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Palanisamy S, Xue C, Ishiyama S, Naga Prasad SV, Gabrielson K. GPCR-ErbB transactivation pathways and clinical implications. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110092. [PMID: 34303814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play quintessential roles in physiology, and in diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. While downstream signaling from these individual receptor families has been well studied, the cross-talk between EGF and GPCR receptor families is still incompletely understood. Including members of both receptor families, the number of receptor and ligand combinations for unique interactions is vast, offering a frontier of pharmacologic targets to explore for preventing and treating disease. This molecular cross-talk, called receptor transactivation, is reviewed here with a focus on the cardiovascular system featuring the well-studied GPCR receptors, but also discussing less-studied receptors from both families for a broad understanding of context of expansile interactions, repertoire of cellular signaling, and disease consequences. Attention is given to cell type, level of chronicity, and disease context given that transactivation and comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, coronavirus infection, impact cardiovascular disease and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Xue
- University of California, Los Angeles, 101 Hershey Hall, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sathyamangla Venkata Naga Prasad
- NB50, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 1, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 807, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.
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2
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Kawai T, Elliott KJ, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Contribution of ADAM17 and related ADAMs in cardiovascular diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4161-4187. [PMID: 33575814 PMCID: PMC9301870 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) are key mediators of cell signaling by ectodomain shedding of various growth factors, cytokines, receptors and adhesion molecules at the cellular membrane. ADAMs regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, inflammation, and other regular cellular processes. ADAM17, the most extensively studied ADAM family member, is also known as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α converting enzyme (TACE). ADAMs-mediated shedding of cytokines such as TNF-α orchestrates immune system or inflammatory cascades and ADAMs-mediated shedding of growth factors causes cell growth or proliferation by transactivation of the growth factor receptors including epidermal growth factor receptor. Therefore, increased ADAMs-mediated shedding can induce inflammation, tissue remodeling and dysfunction associated with various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, and ADAMs can be a potential therapeutic target in these diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of ADAMs in cardiovascular pathophysiology and cardiovascular diseases. The main aim of this review is to stimulate new interest in this area by highlighting remarkable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine At Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine J Elliott
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine At Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine At Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine At Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Metalloprotease-Dependent Attenuation of BMP Signaling Restricts Cardiac Neural Crest Cell Fate. Cell Rep 2019; 29:603-616.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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4
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Camodeca C, Cuffaro D, Nuti E, Rossello A. ADAM Metalloproteinases as Potential Drug Targets. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2661-2689. [PMID: 29589526 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180326164104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ADAMs, together with ADAMTSs and snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs), are members of the Adamalysin family. Differences in structural organization, functions and localization are known and their domains, catalytic or non-catalytic, show key roles in the substrate recognition and protease activity. Some ADAMs, as membrane-bound enzymes, show sheddase activity. Sheddases are key to modulation of functional proteins such as the tumor necrosis factor, growth factors, cytokines and their receptors, adhesion proteins, signaling molecules and stress molecules involved in immunity. These activities take part in the regulation of several physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, tumor growth, metastatic progression and infectious diseases. On these bases, some ADAMs are currently investigated as drug targets to develop new alternative therapies in many fields of medicine. This review will be focused on these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1/ErbB network: An emerging modulator of nervous system injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101643. [PMID: 31229498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) is a member of the Neuregulin family of growth factors with essential roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Six different types of Nrg-1 (Nrg-1 type I-VI) and over 30 isoforms have been discovered; however, their specific roles are not fully determined. Nrg-1 signals through a complex network of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and multiple intracellular pathways. Genetic and pharmacological studies of Nrg-1 and ErbB receptors have identified a critical role for Nrg-1/ErbB network in neurodevelopment including neuronal migration, neural differentiation, myelination as well as formation of synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Nrg-1 signaling is best known for its characterized role in development and repair of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) due to its essential role in Schwann cell development, survival and myelination. However, our knowledge of the impact of Nrg-1/ErbB on the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged in recent years. Ongoing efforts have uncovered a multi-faceted role for Nrg-1 in regulating CNS injury and repair processes. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the most recent updates on Nrg-1 signaling and its role in nervous system injury and diseases. We will specifically highlight the emerging role of Nrg-1 in modulating the glial and immune responses and its capacity to foster neuroprotection and remyelination in CNS injury. Nrg-1/ErbB network is a key regulatory pathway in the developing nervous system; therefore, unraveling its role in neuropathology and repair can aid in development of new therapeutic approaches for nervous system injuries and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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6
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Rahman A, Weber J, Labin E, Lai C, Prieto AL. Developmental expression of Neuregulin‐3 in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:797-817. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afrida Rahman
- Departmentof Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Janet Weber
- Department NeuroscienceUniversity of California San Diego San Diego California
| | - Edward Labin
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis
| | - Cary Lai
- Departmentof Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Anne L Prieto
- Departmentof Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
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7
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Iwakura Y, Wang R, Inamura N, Araki K, Higashiyama S, Takei N, Nawa H. Glutamate-dependent ectodomain shedding of neuregulin-1 type II precursors in rat forebrain neurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174780. [PMID: 28350885 PMCID: PMC5370147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic factor neuregulin 1 (NRG1) regulates neuronal development, glial differentiation, and excitatory synapse maturation. NRG1 is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor and is then liberated by proteolytic processing or exocytosis. Mature NRG1 then binds to its receptors expressed by neighboring neurons or glial cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern this process in the nervous system are not defined in detail. Here we prepared neuron-enriched and glia-enriched cultures from embryonic rat neocortex to investigate the role of neurotransmitters that regulate the liberation/release of NRG1 from the membrane of neurons or glial cells. Using a two-site enzyme immunoassay to detect soluble NRG1, we show that, of various neurotransmitters, glutamate was the most potent inducer of NRG1 release in neuron-enriched cultures. NRG1 release in glia-enriched cultures was relatively limited. Furthermore, among glutamate receptor agonists, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and kainate (KA), but not AMPA or tACPD, mimicked the effects of glutamate. Similar findings were acquired from analysis of the hippocampus of rats with KA-induced seizures. To evaluate the contribution of members of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) families to NRG1 release, we transfected primary cultures of neurons with cDNA vectors encoding NRG1 types I, II, or III precursors, each tagged with the alkaline phosphatase reporter. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity revealed that the NRG1 type II precursor was subjected to tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) / a Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) -dependent ectodomain shedding in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. These results suggest that glutamatergic neurotransmission positively regulates the ectodomain shedding of NRG1 type II precursors and liberates the active NRG1 domain in an activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoko Inamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Araki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takei
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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8
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Tsumagari K, Shirakabe K, Ogura M, Sato F, Ishihama Y, Sehara-Fujisawa A. Secretome analysis to elucidate metalloprotease-dependent ectodomain shedding of glycoproteins during neuronal differentiation. Genes Cells 2017; 22:237-244. [PMID: 28084684 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many membrane proteins are subjected to limited proteolyses at their juxtamembrane regions, processes referred to as ectodomain shedding. Shedding ectodomains of membrane-bound ligands results in activation of downstream signaling pathways, whereas shedding those of cell adhesion molecules causes loss of cell-cell contacts. Secreted proteomics (secretomics) using high-resolution mass spectrometry would be strong tools for both comprehensive identification and quantitative measurement of membrane proteins that undergo ectodomain shedding. In this study, to elucidate the ectodomain shedding events that occur during neuronal differentiation, we establish a strategy for quantitative secretomics of glycoproteins released from differentiating neuroblastoma cells into culture medium with or without GM6001, a broad-spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor. Considering that most of transmembrane and secreted proteins are N-glycosylated, we include a process of N-glycosylated peptides enrichment as well as isotope tagging in our secretomics workflow. Our results show that differentiating N1E-115 neurons secrete numerous glycosylated polypeptides in metalloprotease-dependent manners. They are derived from cell adhesion molecules such as NCAM1, CADM1, L1CAM, various transporters and receptor proteins. These results show the landscape of ectodomain shedding and other secretory events in differentiating neurons and/or during axon elongation, which should help elucidate the mechanism of neurogenesis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsumagari
