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Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Pandey DK, Paynter NP, Reeves MJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 129:e28-e292. [PMID: 24352519 PMCID: PMC5408159 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3492] [Impact Index Per Article: 349.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Schreiner PJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013; 127:e6-e245. [PMID: 23239837 PMCID: PMC5408511 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3335] [Impact Index Per Article: 303.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Makuc DM, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, Moy CS, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Soliman EZ, Sorlie PD, Sotoodehnia N, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 125:e2-e220. [PMID: 22179539 PMCID: PMC4440543 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31823ac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3163] [Impact Index Per Article: 263.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, Carnethon MR, Dai S, de Simone G, Ford ES, Fox CS, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Greenlund KJ, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Ho PM, Howard VJ, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Makuc DM, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McDermott MM, Meigs JB, Moy CS, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Rosamond WD, Sorlie PD, Stafford RS, Turan TN, Turner MB, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123:e18-e209. [PMID: 21160056 PMCID: PMC4418670 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3182009701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3648] [Impact Index Per Article: 280.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Each year, the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on disease morbidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document. Indeed, since 1999, the Statistical Update has been cited more than 8700 times in the literature (including citations of all annual versions). In 2009 alone, the various Statistical Updates were cited ≈1600 times (data from ISI Web of Science). In recent years, the Statistical Update has undergone some major changes with the addition of new chapters and major updates across multiple areas. For this year’s edition, the Statistics Committee, which produces the document for the AHA, updated all of the current chapters with the most recent nationally representative data and inclusion of relevant articles from the literature over the past year and added a new chapter detailing how family history and genetics play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Also, the 2011 Statistical Update is a major source for monitoring both cardiovascular health and disease in the population, with a focus on progress toward achievement of the AHA’s 2020 Impact Goals. Below are a few highlights from this year’s Update.
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Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Ford E, Furie K, Gillespie C, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho PM, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott MM, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino M, Nichol G, Roger VL, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Roger VL, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update. Circulation 2010; 121:e46-e215. [PMID: 20019324 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.192667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2601] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Okada S, Suzuki A, Watanabe H, Watanabe T, Aizawa Y. Reversal rate of clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors of metabolic syndrome in the general population: the niigata preventive medicine study. J Obes 2010; 2010:623593. [PMID: 21127713 PMCID: PMC2993022 DOI: 10.1155/2010/623593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversal rate from clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors-components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not known. Methods and Results. Among 35,534 subjects who received the annual health examinations at the NiigataHealth Foundation (Niigata, Japan), 4,911 subjects had clustering of 3 or more of the following CVD risk factors: (1) body mass index (BMI) ≥25 Kg/m(2), (2) blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg in systolic and/or ≥85 mm Hg in diastolic, (3) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, (4) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤40 mg/dL in men, ≤50 mg/dL in women, and (5) fasting blood glucose ≥100 mg/dL. After 5 years 1,929 subjects had a reversal of clustering (39.4%). A reversal occurred more often in males. The subjects with a reversal of clustering had milder level of each risk factor and a smaller number of risk factors, while BMI was associated with the least chance of a reversal. Conclusion. We concluded that a reversal of clustering CVD risk factors is possible in 4/10 subjects over a 5-year period by habitual or medical interventions. Gender and each CVD risk factor affected the reversal rate adversely, and BMI was associated with the least chance of a reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Okada
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | | | - Yoshifusa Aizawa
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Cardiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- *Yoshifusa Aizawa:
