulator of Th2 responses, while certain antibodies to Tim-1 can
exacerbate or reduce allergic lung inflammation. Tim-1 can also positively
regulate the function of B cells, NKT cells, dendritic cells and mast cells.
However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which Tim-1 modulates immune cell
function are currently unknown. In this study, we have focused on defining
Tim-1-mediated signaling pathways that enhance mast cell activation through the
high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI). Using a Tim-1 mouse model lacking the mucin
domain (Tim-1 Dmucin), we show for the first time that the
polymorphic Tim-1 mucin region is dispensable for normal mast cell activation.
We further show that Tim-4 cross-linking of Tim-1 enhances select signaling
pathways downstream of FceRI in mast cells, including mTOR-dependent signaling,
leading to increased cytokine production but without affecting
degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Phong
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
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Kojima R, Ohno T, Iikura M, Niki T, Hirashima M, Iwaya K, Tsuda H, Nonoyama S, Matsuda A, Saito H, Matsumoto K, Nakae S. Galectin-9 enhances cytokine secretion, but suppresses survival and degranulation, in human mast cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86106. [PMID: 24465902 PMCID: PMC3896437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a lectin having a β-galactoside-binding domain, can induce apoptosis of Th1 cells by binding to TIM-3. In addition, Gal-9 inhibits IgE/Ag-mediated degranulation of mast cell/basophilic cell lines by binding to IgE, thus blocking IgE/Ag complex formation. However, the role of Gal-9 in mast cell function in the absence of IgE is not fully understood. Here, we found that recombinant Gal-9 directly induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 but not p38 MAPK in a human mast cell line, HMC-1, which does not express FcεRI. Gal-9 induced apoptosis and inhibited PMA/ionomycin-mediated degranulation of HMC-1 cells. On the other hand, Gal-9 induced cytokine and/or chemokine production by HMC-1 cells, dependent on activation of ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK. In addition, the lectin activity of Gal-9 was required for Gal-9-mediated cytokine secretion by HMC-1 cells. These observations suggest that Gal-9 has dual properties as both a regulator and an activator of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kojima
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsukuni Ohno
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Iikura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Departments of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
- Research Center, GalPharma Company, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Departments of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
- Research Center, GalPharma Company, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Keichi Iwaya
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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Arshad SH, Dharmage SC, Ferreira F, Fixman ED, Gadermaier G, Hauser M, Sampson AP, Teran LM, Wallner M, Wardlaw AJ. Developments in the field of allergy in 2011 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2013. [PMID: 23181787 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As in previous years, we felt it would be of value to our readership to summarize the new information provided by the authors who have published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2011 and set this in the context of recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis and management of allergic disease in all its many manifestations. In 2011, about 210 articles were published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy including editorials, reviews, opinion articles, guidelines, letters, book reviews and of course at the heart of the journal, papers containing original data. As before, this review is divided into sections based on the way the journal is structured, although this year we have grouped together all the papers dealing with mechanisms of allergic disease, whether they involve patients (clinical mechanisms), pure in vitro studies (basic mechanisms) or animal models (experimental models), as we felt this was a more coherent way to deal with the subject. In the field of asthma and rhinitis, the relationship between airway inflammation and airway dysfunction was of perennial interest to investigators, as were phenotypes and biomarkers. Aspirin hypersensitivity appeared in studies in several papers and there was new interest in asthma in the elderly. The mechanisms involved in allergic disease describe advances in our understanding of T cell responses, the relationship between inflammation and disease, mast cell and basophil activation, steroid resistance and novel therapies. In the section dealing with epidemiology, studies seeking to identify risk factors for allergic disease including vitamin D are prominent, as once again are studies investigating gene-environment interactions. The clinical allergy section focuses on drug allergy, food allergy and immunotherapy. The area of oral immunotherapy for food allergy is well covered and we were grateful to Stephen Durham for guest editing an outstanding special issue on immunotherapy in the centenary year of Leonard Noon's pioneering work. Lastly, in the field of allergens, the interest in component-resolved diagnosis continues to grow and there are also articles describing important novel cultivars and the effect of food processing on the allergenic properties of foods. Another terrific year, full of important and high-quality work,which the journal has been proud to bring to the allergy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Arshad
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