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirakabe
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mayu Ogura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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9
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Samsa LA, Ito CE, Brown DR, Qian L, Liu J. IgG-Containing Isoforms of Neuregulin-1 Are Dispensable for Cardiac Trabeculation in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166734. [PMID: 27846271 PMCID: PMC5112773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) signaling pathway has been widely implicated in many aspects of heart development including cardiac trabeculation. Cardiac trabeculation is an important morphogenetic process where clusters of ventricular cardiomyocytes extrude and expand into the lumen of the ventricular chambers. In mouse, Nrg1 isoforms containing an immunoglobulin-like (IgG) domain are essential for cardiac trabeculation through interaction with heterodimers of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) receptors ErbB2/ErbB4. Recent reports have underscored the importance of Nrg1 signaling in cardiac homeostasis and disease, however, placental development has precluded refined evaluation of the role of this pathway in mammals. ErbB2 has been shown to have a developmentally conserved role in cardiac trabeculation in zebrafish, a vertebrate model organism with completely external development, but the requirement for Nrg1 has not been examined. We found that among the multiple Nrg1 isoforms, the IgG domain-containing, type I Nrg1 (nrg1-I) is the only isoform detectable in the heart. Then, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we targeted the IgG domain of Nrg1 to produce novel alleles, nrg1nc28 and nrg1nc29, encoding nrg1-I and nrg1-II truncations. Our results indicated that zebrafish deficient for nrg1-I developed trabeculae in an ErbB2-dependent manner. Further, these mutants survive to reproductive adulthood with no overt cardiovascular defects. We also found that additional EGF-like ligands were expressed in the zebrafish heart during development of trabeculae. Together, these results suggest that Nrg1 is not the primary effector of trabeculation and/or that other EGF-like ligand(s) activates the ErbB2/ErbB4 pathway, either through functioning as the primary ligand or acting in a redundant manner. Overall, our work provides an example of cross-species differences in EGF family member requirements for an evolutionary conserved process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cade Ellis Ito
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Ross Brown
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Li Qian
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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10
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Birchmeier C, Bennett DLH. Neuregulin/ErbB Signaling in Developmental Myelin Formation and Nerve Repair. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 116:45-64. [PMID: 26970613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is essential for rapid and accurate conduction of electrical impulses by axons in the central and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Myelin is formed in the early postnatal period, and developmental myelination in the PNS depends on axonal signals provided by Nrg1/ErbB receptors. In addition, Nrg1 is required for effective nerve repair and remyelination in adulthood. We discuss here similarities and differences in Nrg1/ErbB functions in developmental myelination and remyelination after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David L H Bennett
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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11
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Neuronal ADAM10 Promotes Outgrowth of Small-Caliber Myelinated Axons in the Peripheral Nervous System. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 74:1077-85. [PMID: 26426268 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of myelination and axonal outgrowth in the peripheral nervous system is controlled by a complex signaling network involving various signaling pathways. Members of the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family are membrane-anchored proteinases with both proteolytic and disintegrin characteristics that modulate the function of signaling molecules. One family member, ADAM17, is known to influence myelination by cleaving and thus regulating one of the key signals, neuregulin-1, which controls peripheral nervous system myelination. A similar function for ADAM10 had been suggested by previous in vitro studies. Here, we assessed whether ADAM10 exerts a similar function in vivo and deleted ADAM10 in a cell type-specific manner in either neurons or Schwann cells. We found that ADAM10 is not required in either Schwann cells or neurons for normal myelination during development or for remyelination after injury. Instead, ADAM10 is required specifically in neurons for the outgrowth of myelinated small-fiber axons in vitro and after injury in vivo. Thus, we report for the first time a neuron-intrinsic function of ADAM10 in axonal regeneration that is distinct from that of the related protein family member ADAM17 and that may have implications for targeting ADAM function in nervous system diseases.
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12
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Hu X, Fan Q, Hou H, Yan R. Neurological dysfunctions associated with altered BACE1-dependent Neuregulin-1 signaling. J Neurochem 2016; 136:234-49. [PMID: 26465092 PMCID: PMC4833723 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of BACE1 is being pursued as a therapeutic target to treat patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β-secretase that generates β-amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is a BACE1 substrate and BACE1 cleavage of Nrg1 is critical for signaling functions in myelination, remyelination, synaptic plasticity, normal psychiatric behaviors, and maintenance of muscle spindles. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries associated with BACE1-dependent Nrg1 signaling in these areas. This body of knowledge will help to provide guidance for preventing unwanted Nrg1-based side effects following BACE1 inhibition in humans. To initiate its signaling cascade, membrane anchored Neuregulin (Nrg), mainly type I and III β1 Nrg1 isoforms and Nrg3, requires ectodomain shedding. BACE1 is one of such indispensable sheddases to release the functional Nrg signaling fragment. The dependence of Nrg on the cleavage by BACE1 is best manifested by disrupting the critical role of Nrg in the control of axonal myelination, schizophrenic behaviors as well as the formation and maintenance of muscle spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hailong Hou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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13
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Fock V, Plessl K, Draxler P, Otti GR, Fiala C, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Neuregulin-1-mediated ErbB2-ErbB3 signalling protects human trophoblasts against apoptosis to preserve differentiation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4306-16. [PMID: 26490994 PMCID: PMC4712818 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During placentation, foetal trophoblasts invade deeply into maternal tissue to establish a foeto–maternal circulation. We have previously shown that extravillous trophoblast (EVT) lineage cells express ErbB2 and ErbB3, of which the potential as an oncogenic unit is well established. However, a physiological function of this receptor combination in humans remains a puzzling question. Here, we demonstrate neuregulin 1 (NRG1) expression and secretion by human decidual stromal cells. Stimulation of human primary trophoblasts with exogenous NRG1 induced phosphorylation of ErbB2, ErbB3 and related downstream effectors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the formation of ErbB2–ErbB3 dimers upon ligand engagement. Along this line, receptor knockdown and ErbB3 neutralization strongly diminished NRG1-dependent activation of the signalling complex. Functional studies revealed that NRG1 promotes EVT formation in placental explant cultures. Although, in the presence of NRG1, basal and camptothecin-induced trophoblast apoptosis was significantly repressed, this effect was abolished upon ErbB3 inhibition. Notably, camptothecin provoked a strong reduction of trophoblast cell column size, whereas NRG1-treated explants were refractory to the compound. Taken together, our findings newly identify a physiological function of the NRG1–ErbB2–ErbB3 axis in trophoblast survival during human placental development. Highlighted Article: Decidual-stromal-cell-derived neuregulin-1 induces ErbB2–ErbB3 heterodimerization in extravillous trophoblasts and stabilizes trophoblast differentiation through suppression of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Fock
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Kerstin Plessl
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Peter Draxler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Regina Otti
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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14
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Calcyon stimulates neuregulin 1 maturation and signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1251-60. [PMID: 25349163 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin1 (NRG1) is a single transmembrane protein that plays a critical role in neural development and synaptic plasticity. Both NRG1 and its receptor, ErbB4, are well-established risk genes of schizophrenia. The NRG1 ecto-domain (ED) binds and activates ErbB4 following proteolytic cleavage of pro-NRG1 precursor protein. Although several studies have addressed the function of NRG1 in brain, very little is known about the cleavage and shedding mechanism. Here we show that the neuronal vesicular protein calcyon is a potent activator and key determinant of NRG1 ED cleavage and shedding. Calcyon stimulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis and endosomal targeting; and its levels are elevated in postmortem brains of schizophrenics. Overexpression of calcyon stimulates NRG1 cleavage and signaling in vivo, and as a result, GABA transmission is enhanced in calcyon overexpressing mice. Conversely, NRG1 cleavage, ErbB4 activity and GABA transmission are decreased in calcyon null mice. Moreover, stimulation of NRG1 cleavage by calcyon was recapitulated in HEK 293 cells suggesting the mechanism involved is cell-autonomous. Finally, studies with site-specific mutants in calcyon and inhibitors for the major sheddases indicate that the stimulatory effects of calcyon on NRG1 cleavage and shedding depend on clathrin-mediated endocytosis, β-secretase 1, and interaction with clathrin adaptor proteins. Together these results identify a novel mechanism for NRG1 cleavage and shedding.