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Suzuki A, Kosuge K, Nanyu O, Watanabe H, Watanabe T, Usuda Y, Sasaki S, Aizawa Y. Five year study of cardiovascular risk factors in Japanese people: implications concerning new onset of metabolic syndrome. Intern Med 2010; 49:1-6. [PMID: 20045994 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been fully studied. METHODS AND RESULTS The data of 35,534 subjects who underwent a health examination both in 1996 and 2001 were analyzed. Since the waist circumference was not available, modified criteria of MetS was used for those with 3 or more of the following items: 1) body mass index (BMI) >or=25 kg/m(2), 2) blood pressure >or=130 mm Hg in systolic and/or >or=85 mm Hg in diastolic, 3) triglycerides >or=150 mg/dL, 4) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <or=40 mg/dL in men, <or=50 mg/dL in women, and 5) fasting blood glucose (FBG) >or=100 mg/dL. The subjects who underwent therapy for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and high TG were considered to have these items. The incidence of MetS over 5 years was determined and its risks were evaluated by Cox proportional-hazards models. During the follow-up of exactly 5 years, MetS developed in 2,853 (9.32%) among 30,623 subjects who had no MetS at baseline. The subjects who developed MetS were older, and had elevated BMI, blood pressure, TG and FBG (p<0.001 for all) and lower HDL (p<0.034 for men and p<0.001 for women). Each item of MetS and their combination was associated with a higher risk to develop MetS. Obesity (BMI >or=25 kg/m(2)) alone or in combination with another item was associated with a higher risk to develop MetS suggesting it plays a key role. CONCLUSION MetS using BMI developed in 9.32% over 5 years or 1.86%/year. Each item of MetS or their combination showed a high risk to develop MetS. Obesity was associated with a higher hazard ratio to develop MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
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Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, Ford E, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott M, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Nichol G, O'Donnell C, Roger V, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Stafford R, Steinberger J, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong N, Wylie-Rosett J, Hong Y. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2008; 119:e21-181. [PMID: 19075105 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.191261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1502] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ford ES, Li C, Sattar N. Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes: current state of the evidence. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1898-904. [PMID: 18591398 PMCID: PMC2518368 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to perform a quantitative review of prospective studies examining the association between the metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using the title terms "diabetes" and "metabolic syndrome" in PubMed, we searched for articles published since 1998. RESULTS Based on the results from 16 cohorts, we performed a meta-analysis of estimates of relative risk (RR) and incident diabetes. The random-effects summary RRs were 5.17 (95% CI 3.99-6.69) for the 1999 World Health Organization definition (ten cohorts); 4.45 (2.41-8.22) for the 1999 European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance definition (four cohorts); 3.53 (2.84-4.39) for the 2001 National Cholesterol Education Program definition (thirteen cohorts); 5.12 (3.26-8.05) for the 2005 American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute definition (five cohorts); and 4.42 (3.30-5.92) for the 2005 International Diabetes Federation definition (nine cohorts). The fixed-effects summary RR for the 2004 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association definition was 5.16 (4.43-6.00) (six cohorts). Higher number of abnormal components was strongly related to incident diabetes. Compared with participants without an abnormality, estimates of RR for those with four or more abnormal components ranged from 10.88 to 24.4. Limited evidence suggests fasting glucose alone may be as good as metabolic syndrome for diabetes prediction. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic syndrome, however defined, has a stronger association with incident diabetes than that previously demonstrated for coronary heart disease. Its clinical value for diabetes prediction remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl S Ford
- Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Migliaresi P, Celentano A, Palmieri V, Pezzullo S, Martino S, Bonito M, Guillaro B, Brancati C, Di Minno G. Knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and awareness of non-pharmacological approach for risk prevention in young survivors of acute myocardial infarction. The cardiovascular risk prevention project "Help Your Heart Stay Young". Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17:468-472. [PMID: 17379491 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Knowledge of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in young patients who experienced myocardial infarction (MI) is poorly described. METHODS AND RESULTS Knowledge of traditional CVD risk factors, non-fatal cardiovascular events and of non-pharmacological factors able to reduce CVD risk and education level were evaluated by questionnaires in subjects who visited their family doctors. Sixty-one participants with history of MI in age <50 years (MI+) were compared with 3749 subjects with age <50 years, from the same population source, but without history of MI (MI-). MI+ were more frequently men (p<0.01), did not have significantly higher prevalences of family history of CVD, diabetes and hypertension. MI+ individuals reported previous non-fatal stroke (13% vs. 0.5%, p<0.001), overweight, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia (all p<0.001) more frequently than controls, whereas prevalence of arterial hypertension, smoking habit and physical inactivity did not differ between the two