6
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Janikashvili N, Trad M, Gautheron A, Samson M, Lamarthée B, Bonnefoy F, Lemaire-Ewing S, Ciudad M, Rekhviashvili K, Seaphanh F, Gaugler B, Perruche S, Bateman A, Martin L, Audia S, Saas P, Larmonier N, Bonnotte B. Human monocyte-derived suppressor cells control graft-versus-host disease by inducing regulatory forkhead box protein 3-positive CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1614-24.e4. [PMID: 25630940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of immunosuppressive cells has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. However, only a limited number of such cells can be isolated from in vivo specimens. Therefore efficient ex vivo differentiation and expansion procedures are critically needed to produce a clinically relevant amount of these suppressive cells. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a novel, clinically relevant, and feasible approach to generate ex vivo a subpopulation of human suppressor cells of monocytic origin, referred to as human monocyte-derived suppressive cells (HuMoSCs), which can be used as an efficient therapeutic tool to treat inflammatory disorders. METHODS HuMoSCs were generated from human monocytes cultured for 7 days with GM-CSF and IL-6. The immune-regulatory properties of HuMoSCs were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of HuMoSCs was evaluated by using a graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) model of humanized mice (NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγc(-/-) [NSG] mice). RESULTS CD33+ HuMoSCs are highly potent at inhibiting the proliferation and activation of autologous and allogeneic effector T lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. The suppressive activity of these cells depends on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. Of therapeutic relevance, HuMoSCs induce long-lasting memory forkhead box protein 3-positive CD8+ regulatory T lymphocytes and significantly reduce GvHD induced with human PBMCs in NSG mice. CONCLUSION Ex vivo-generated HuMoSCs inhibit effector T lymphocytes, promote the expansion of immunosuppressive forkhead box protein 3-positive CD8+ regulatory T cells, and can be used as an efficient therapeutic tool to prevent GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Janikashvili
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France.
| | - Malika Trad
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Alexandrine Gautheron
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Maxime Samson
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Baptiste Lamarthée
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | | | - Marion Ciudad
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Khatuna Rekhviashvili
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Famky Seaphanh
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Martin
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France; Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Audia
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France; CHU Besançon, CIC-BT506, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Bernard Bonnotte
- INSERM UMR1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, Besançon, France; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Dijon, France
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17
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Garcia MR, Ledgerwood L, Yang Y, Xu J, Lal G, Burrell B, Ma G, Hashimoto D, Li Y, Boros P, Grisotto M, van Rooijen N, Matesanz R, Tacke F, Ginhoux F, Ding Y, Chen SH, Randolph G, Merad M, Bromberg JS, Ochando JC. Monocytic suppressive cells mediate cardiovascular transplantation tolerance in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2486-96. [PMID: 20551515 PMCID: PMC2898596 DOI: 10.1172/jci41628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main unresolved questions in solid organ transplantation is how to establish indefinite graft survival that is free from long-term treatment with immunosuppressive drugs and chronic rejection (i.e., the establishment of tolerance). The failure to achieve this goal may be related to the difficulty in identifying the phenotype and function of the cell subsets that participate in the induction of tolerance. To address this issue, we investigated the suppressive roles of recipient myeloid cells that may be manipulated to induce tolerance to transplanted hearts in mice. Using depleting mAbs, clodronate-loaded liposomes, and transgenic mice specific for depletion of CD11c+, CD11b+, or CD115+ cells, we identified a tolerogenic role for CD11b+CD115+Gr1+ monocytes during the induction of tolerance by costimulatory blockade with CD40L-specific mAb. Early after transplantation, Gr1+ monocytes migrated from the bone marrow into the transplanted organ, where they prevented the initiation of adaptive immune responses that lead to allograft rejection and participated in the development of Tregs. Our results suggest that mobilization of bone marrow CD11b+CD115+Gr1+ monocytes under sterile inflammatory conditions mediates the induction of indefinite allograft survival. We propose that manipulating the common bone marrow monocyte progenitor could be a useful clinical therapeutic approach for inducing transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rodriguez Garcia
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Levi Ledgerwood
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Yu Yang
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Jiangnan Xu
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Bryna Burrell
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Ge Ma
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Yansui Li
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Peter Boros
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Marcos Grisotto
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Rafael Matesanz
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Frank Tacke
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Gwendalyn Randolph
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Miriam Merad
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
| | - Jordi C. Ochando
- Inmunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical
Center, Sacramento, California, USA. Department of Gene and Cell
Medicine and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, New York, USA. Centro Universitário do
Maranhão UNICEUMA, Sao Luis, Brazil. Department of Molecular
Cell Biology, VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Organización
Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain. Medical Clinic III, University
Hospital Aachen, Aachen University (RWTH), Aachen, Germany. Singapore
Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore
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