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Monk KR, Feltri ML, Taveggia C. New insights on Schwann cell development. Glia 2015; 63:1376-93. [PMID: 25921593 PMCID: PMC4470834 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are glial cells that are in intimate contact with axons throughout development. Schwann cells generate the insulating myelin sheath and provide vital trophic support to the neurons that they ensheathe. Schwann cell precursors arise from neural crest progenitor cells, and a highly ordered developmental sequence controls the progression of these cells to become mature myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Here, we discuss both seminal discoveries and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive Schwann cell development and myelination with a focus on cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Abril N, Chicano-Gálvez E, Michán C, Pueyo C, López-Barea J. iTRAQ analysis of hepatic proteins in free-living Mus spretus mice to assess the contamination status of areas surrounding Doñana National Park (SW Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:16-27. [PMID: 25847312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to develop and integrate new -omics tools that would be applicable to different ecosystem types for a technological updating of environmental evaluations. We used a 2nd-generation (iTRAQ-8plex) proteomic approach to identify/quantify proteins differentially expressed in the liver of free-living Mus spretus mice from Doñana National Park or its proximities. Mass spectrometry was performed in an LTQ Orbitrap system for iTRAQ reporter ion quantitation and protein identification using a Mus musculus database as reference. A prior IEF step improved the separation of the complex peptide mixture. Over 2000 identified proteins were altered, of which 118 changed by ≥2.5-fold in mice from at least two problem sites. Part of the results obtained with the iTRAQ analysis was confirmed by Western blot. Over 75% of the 118 proteins were upregulated in animals captured at polluted sites and only 16 proteins were downregulated. Upregulated proteins were involved in stress response; cell proliferation and apoptosis; signal transduction; metastasis or tumour suppression; xenobiotic export or vesicular trafficking; and metabolism. The downregulated proteins, all potentially harmful, were classified as oncoproteins and proteins favouring genome instability. The iTRAQ results presented here demonstrated that the survival of hepatic cells is compromised in animals living at polluted sites, which showed deep alterations in metabolism and the signalling pathways. The identified proteins may be useful as biomarkers of environmental pollution and provide insight about the metabolic pathways and/or physiological processes affected by pollutants in DNP and its surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Chicano-Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Michán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Pueyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan López-Barea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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17
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Long LE, Anderson P, Frank E, Shaw A, Liu S, Huang XF, Pinault D, Karl T, O’Brien TJ, Shannon Weickert C, Jones NC. Neuregulin 1 expression and electrophysiological abnormalities in the Neuregulin 1 transmembrane domain heterozygous mutant mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124114. [PMID: 25992564 PMCID: PMC4437646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Neuregulin 1 transmembrane domain heterozygous mutant (Nrg1 TM HET) mouse is used to investigate the role of Nrg1 in brain function and schizophrenia-like behavioural phenotypes. However, the molecular alterations in brain Nrg1 expression that underpin the behavioural observations have been assumed, but not directly determined. Here we comprehensively characterise mRNA Nrg1 transcripts throughout development of the Nrg1 TM HET mouse. In addition, we investigate the regulation of high-frequency (gamma) electrophysiological oscillations in this mutant mouse to associate molecular changes in Nrg1 with a schizophrenia-relevant neurophysiological profile. Methods Using exonic probes spanning the cysteine-rich, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like, transmembrane and intracellular domain encoding regions of Nrg1, mRNA levels were measured using qPCR in hippocampus and frontal cortex from male and female Nrg1 TM HET and wild type-like (WT) mice throughout development. We also performed electrophysiological recordings in adult mice and analysed gamma oscillatory at baseline, in responses to auditory stimuli and to ketamine. Results In both hippocampus and cortex, Nrg1 TM HET mice show significantly reduced expression of the exon encoding the transmembrane domain of Nrg1 compared with WT, but unaltered mRNA expression encoding the extracellular bioactive EGF-like and the cysteine-rich (type III) domains, and development-specific and region-specific reductions in the mRNA encoding the intracellular domain. Hippocampal Nrg1 protein expression was not altered, but NMDA receptor NR2B subunit phosphorylation was lower in Nrg1 TM HET mice. We identified elevated ongoing and reduced sensory-evoked gamma power in Nrg1 TM HET mice. Interpretation We found no evidence to support the claim that the Nrg1 TM HET mouse represents a simple haploinsufficient model. Further research is required to explore the possibility that mutation results in a gain of Nrg1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora E. Long
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Anderson
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Frank
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex Shaw
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Didier Pinault
- INSERM U1114, psychopathologie cognitive et physiopathologie de la schizophrénie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tim Karl
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terence J. O’Brien
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (CSW); (NCJ)
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (CSW); (NCJ)
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18
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Rupert CE, Coulombe KL. The roles of neuregulin-1 in cardiac development, homeostasis, and disease. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 25922571 PMCID: PMC4395047 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) and its signaling receptors, erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homologs (ErbB) 2, 3, and 4, have been implicated in both cardiomyocyte development and disease, as well as in homeostatic cardiac function. NRG-1/ErbB signaling is involved in a multitude of cardiac processes ranging from myocardial and cardiac conduction system development to angiogenic support of cardiomyocytes, to cardioprotective effects upon injury. Numerous studies of NRG-1 employ a variety of platforms, including in vitro assays, animal models, and human clinical trials, with equally varying and, sometimes, contradictory outcomes. NRG-1 has the potential to be used as a therapeutic tool in stem cell therapies, tissue engineering applications, and clinical diagnostics and treatment. This review presents a concise summary of the growing body of literature to highlight the temporally persistent significance of NRG-1/ErbB signaling throughout development, homeostasis, and disease in the heart, specifically in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassady E Rupert
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kareen Lk Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Kleino I, Järviluoma A, Hepojoki J, Huovila AP, Saksela K. Preferred SH3 domain partners of ADAM metalloproteases include shared and ADAM-specific SH3 interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121301. [PMID: 25825872 PMCID: PMC4380453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) constitute a protein family essential for extracellular signaling and regulation of cell adhesion. Catalytic activity of ADAMs and their predicted potential for Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain binding show a strong correlation. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of SH3 binding capacity and preferences of the catalytically active ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19. Our results revealed several novel interactions, and also confirmed many previously reported ones. Many of the identified SH3 interaction partners were shared by several ADAMs, whereas some were ADAM-specific. Most of the ADAM-interacting SH3 proteins were adapter proteins or kinases, typically associated with sorting and endocytosis. Novel SH3 interactions revealed in this study include TOCA1 and CIP4 as preferred partners of ADAM8, and RIMBP1 as a partner of ADAM19. Our results suggest that common as well as distinct mechanisms are involved in regulation and execution of ADAM signaling, and provide a useful framework for addressing the pathways that connect ADAMs to normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iivari Kleino
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Järviluoma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Huovila