groups; MI+ and MI- individuals did not differ in terms of the proportion of those who were unaware of being hypertensive, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic. MI+ participants reported more frequently lower education level than controls (p<0.05). Knowledge of non-pharmacological approach for CVD risk reduction was similar in MI+ and MI-. In a logistic multivariate analysis, male gender (adjusted odds ratio=5.8) and high cholesterol level (adjusted odds ratio 2.8, both p<0.01) were independent correlates of MI+. CVD risk factors distribution was similar between participants with juvenile MI+ and MI in age >or=50 years (n=167) extracted from the same population source; however, stroke was reported more frequently in juvenile MI+ than in those who had MI at age >or=50 years/old (13% vs. 4%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Juvenile non-fatal MI was associated with metabolic CVD risk factors, with higher cerebrovascular co-morbidity and lower education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Migliaresi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
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Tomiyama H, Yamada J, Koji Y, Yambe M, Motobe K, Shiina K, Yamamoto Y, Yamashina A. Heart Rate Elevation Precedes the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men: A Prospective Study. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:417-26. [PMID: 17587754 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This observational study of Japanese men without metabolic syndrome (MetS) (age: 41+/-8 years) was conducted to clarify whether or not heart rate elevation precedes the development of full-blown MetS. MetS was defined based on two modifications of the criteria of the Japanese Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Metabolic Syndrome. Premetabolic syndrome subjects were defined as those having one component of MetS with increased body mass index (BMI). Among the subjects without MetS (n=1,859 when the BMI criterion was >or=25 and n=2,020 when the BMI criterion was >or=27.5), the incidence of progression to full-blown MetS by the time of the second examination at the end of the 3-year study period was higher in the subjects with premetabolic syndrome than in those without it. The receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis and binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) of a heart rate >or=69 beats/min at the first examination for progression to full-blown MetS by the time of the second examination was significant in subjects with premetabolic syndrome (BMI>or=25: OR=3.64 [1.22-10.88]; BMI>or=27.5: OR=3.67 [1.28-10.55]; p<0.05). Thus, heart rate elevation appears to precede the development of full-blown MetS in subjects with premetabolic syndrome. Heart rate seems to be a simple and useful marker for predicting the progression to full-blown MetS of middle-aged Japanese men with premetabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tomiyama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Manrique CM, Lastra G, Palmer J, Stump CS, Sowers JR. Hypertension--a treatable component of the cardiometabolic syndrome: challenges for the primary care physician. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2006; 8:12-20. [PMID: 16415636 PMCID: PMC8109675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) have an adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile, placing them at increased risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although no specific treatments for CMS are available per se, prompt recognition and treatment of the individual components of the condition can prevent or delay the development of comorbidities. Primary care physicians are ideally positioned to identify patients with CMS and implement early intervention strategies. Hypertension contributes to many complications of CMS, and rigorous blood pressure control will help to delay or prevent end-organ vascular damage. Achieving blood pressure control to current guideline standards should be eagerly sought in the majority of patients through a combination of lifestyle modifications and appropriate pharmacologic therapy. Antihypertensive drug choice should be personalized, taking into account the CMS determinants present and any compelling indications for specific agents. As an initial approach, a thiazide diuretic is suitable for most cases of uncomplicated hypertension, although many patients will require additional antihypertensives from other classes to achieve their blood pressure goal. It is predicted that, due to the increase in unhealthy lifestyles, the prevalence of CMS will rise in the coming years. Therefore, by meeting the challenge of attaining and maintaining blood pressure control in patients with CMS, primary care physicians have the unique opportunity to markedly improve the health of the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Manrique
- From the University of Missouri‐Columbia and Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
| | - Guido Lastra
- From the University of Missouri‐Columbia and Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
| | - John Palmer
- From the University of Missouri‐Columbia and Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
| | - Craig S. Stump
- From the University of Missouri‐Columbia and Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
| | - James R. Sowers
- From the University of Missouri‐Columbia and Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO
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Bhatnagar D. Nutrition and metabolism: the metabolic syndrome again! Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16:692-4. [PMID: 16276246 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000191504.16961.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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