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Kim HY, Chang YJ, Chuang YT, Lee HH, Kasahara DI, Martin T, Hsu JT, Savage PB, Shore SA, Freeman GJ, Dekruyff RH, Umetsu DT. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 deficiency eliminates airway hyperreactivity triggered by the recognition of airway cell death. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:414-25.e6. [PMID: 23672783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of asthma have been limited by a poor understanding of how nonallergic environmental exposures, such as air pollution and infection, are translated in the lung into inflammation and wheezing. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to understand the mechanism of nonallergic asthma that leads to airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma independent of adaptive immunity. METHOD We examined mouse models of experimental asthma in which AHR was induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection or ozone exposure using mice deficient in T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM1/HAVCR1), an important asthma susceptibility gene. RESULTS TIM1(-/-) mice did not have airways disease when infected with RSV or when repeatedly exposed to ozone, a major component of air pollution. On the other hand, the TIM1(-/-) mice had allergen-induced experimental asthma, as previously shown. The RSV- and ozone-induced pathways were blocked by treatment with caspase inhibitors, indicating an absolute requirement for programmed cell death and apoptosis. TIM-1-expressing, but not TIM-1-deficient, natural killer T cells responded to apoptotic airway epithelial cells by secreting cytokines, which mediated the development of AHR. CONCLUSION We defined a novel pathway in which TIM-1, a receptor for phosphatidylserine expressed by apoptotic cells, drives the development of asthma by sensing and responding to injured and apoptotic airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Vega-Carrascal I, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG. The role of TIM-containing molecules in airway disease and their potential as therapeutic targets. J Inflamm Res 2012; 5:77-87. [PMID: 22952413 PMCID: PMC3430008 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s34225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain (TIM)-containing molecules have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to correct abnormal immune function in several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. Despite the initial discovery linking TIM-containing molecules and the airway hyperreactivity regulatory locus in mice, there is a paucity of studies on the function of TIM-containing molecules in lung inflammatory disease. Initially, studies were limited to mice models of asthma. More recently however, TIM-containing molecules have been implicated in an ever-expanding list of airway conditions that includes pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, sarcoidosis, lung cancer, and cystic fibrosis. This present review discusses the role of TIM-containing molecules and their ligands in the lung, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vega-Carrascal
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
The interaction between T cells and APCs bearing cognate antigen results in the formation of an immunological synapse (IS). During this process, many receptors and signaling proteins segregate to regions proximal to the synapse. This protein movement is thought to influence T cell function. However, some proteins are transported away from the IS, which is controlled in part by ERM family proteins. Tim-1 is a transmembrane protein with co-stimulatory functions that is found on many immune cells, including T cells. However, the expression pattern of Tim-1 on T cells upon activation by APCs has not been explored. Interestingly, in this study we demonstrate that the majority of Tim-1 on activated T cells is excluded from the IS. Tim-1 predominantly resides outside of the IS, and structure/function studies indicate that the cytoplasmic tail influences Tim-1 polarization. Specifically, a putative ERM binding motif (KRK 244-246) in the Tim-1 cytoplasmic tail appears necessary for proper Tim-1 localization. Furthermore, mutation of the KRK motif results in enhanced early tyrosine phosphorylation downstream of TCR/CD28 stimulation upon ectopic expression of Tim-1. Paradoxically however, the KRK motif is necessary for Tim-1 co-stimulation of NFAT/AP-1 activation and co-stimulation of cytokine production. This work reveals unexpected complexity underlying Tim-1 localization and suggests potentially novel mechanisms by which Tim-1 modulates T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Scientist Training Program and Graduate Program in Immunology, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA
| | - Leo Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA
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Defect in regulatory B-cell function and development of systemic autoimmunity in T-cell Ig mucin 1 (Tim-1) mucin domain-mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12105-10. [PMID: 22773818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120914109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim-1, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, consists of an IgV domain and a mucin domain. The IgV domain is essential for binding Tim-1 to its ligands, but little is known about the role of the mucin domain, even though genetic association of TIM-1 with atopy/asthma has been linked to the length of mucin domain. We generated a Tim-1-mutant mouse (Tim-1(Δmucin)) in which the mucin domain was deleted genetically. The mutant mice showed a profound defect in IL-10 production from regulatory B cells (Bregs). Associated with the loss of IL-10 production in B cells, older Tim-1(Δmucin) mice developed spontaneous autoimmunity associated with hyperactive T cells, with increased production of IFN-γ and elevated serum levels of Ig and autoantibodies. However, Tim-1(Δmucin) mice did not develop frank systemic autoimmune disease unless they were crossed onto the Fas-mutant lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background. Tim-1(Δmucin)lpr mice developed accelerated and fulminant systemic autoimmunity with accumulation of abnormal double-negative T cells and autoantibodies to a number of lupus-associated autoantigens. Thus, Tim-1 plays a critical role in maintaining suppressive Breg function, and our data also demonstrate an unexpected role of the Tim-1 mucin domain in regulating Breg function and maintaining self-tolerance.
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Rennert PD. Novel roles for TIM-1 in immunity and infection. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:28-35. [PMID: 21911007 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell, immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) is the nominant member of a small family of related proteins that regulate immune cell activities. TIM-1 was initially characterized in a mouse congenic analysis of Th2 T cell responses and related pathology. Data accumulated to date suggest that TIM-1 regulates effector T cell function, and may play distinct roles in the activities of B cells, invariant NKT cells and epithelial cells. In addition, a variety of ligands for TIM-1 have been proposed. In this review I discuss recent data that have accumulated on the function of TIM-1, propose a model to explain how TIM-1 regulates effector T cell activity through recognition of distinct ligands, and review others functions of this increasingly fascinating protein. Of considerable interest are the novel findings that TIM-1 mediates virus entry and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Rennert
- Department of Molecular Discovery and Immunobiology, Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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