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Electrical stimulation accelerates neuromuscular junction formation through ADAM19/neuregulin/ErbB signaling in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2013; 545:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Deng C, Pan B, Engel M, Huang XF. Neuregulin-1 signalling and antipsychotic treatment: potential therapeutic targets in a schizophrenia candidate signalling pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:201-15. [PMID: 23389757 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the signalling pathways underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is an essential step in the rational development of new antipsychotic drugs for this devastating disease. Evidence from genetic, transgenic and post-mortem studies have strongly supported neuregulin-1 (NRG1)-ErbB4 signalling as a schizophrenia susceptibility pathway. NRG1-ErbB4 signalling plays crucial roles in regulating neurodevelopment and neurotransmission, with implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Post-mortem studies have demonstrated altered NRG1-ErbB4 signalling in the brain of schizophrenia patients. Antipsychotic drugs have different effects on NRG1-ErbB4 signalling depending on treatment duration. Abnormal behaviours relevant to certain features of schizophrenia are displayed in NRG1/ErbB4 knockout mice or those with NRG1/ErbB4 over-expression, some of these abnormalities can be improved by antipsychotic treatment. NRG1-ErbB4 signalling has extensive interactions with the GABAergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission systems that are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. These interactions provide a number of targets for the development of new antipsychotic drugs. Furthermore, the key interaction points between NRG1-ErbB4 signalling and other schizophrenia susceptibility genes may also potentially provide specific targets for new antipsychotic drugs. In general, identification of these targets in NRG1-ErbB4 signalling and interacting pathways will provide unique opportunities for the development of new generation antipsychotics with specific efficacy and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522 NSW, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Studies in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), along with the erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ErbB) 2, 3, and 4 receptor tyrosine kinases, is necessary for multiple aspects of cardiovascular development. These observations stimulated in vitro and in vivo animal studies, implicating NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the regulation of cardiac cell biology throughout life. Cardiovascular effects of ErbB2-targeted cancer therapies provide evidence in humans that ErbB signaling plays a role in the maintenance of cardiac function. These and other studies suggest a conceptual model in which a key function of NRG-1/ErbB signaling is to mediate adaptations of the heart to physiological and pathological stimuli through activation of intracellular kinase cascades that regulate tissue plasticity. Recent work implicates NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the regulation of multiple aspects of cardiovascular biology, including angiogenesis, blood pressure, and skeletal muscle responses to exercise. The therapeutic potential of recombinant NRG-1 as a potential treatment for heart failure has been demonstrated in animal models and is now being explored in clinical studies. NRG-1 is found in human serum and plasma, and it correlates with some clinical parameters, suggesting that it may have value as an indicator of prognosis. In this review, we bring together this growing literature on NRG-1 and its significance in cardiovascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenerukevwe Odiete
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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23
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ADAM17 silencing in mouse colon carcinoma cells: the effect on tumoricidal cytokines and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50791. [PMID: 23251384 PMCID: PMC3519469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17) is a major sheddase for numerous growth factors, cytokines, receptors, and cell adhesion molecules and is often overexpressed in malignant cells. It is generally accepted that ADAM17 promotes tumor development via activating growth factors from the EGF family, thus facilitating autocrine stimulation of tumor cell proliferation and migration. Here we show, using MC38CEA murine colon carcinoma model, that ADAM17 also regulates tumor angiogenesis and cytokine profile. When ADAM17 was silenced in MC38CEA cells, in vivo tumor growth and in vitro cell motility were significantly diminished, but no effect was seen on in vitro cell proliferation. ADAM17-silencing was accompanied by decreased in vitro expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and matrix metalloprotease-9, which was consistent with the limited angiogenesis and slower growth seen in ADAM17-silenced tumors. Among the growth factors susceptible to shedding by ADAM17, neuregulin-1 was the only candidate to mediate the effects of ADAM17 on MC38CEA motility and tumor angiogenesis. Concentrations of TNF and IFNγ, cytokines that synergistically induced proapoptotic effects on MC38CEA cells, were significantly elevated in the lysates of ADAM17-silenced tumors compared to mock transfected controls, suggesting a possible role for ADAM17 in host immune suppression. These results introduce new, complex roles of ADAM17 in tumor progression, including its impact on the anti-tumor immune response.
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Marballi K, Cruz D, Thompson P, Walss-Bass C. Differential neuregulin 1 cleavage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: preliminary findings. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36431. [PMID: 22590542 PMCID: PMC3349664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a key candidate susceptibility gene for both schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). The function of the NRG1 transmembrane proteins is regulated by cleavage. Alteration of membrane bound-NRG1 cleavage has been previously shown to be associated with behavioral impairments in mouse models lacking expression of NRG1-cleavage enzymes such as BACE1 and gamma secretase. We sought to determine whether alterations in NRG1 cleavage and associated enzymes occur in patients with SCZ and BPD. Methodology/Principal Findings Using human postmortem brain, we evaluated protein expression of NRG1 cleavage products and enzymes that cleave at the external (BACE1, ADAM17, ADAM19) and internal (PS1-gamma secretase) sides of the cell membrane. We used three different cohorts (Controls, SCZ and BPD) and two distinct brain regions: BA9-prefrontal cortex (Controls (n = 6), SCZ (n = 6) and BPD (n = 6)) and hippocampus (Controls (n = 5), SCZ (n = 6) and BPD (n = 6)). In BA9, the ratio of the NRG1 N-terminal fragment relative to full length was significantly upregulated in the SCZ cohort (Bonferroni test, p = 0.011). ADAM17 was negatively correlated with full length NRG1 levels in the SCZ cohort (r = –0.926, p = 0.008). In the hippocampus we found significantly lower levels of a soluble 50 kDa NRG1 fragment in the two affected groups compared the control cohort (Bonferroni test, p = 0.0018). We also examined the relationship of specific symptomatology criteria with measures of NRG1 cleavage using the Bipolar Inventory of Signs and Symptoms Scale (BISS) and the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Our results showed a positive correlation between ADAM19 and psychosis (r = 0.595 p = 0.019); PS1 and mania (r = 0.535, p = 0.040); PS1 and depression (r = 0.567, p = 0.027) in BA9, and BACE1 with anxiety (r = 0.608, p = 0.03) in the hippocampus. Conclusion/Significance Our preliminary findings suggest region-specific alterations in NRG1 cleavage in SCZ and BPD patients. These changes may be associated with specific symptoms in these psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Marballi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dianne Cruz
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Thompson
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Novel aspects of the apolipoprotein-E receptor family: regulation and functional role of their proteolytic processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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The role of ADAM-mediated shedding in vascular biology. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:472-85. [PMID: 22138087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the vasculature the disintegrins and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19, 28 and 33 are expressed on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and on leukocytes. As surface-expressed proteases they mediate cleavage of vascular surface molecules at an extracellular site close to the membrane. This process is termed shedding and leads to the release of a soluble substrate ectodomain thereby critically modulating the biological function of the substrate. In the vasculature several surface molecules undergo ADAM-mediated shedding including tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) 6 receptor α, L-selectin, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, the transmembrane CX3C-chemokine ligand (CX3CL) 1, Notch, transforming growth factor (TGF) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF). These substrates play distinct roles in vascular biology by promoting inflammation, permeability changes, leukocyte recruitment, resolution of inflammation, regeneration and/or neovascularisation. Especially ADAM17 and ADAM10 are capable of cleaving many substrates with diverse function within the vasculature, whereas other ADAMs have a more restricted substrate range. Therefore, targeting ADAM17 or ADAM10 by pharmacologic inhibition or gene knockout not only attenuates the inflammatory response in animal models but also affects tissue regeneration and neovascularisation. Recent discoveries indicate that other ADAMs (e.g. ADAM8 and 9) also play important roles in vascular biology but appear to have more selective effects on vascular responses (e.g. on neovascularisation only). Although, targeting of ADAM17 and ADAM10 in inflammatory diseases is still a promising approach, temporal and spatial as well as substrate-specific inhibition approaches are required to minimise undesired side effects on vascular cells.
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Velanac V, Unterbarnscheidt T, Hinrichs W, Gummert MN, Fischer TM, Rossner MJ, Trimarco A, Brivio V, Taveggia C, Willem M, Haass C, Möbius W, Nave KA, Schwab MH. Bace1 processing of NRG1 type III produces a myelin-inducing signal but is not essential for the stimulation of myelination. Glia 2011; 60:203-17. [PMID: 22052506 PMCID: PMC3267053 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin sheath thickness is precisely adjusted to axon caliber, and in the peripheral nervous system, neuregulin 1 (NRG1) type III is a key regulator of this process. It has been proposed that the protease BACE1 activates NRG1 dependent myelination. Here, we characterize the predicted product of BACE1-mediated NRG1 type III processing in transgenic mice. Neuronal overexpression of a NRG1 type III-variant, designed to mimic prior cleavage in the juxtamembrane stalk region, induces hypermyelination in vivo and is sufficient to restore myelination of NRG1 type III-deficient neurons. This observation implies that the NRG1 cytoplasmic domain is dispensable and that processed NRG1 type III is sufficient for all steps of myelination. Surprisingly, transgenic neuronal overexpression of full-length NRG1 type III promotes hypermyelination also in BACE1 null mutant mice. Moreover, NRG1 processing is impaired but not abolished in BACE1 null mutants. Thus, BACE1 is not essential for the activation of NRG1 type III to promote myelination. Taken together, these findings suggest that multiple neuronal proteases collectively regulate NRG1 processing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Velanac
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
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28
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Fricker FR, Bennett DL. The role of neuregulin-1 in the response to nerve injury. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011; 6:809-822. [PMID: 22121335 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Axons and Schwann cells exist in a highly interdependent relationship: damage to one cell type invariably leads to pathophysiological changes in the other. Greater understanding of communication between these cell types will not only give insight into peripheral nerve development, but also the reaction to and recovery from peripheral nerve injury. The type III isoform of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) has emerged as a key signaling factor that is expressed on axons and, through binding to erbB2/3 receptors on Schwann cells, regulates multiple phases of their development. In adulthood, NRG1 is dispensable for the maintenance of the myelin sheath; however, this factor is required for both axon regeneration and remyelination following nerve injury. The outcome of NRG1 signaling depends on interactions with other pathways within Schwann cells such as Notch, integrin and cAMP signaling. In certain circumstances, this signaling pathway may be maladaptive; for instance, direct binding of Mycobacterium leprae onto erbB2 receptors produces excessive activation and can actually promote demyelination. Attempts to modulate this pathway in order to promote nerve repair will therefore need to give consideration to the exact isoform used, as well as how it is processed and the context in which it is presented to the Schwann cell.
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29
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Yan X, Lin J, Markus A, Rolfs A, Luo J. Regional expression of ADAM19 during chicken embryonic development. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:333-46. [PMID: 21492148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ADAM19 (also named meltrin β) is a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of metalloproteases and is involved in morphogenesis and tissue formation during embryonic development. In the present study, chicken ADAM19 is cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and identified by sequencing. Its expression patterns in different parts of the developing chicken embryo are investigated by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results show that ADAM19 protein is widely expressed in chicken embryos. It is detectable in the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, cochlea, and retina. Furthermore, ADAM19 protein is also found in other tissues and organs such as digestive organs, the thymus, the lung bud, the dorsal aorta, the kidney, the gonad, muscles, and in the feather buds. All these data suggest that ADAM19 plays an important role in the embryonic development of chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Strasse 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany
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TACE (ADAM17) inhibits Schwann cell myelination. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:857-65. [PMID: 21666671 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE; also known as ADAM17) is a proteolytic sheddase that is responsible for the cleavage of several membrane-bound molecules. We report that TACE cleaves neuregulin-1 (NRG1) type III in the epidermal growth factor domain, probably inactivating it (as assessed by deficient activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway), and thereby negatively regulating peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of TACE in vitro in dorsal root ganglia neurons accelerates the onset of myelination and results in hypermyelination. In agreement, motor neurons of conditional knockout mice lacking TACE specifically in these cells are significantly hypermyelinated, and small-caliber fibers are aberrantly myelinated. Further, reduced TACE activity rescues hypomyelination in NRG1 type III haploinsufficient mice in vivo. We also show that the inhibitory effect of TACE is neuron-autonomous, as Schwann cells lacking TACE elaborate myelin of normal thickness. Thus, TACE is a modulator of NRG1 type III activity and is a negative regulator of myelination in the PNS.
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Pan B, Huang XF, Deng C. Antipsychotic treatment and neuregulin 1-ErbB4 signalling in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:924-30. [PMID: 21513767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from genetic, transgenic and post-mortem studies has strongly supported the critical role that neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its ErbB4 receptor plays in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This article aims to review current evidence regarding the effects of antipsychotic treatment on NRG1-ErbB4 signalling. NRG1 and ErbB4 knockout mice display abnormal behaviours relevant to certain features of schizophrenia, which could be improved by antipsychotic (clozapine/haloperidol) treatment. In contrast to most NRG1/ErbB4 knockout mice with a decreased NRG1-ErbB4 signalling, the majority post-mortem studies showed an increased NRG1-ErbB4 signalling in schizophrenic patients. These differences could be due to degrees of alteration in risk genes (subtle variations in patients vs pronounced alteration in mutant mice) or the duration of the modification on NRG1 signalling. Various antipsychotics have different effects on NRG1 and ErbB4 expression and signalling that are dependent on treatment duration. Current evidence suggests that a chronic (12weeks) antipsychotic treatment, at least in animal models, could downregulate NRG1-ErbB4 signalling, although an upregulation is seen for a short-term treatment. These effects may be due to multiple binding profiles with various G-coupled protein receptors (e.g. dopamine, and serotonin receptors) of antipsychotics. Studies are needed to investigate the interactions between NRG1-ErbB4 and the other signalling pathways (such as glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic). Furthermore, the interactions between NRG1/ErbB4 and other schizophrenia suspensibility genes under antipsychotic treatment also require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 NSW, Australia
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Geddes AE, Huang XF, Newell KA. Reciprocal signalling between NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor and neuregulin1 and their role in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:896-904. [PMID: 21371516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. Both the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and neuregulin1 (NRG1) are key molecules involved in normal brain development that have been linked to schizophrenia pathology and aetiology. The NR2 proteins are critical structural and functional subunits of the NMDAR and are developmentally and spatially regulated. Altered NR2 gene and protein expression has been found in human post-mortem schizophrenia brain tissue together with changes in NRG1 and its receptor ErbB4. The NR2 subunits and ErbB4 share a common anchoring domain on the postsynaptic density and therefore a disruption to either of these molecules may influence the functioning of the other. It has been shown that NRG1 signalling can affect NMDAR levels and function, particularly phosphorylation of the NR2 subunits. However little is known about the possible effects of NMDAR dysfunction on NRG1 signalling, which is important with regards to schizophrenia aetiology as numerous risk factors for the disorder can alter NMDAR functioning during early brain development. This review focuses on the role of the NMDA receptor subunits and NRG1 signalling in schizophrenia and proposes a mechanism by which a disruption to the NMDAR, particularly via altering the balance of NR2 subunits during early development, could influence NRG1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Geddes
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Iwakura Y, Wang R, Abe Y, Piao YS, Shishido Y, Higashiyama S, Takei N, Nawa H. Dopamine-dependent ectodomain shedding and release of epidermal growth factor in developing striatum: target-derived neurotrophic signaling (Part 2). J Neurochem 2011; 118:57-68. [PMID: 21534959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and structurally related peptides promote neuronal survival and the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons; however, the regulation of their production has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the treatment of striatal cells with dopamine agonists enhances EGF release both in vivo and in vitro. We prepared neuron-enriched and non-neuronal cell-enriched cultures from the striatum of rat embryos and challenged those with various neurotransmitters or dopamine receptor agonists. Dopamine and a dopamine D(1) -like receptor agonist (SKF38393) triggered EGF release from neuron-enriched cultures in a dose-dependent manner. A D(2) -like agonist (quinpirole) increased EGF release only from non-neuronal cell-enriched cultures. The EGF release from striatal neurons and non-neuronal cells was concomitant with ErbB1 phosphorylation and/or with the activation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase. The EGF release from neurons was attenuated by an a disintegrin and metalloproteinase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, GM6001, and a calcium ion chelator, BAPTA/AM. Transfection of cultured striatal neurons with alkaline phosphatase-tagged EGF precursor cDNA confirmed that dopamine D(1) -like receptor stimulation promoted both ectodomain shedding of the precursor and EGF release. Therefore, the activation of striatal dopamine receptors induces shedding and release of EGF to provide a retrograde neurotrophic signal to midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Iwakura
- Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
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Aged PrP null mice show defective processing of neuregulins in the peripheral nervous system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Yoshikawa A, Aizaki Y, Kusano KI, Kishi F, Susumu T, Iida S, Ishiura S, Nishimura S, Shichiri M, Senbonmatsu T. The (pro)renin receptor is cleaved by ADAM19 in the Golgi leading to its secretion into extracellular space. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:599-605. [PMID: 21270819 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), which is a recently discovered molecule of the renin-angiotensin system, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the molecular properties and the subcellular distribution of (P)RR remain controversial. In this study, (P)RR-Venus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells ((P)RR-Venus-CHO) or endogenous (P)RR in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were constitutively cleaved without any stimulation, and secretion of the amino-terminal fragment (NTF-(P)RR) into the media was determined using western blot analysis. Immunofluorescent analysis showed robust expression of (P)RR in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the Golgi but not in the plasma membrane. Moreover, we identified ADAM19, which is expressed in the Golgi, as one of cleaving proteases of (P)RR. Transfected ADAM19 evoked the shedding of (P)RR, whereas transfected dominant negative ADAM19 suppressed it. Although (P)RR contains a furin cleavage site, neither the furin-deficient LoVo cells nor furin inhibitor-treated VSMC lost NTF-(P)RR in the media. The secreted NTF-(P)RR induced the renin activity of prorenin in the extracellular space. We describe that (P)RR is mainly localized in the subcellular organelles, such as the ER and Golgi, and (P)RR is cleaved by ADAM19 in the Golgi resulting in two fragments, NTF-(P)RR and CTF-(P)RR. These results may suggest that (P)RR is predominantly secreted into the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Measurement and comparison of serum neuregulin 1 immunoreactivity in control subjects and patients with schizophrenia: an influence of its genetic polymorphism. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:887-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
NRG1 (neuregulin 1) belongs to the NRG family of EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like signalling molecules involved in cell–cell communication during development and disease. It plays important roles in the developing tissues of the nerves, heart and mammary glands. Particularly in neurobiology, NRG1 signalling is associated with synaptic transmission, myelination of Schwann cells and the human disease of schizophrenia. Many different isoforms of NRG1 make the molecule highly sophisticated in biological activities and a great diversity of in vivo functions. The nervous system is a common trait in all bilateria (higher animals), but based on the BLAST information from the currently available databases it appears that NRG1 orthologues can only be identified in vertebrates. The gene was analysed in silico for type I–IV CDSs (coding sequences) from ten vertebrate genomes. The gene loci, structures of coding-intronic sequences, ClustalW program analyses, phylogenetic trees and conserved motifs in ecto- and cyto-plasmic domains were analysed and compared. Here, we conclude that non-mammalian vertebrates mainly carry type I (may have evolved a spacer different from mammalian isoforms), II and III NRG1s. The type IV NRG1 N-terminal CDSs can be identified from most of the mammalian genomes studied; however, the corresponding rodent sequences lack the start codon. The evolutionary conservation of a CDS59-CDS24-CDS103 domain, intracellular phosphorylation sites and bipartite nuclear localization signals is of physiological significance.
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Jangouk P, Dehmel T, Meyer Zu Hörste G, Ludwig A, Lehmann HC, Kieseier BC. Involvement of ADAM10 in axonal outgrowth and myelination of the peripheral nerve. Glia 2010; 57:1765-74. [PMID: 19455579 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is a membrane-anchored metalloproteinase with both proteolytic and disintegrin characteristics. Here, we investigate the expression, regulation, and functional role of ADAM10 in axonal outgrowth and myelination of the peripheral nerve. Expression pattern analysis of 11 ADAM family members in co-cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells (SCs) demonstrated the most pronounced mRNA expression for ADAM10. In further studies, ADAM10 was found to be consistently upregulated in DRG-SC co-cultures before the induction of myelination. Neurons as well as SCs widely expressed ADAM10 at the protein level. In neurons, the expression of ADAM10 was exclusively limited to the axons before the induction of myelination. Inhibition of ADAM10 activity by the hydroxamate-based inhibitors GI254023X and GW280264X resulted in a significant decrease in the mean axonal length. These data suggest that ADAM10 represents a prerequisite for myelination, although its activity is not required during the process of myelination itself as demonstrated by expression analysis of myelin protein zero (P0) and Sudan black staining. Hence, during the process of myelin formation, ADAM10 is highly upregulated and appears to be critically involved in axonal outgrowth that is a requirement for myelination in the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Jangouk
- Department of Neurology, Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Jasinska A, Service S, Jawaheer D, DeYoung J, Levinson M, Zhang Z, Kremeyer B, Muller H, Aldana I, Garcia J, Restrepo G, Lopez C, Palacio C, Duque C, Parra M, Vega J, Ortiz D, Bedoya G, Mathews C, Davanzo P, Fournier E, Bejarano J, Ramirez M, Ortiz CA, Araya X, Molina J, Sabatti C, Reus V, Ospina J, Macaya G, Ruiz-Linares A, Freimer N. A narrow and highly significant linkage signal for severe bipolar disorder in the chromosome 5q33 region in Latin American pedigrees. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:998-1006. [PMID: 19319892 PMCID: PMC4815924 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported linkage of bipolar disorder to 5q33-q34 in families from two closely related population isolates, the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR) and Antioquia, Colombia (CO). Here we present follow up results from fine-scale mapping in large CVCR and CO families segregating severe bipolar disorder, BP-I, and in 343 population trios/duos from CVCR and CO. Employing densely spaced SNPs to fine map the prior linkage peak region increases linkage evidence and clarifies the position of the putative BP-I locus. We performed two-point linkage analysis with 1134 SNPs in an approximately 9 Mb region between markers D5S410 and D5S422. Combining pedigrees from CVCR and CO yields a LOD score of 4.9 at SNP rs10035961. Two other SNPs (rs7721142 and rs1422795) within the same 94 kb region also displayed LOD scores greater than 4. This linkage peak coincides with our prior microsatellite results and suggests a narrowed BP-I susceptibility regions in these families. To investigate if the locus implicated in the familial form of BP-I also contributes to disease risk in the population, we followed up the family results with association analysis in duo and trio samples, obtaining signals within 2 Mb of the peak linkage signal in the pedigrees; rs12523547 and rs267015 (P = 0.00004 and 0.00016, respectively) in the CO sample and rs244960 in the CVCR sample and the combined sample, with P = 0.00032 and 0.00016, respectively. It remains unclear whether these association results reflect the same locus contributing to BP susceptibility within the extended pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - S. Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - D. Jawaheer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J. DeYoung
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - M. Levinson
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - B. Kremeyer
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H. Muller
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - I. Aldana
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J. Garcia
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - G. Restrepo
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - C. Lopez
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - C. Palacio
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - C. Duque
- Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - M. Parra
- Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - J. Vega
- Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - D. Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - G. Bedoya
- Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - C. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - P. Davanzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - E. Fournier
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - J. Bejarano
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - M. Ramirez
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - C. Araya Ortiz
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - X. Araya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - J. Molina
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - C. Sabatti
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Statistics and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - V. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - J. Ospina
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia, South Carolina
| | - G. Macaya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - A. Ruiz-Linares
- Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - N.B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Dynamic change of Adamalysin 19 (ADAM19) in human placentas and its effects on cell invasion and adhesion in human trophoblastic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:710-8. [PMID: 19727588 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human ADAM19 is a recently identified member of the ADAM family. It is highly expressed in human placentas, but its dynamic change and function at the human feto-maternal interface during placentation remain to be elucidated. In this present study, the spatial and temporal expression and cellular localization of ADAM19 in normal human placentas were first demonstrated, and the effects of ADAM19 on trophoblast cell adhesion and invasion were further investigated by using a human choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG-3) as an in vitro model. The data demonstrated that ADAM19 was widely distributed in villous cytotrophoblast cells, syncytiotrophoblast cells, column trophoblasts, and villous capillary endothelial cells during early pregnancy. The mRNA and protein level of ADAM19 in placentas was high at gestational weeks 8-9, but diminished significantly at mid- and term pregnancy. In JEG-3 cells, the overexpression of ADAM19 led to diminished cell invasion, as well as increases in cell adhesiveness and the expression of E-cadherin, with no changes in beta-catenin expression observed. These data indicate that ADAM19 may participate in the coordinated regulation of human trophoblast cell behaviors during the process of placentation.
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Murphy G. Regulation of the proteolytic disintegrin metalloproteinases, the ‘Sheddases’. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Freese C, Garratt AN, Fahrenholz F, Endres K. The effects of alpha-secretase ADAM10 on the proteolysis of neuregulin-1. FEBS J 2009; 276:1568-80. [PMID: 19220854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although ADAM10 is a major alpha-secretase involved in non-amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, several additional substrates have been identified, most of them in vitro. Thus, therapeutical approaches for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease by upregulation of this metalloproteinase may have severe side effects. In the present study, we examined whether the ErbB receptor ligand neuregulin-1, which is essential for myelination and other important neuronal functions, is cleaved by ADAM10. Studies with beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, as well as with the metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001, revealed an inhibition of neuregulin-1 processing in human astroglioma cell line U373; however, specific RNA interference-induced knockdown of ADAM10 remained without effect. In vivo investigations of mice overexpressing either ADAM10 or dominant negative ADAM10 showed unaltered cleavage of neuregulin-1 compared to wild-type animals. As a consequence, the myelin sheath thickness of peripheral nerves was unaffected in mice with altered ADAM10 activity. Thus, although the beta-secretase BACE-1 acts as a neuregulin-1 sheddase, ADAM10 does not lead to altered neuregulin-1 processing either in cell culture or in vivo. Adverse reactions of an ADAM10-based therapy of Alzheimer's disease due to neuregulin-1 cleavage are therefore unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freese
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Over the last few years disintegrin metalloproteinases of the Adam (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family have been associated with the process of proteolytic 'shedding' of membrane-associated proteins and hence the rapid modulation of key cell signalling pathways in the tumour microenvironment. Furthermore, numerous members of the Adam family have been associated with tumorigenesis and tumour progression. The question now arises of whether pharmacological manipulation of their functions would be a useful adjunct to therapies targeting intercellular communications. To learn from the lessons of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as anticancer agents, there are many facets of the biological and clinical relevance of the ADAMs that need to be understood before embarking with confidence on such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Murphy
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Meltrin beta/ADAM19 interacting with EphA4 in developing neural cells participates in formation of the neuromuscular junction. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3322. [PMID: 18830404 PMCID: PMC2552171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is initiated by the formation of postsynaptic specializations in the central zones of muscles, followed by the arrival of motor nerve terminals opposite the postsynaptic regions. The post- and presynaptic components are then stabilized and modified to form mature synapses. Roles of ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) family proteins in the formation of the NMJ have not been reported previously. Principal Findings We report here that Meltrin β, ADAM19, participates in the formation of the NMJ. The zone of acetylcholine receptor α mRNA distribution was broader and excess sprouting of motor nerve terminals was more prominent in meltrin β–deficient than in wild-type embryonic diaphragms. A microarray analysis revealed that the preferential distribution of ephrin-A5 mRNA in the synaptic region of muscles was aberrant in the meltrin β–deficient muscles. Excess sprouting of motor nerve terminals was also found in ephrin-A5 knockout mice, which lead us to investigate a possible link between Meltrin β and ephrin-A5-Eph signaling in the development of the NMJ. Meltrin β and EphA4 interacted with each other in developing motor neurons, and both of these proteins localized in the NMJ. Coexpression of Meltrin β and EphA4 strongly blocked vesicular internalization of ephrin-A5–EphA4 complexes without requiring the protease activity of Meltrin β, suggesting a regulatory role of Meltrin β in ephrin-A5-Eph signaling. Conclusion Meltrin β plays a regulatory role in formation of the NMJ. The endocytosis of ephrin-Eph complexes is required for efficient contact-dependent repulsion between ephrin and Eph. We propose that Meltrin β stabilizes the interaction between ephrin-A5 and EphA4 by regulating endocytosis of the ephrinA5-EphA complex negatively, which would contribute to the fine-tuning of the NMJ during development.
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ADAM function in embryogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 20:153-63. [PMID: 18935966 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of proteins inserted into the plasma membrane (shedding) is an essential process controlling many biological functions including cell signaling, cell adhesion and migration as well as proliferation and differentiation. ADAM surface metalloproteases have been shown to play an essential role in these processes. Gene inactivation during embryonic development have provided evidence of the central role of ADAM proteins in nematodes, flies, frogs, birds and mammals. The relative contribution of four subfamilies of ADAM proteins to developmental processes is the focus of this review.
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Abstract
The ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) are a fascinating family of transmembrane and secreted proteins with important roles in regulating cell phenotype via their effects on cell adhesion, migration, proteolysis and signalling. Though all ADAMs contain metalloproteinase domains, in humans only 13 of the 21 genes in the family encode functional proteases, indicating that at least for the other eight members, protein–protein interactions are critical aspects of their biological functions. The functional ADAM metalloproteinases are involved in “ectodomain shedding” of diverse growth factors, cytokines, receptors and adhesion molecules. The archetypal activity is shown by ADAM-17 (tumour necrosis factor-α convertase, TACE), which is the principal protease involved in the activation of pro-TNF-α, but whose sheddase functions cover a broad range of cell surface molecules. In particular, ADAM-17 is required for generation of the active forms of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) ligands, and its function is essential for the development of epithelial tissues. Several other ADAMs have important sheddase functions in particular tissue contexts. Another major family member, ADAM-10, is a principal player in signalling via the Notch and Eph/ephrin pathways. For a growing number of substrates, foremost among them being Notch, cleavage by ADAM sheddases is essential for their subsequent “regulated intramembrane proteolysis” (RIP), which generates cleaved intracellular domains that translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene transcription. Several ADAMs play roles in spermatogenesis and sperm function, potentially by effecting maturation of sperm and their adhesion and migration in the uterus. Other non-catalytic ADAMs function in the CNS via effects on guidance mechanisms. The ADAM family are thus fundamental to many control processes in development and homeostasis, and unsurprisingly they are also linked to pathological states when their functions are dysregulated, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease. This review will provide an overview of current knowledge of the human ADAMs, discussing their structure, function, regulation and disease involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Edwards
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Hayes NVL, Gullick WJ. The neuregulin family of genes and their multiple splice variants in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:205-14. [PMID: 18415007 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuregulin family consists of four genes, NRG1-4 which can each encode products containing a domain related to the epidermal growth factor family of ligands. Each gene is subject to complex control of transcription and to splicing of their mRNA product to give many variant proteins. These do not contain secretory sequences but some, through their transmembrane sequence, are routed via the Golgi where they are glycosylated, to the cell surface. Here they may be released by regulated proteolysis to act as soluble proteins which can interact and activate members of the EGF receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Other splice variants do not encode transmembrane sequences and these are found either in the cytoplasm or, if they encode a nuclear localisation sequence, in distinct compartments in the nucleoplasm. It has been shown that the variants containing a full EGF domain can act as receptor agonists but the function of the cytoplasmic and nuclear products is unknown as yet. All four neuregulin genes are expressed and play an important role in mammary gland development. They are also expressed at elevated levels in some cases of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and breast cancer. They seem to be active in this setting and their presence may affect the efficacy of treatment with endocrine agents or with signal transduction inhibitors directed at the EGF receptor family members. Much remains to be learned however of their normal function and their influence on breast cancer development, progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini V L Hayes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
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Neuregulin 1 in neural development, synaptic plasticity and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:437-52. [PMID: 18478032 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder that affects approximately 1% of the general population, yet it continues to be poorly understood. Recent studies have identified variations in several genes that are associated with this disorder in diverse populations, including those that encode neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptor ErbB4. The past few years have witnessed exciting progress in our knowledge of NRG1 and ErbB4 functions and the biological basis of the increased risk for schizophrenia that is potentially conferred by polymorphisms in the two genes. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which altered function of NRG1 and ErbB4 contributes to schizophrenia might eventually lead to the development of more effective therapeutics.
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Higashiyama S, Iwabuki H, Morimoto C, Hieda M, Inoue H, Matsushita N. Membrane-anchored growth factors, the epidermal growth factor family: beyond receptor ligands. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:214-20. [PMID: 18271917 PMCID: PMC11158050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and the EGF receptor (EGFR, ErbB) tyrosine kinase family have been spearheading the studies of signal transduction events that determine cell fate and behavior in vitro and in vivo. The EGFR family and their signaling pathways are giving us tremendous advantages in developing fascinating molecular target strategies for cancer therapy. Currently, two important types of EGFR inhibitors are in clinical use: neutralizing antibodies of EGFR or ErbB2, and synthetic small compounds of tyrosine kinase inhibitors designed for receptors. On the other hand, basic research of the EGF family ligands presents new challenges as membrane-anchored growth factors. All members of the EGF family have important roles in development and diseases and are shed from the plasma membrane by metalloproteases. The ectodomain shedding of the ligands has emerged as a critical component in the functional transactivation of EGFRs in interreceptor cross-talk in response to various shedding stimulants such as G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth factors, cytokines, and various physicochemical stresses. Among the EGFR-ligands, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a prominent ligand in our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of ectodomain shedding in cancer, wound healing, cardiac diseases, etc. Here we focus on ectodomain shedding of the EGF family ligands, especially HB-EGF by disintegrin and metalloproteases, which are not only key events of receptor cross talk, but also novel intercellular signaling by their carboxy-terminal fragments to regulate gene expression directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Regenerative Medicine (CEREM), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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Kveiborg M, Albrechtsen R, Couchman JR, Wewer UM. Cellular roles of ADAM12 in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1685-702. [PMID: 18342566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ADAM12 belongs to the large family of ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) and possesses extracellular metalloprotease and cell-binding functions, as well as intracellular signaling capacities. Interest in ADAM12 has increased recently because its expression is related to tumor progression and it is a potential biomarker for breast cancer. It is therefore important to understand ADAM12's functions. Many cellular roles for ADAM12 have been suggested. It is an active metalloprotease, and has been implicated in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor signaling, through cleavage of IGF-binding proteins, and in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways, via ectodomain shedding of membrane-tethered EGFR ligands. These proteolytic events may regulate diverse cellular responses, such as altered cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion. ADAM12 may also regulate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts through interactions with cell surface receptors - integrins and syndecans - potentially influencing the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, ADAM12 interacts with several cytoplasmic signaling and adaptor molecules through its intracellular domain, thereby directly transmitting signals to or from the cell interior. These ADAM12-mediated cellular effects appear to be critical events in both biological and pathological processes. This review presents current knowledge on ADAM12 functions gained from in vitro and in vivo observations, describes ADAM12's role in both normal physiology and pathology, particularly in cancer, and discusses important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kveiborg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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