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Schmidt U, Heller G, Timelthaler G, Heffeter P, Somodi Z, Schweifer N, Sibilia M, Berger W, Csiszar A. The FAM3C locus that encodes interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) is frequently co-amplified in MET-amplified cancers and contributes to invasiveness. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:69. [PMID: 33596971 PMCID: PMC7890988 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene amplification of MET, which encodes for the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET, occurs in a variety of human cancers. High c-MET levels often correlate with poor cancer prognosis. Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) is also overexpressed in many cancers and is associated with metastasis and poor survival. The gene for ILEI, FAM3C, is located close to MET on chromosome 7q31 in an amplification "hotspot", but it is unclear whether FAMC3 amplification contributes to elevated ILEI expression in cancer. In this study we have investigated FAMC3 copy number gain in different cancers and its potential connection to MET amplifications. METHODS FAMC3 and MET copy numbers were investigated in various cancer samples and 200 cancer cell lines. Copy numbers of the two genes were correlated with mRNA levels, with relapse-free survival in lung cancer patient samples as well as with clinicopathological parameters in primary samples from 49 advanced stage colorectal cancer patients. ILEI knock-down and c-MET inhibition effects on proliferation and invasiveness of five cancer cell lines and growth of xenograft tumors in mice were then investigated. RESULTS FAMC3 was amplified in strict association with MET amplification in several human cancers and cancer cell lines. Increased FAM3C and MET copy numbers were tightly linked and correlated with increased gene expression and poor survival in human lung cancer and with extramural invasion in colorectal carcinoma. Stable ILEI shRNA knock-down did not influence proliferation or sensitivity towards c-MET-inhibitor induced proliferation arrest in cancer cells, but impaired both c-MET-independent and -dependent cancer cell invasion. c-MET inhibition reduced ILEI secretion, and shRNA mediated ILEI knock-down prevented c-MET-signaling induced elevated expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Combination of ILEI knock-down and c-MET-inhibition significantly reduced the invasive outgrowth of NCI-H441 and NCI-H1993 lung tumor xenografts by inhibiting proliferation, MMP expression and E-cadherin membrane localization. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest MET amplifications are often in reality MET-FAM3C co-amplifications with tight functional cooperation. Therefore, the clinical relevance of this frequent cancer amplification hotspot, so far dedicated purely to c-MET function, should be re-evaluated to include ILEI as a target in the therapy of c-MET-amplified human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Somodi
- Department of Oncology, Bacs-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemet, Hungary
- Present Address: Parexel International, 2 Federal St, Billerica, MA USA
| | | | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
HER2 gene amplification occurs in many breast cancer patients and is associated with poor clinical prognosis. Trastuzumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody binding to HER2 and inhibits growth of HER2-positive breast cancer cells and used as a principal treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer. Unfortunately, some HER2-positive breast cancers eventually relapse after trastuzumab treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanism of trastuzumab resistance, we generated trastuzumab-resistant cells using a mouse model and found ECM1 protein is increased in trastuzumab-resistant cells. ECM1 was shown to increase EGFR signaling via upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 9/galectin-3/mucin pathway. To further find the novel mediators of HER2-driven signaling pathways in breast cancer, we investigated the upregulated proteins in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells using a proteomics approach and found that KRT19 is strongly upregulated in HER2-positive breast cancer cells and it activates HER2 signaling by binding to HER2 and stabilizes the receptor on the cell membrane. Moreover, we found that treatment of KRT19 antibody resulted in reduced cell viability of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer cells as well as trastuzumab-sensitive cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Weng TH, Yao MY, Xu XM, Hu CY, Yao SH, Liu YZ, Wu ZG, Tang TM, Fu PF, Wang MH, Yao HP. RON and MET Co-overexpression Are Significant Pathological Characteristics of Poor Survival and Therapeutic Targets of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2020; 52:973-986. [PMID: 32324988 PMCID: PMC7373856 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly malignant and has poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. The lack of effective therapy has spurred our investigation of new targets for treating this malignant cancer. Here, we identified RON (macrophage-stimulating 1 receptor) and MET (MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic targets for potential TNBC treatment. Materials and Methods We analyzed RON and MET expression in 187 primary TNBC clinical samples with immunohistochemistry. We validated the targeted therapeutic effects of RON and MET in TNBC using three tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): BMS-777607, INCB28060, and tivantinib. The preclinical therapeutic efficacy of the TKIs was mainly estimated using a TNBC xenograft model. Results Patients with TNBC had widespread, abnormal expression of RON and MET. There was RON overexpression, MET overexpression, and RON and MET co-overexpression in 63 (33.7%), 63 (33.7%), and 43 cases (23.0%), respectively, which had poor prognosis and short survival. In vivo, the TKI targeting RON ant MET inhibited the activation of the downstream signaling molecules, inhibited TNBC cell migration and proliferation, and increased TNBC cell apoptosis; in the xenograft model, they significantly inhibited tumor growth and shrank tumor volumes. The TKI targeting RON and Met, such as BMS-777607 and tivantinib, yielded stronger anti-tumor effects than INCB28060. Conclusion RON and MET co-overexpression can be significant pathological characteristics in TNBC for poor prognosis. TKIs targeting RON and MET have stronger drug development potential for treating TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Ya Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Hao Yao
- Department of Stormotologry, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao-Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei-Fen Fu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
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Chen YC, Chen YY, Liao JW, Chang SC. Expression and prognostic value of c-met in canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:670-676. [PMID: 30129270 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-met is a receptor normally expressed on epithelial cells and dysregulated in human breast cancers. Mammary tumours are the most common tumour in female dogs. The aims of this study were to detect the expression of c-met in canine mammary tumours (CMTs) and evaluate the correlations between c-met expression and clinicopathological features. A total of 240 specimens of canine mammary tissues composed of 30 normal glands, 30 hyperplastic ones, 90 benign tumours and 90 carcinomas obtained from 127 bitches were examined by immunohistochemical staining. Positive c-met immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of mammary epithelial cells at variable levels, and in malignant CMTs, higher c-met expression was found in carcinomas whose grade, stage and mitotic index were low, and metastasis was absent. The median survival time was shorter in dogs with malignant CMTs with a maximum diameter ≥5 cm, regional lymph node or distant metastasis, and a high histologic grade. However, the 2-year survival rate was higher in dogs with malignant CMTs of higher c-met expression than those of low c-met expression (80.1% vs 57%). C-met expression could be used as a valuable positive prognostic factor for the clinical outcomes of dogs with malignant CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Veenstra C, Pérez-Tenorio G, Stelling A, Karlsson E, Mirwani SM, Nordensköljd B, Fornander T, Stål O. Met and its ligand HGF are associated with clinical outcome in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37145-37159. [PMID: 27175600 PMCID: PMC5095065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few biomarkers exist to predict radiotherapy response in breast cancer. In vitro studies suggest a role for Met and its ligand HGF. To study this suggested role, MET and HGF gene copy numbers were determined by droplet digital PCR in tumours from 205 pre-menopausal and 184 post-menopausal patients, both cohorts randomised to receive either chemo- or radiotherapy. MET amplification was found in 8% of the patients in both cohorts and HGF amplification in 7% and 6% of the patients in the pre- and post-menopausal cohort, respectively. Met, phosphorylated Met (pMet), and HGF protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in the pre-menopausal cohort. Met, pMet, and HGF was expressed in 33%, 53%, and 49% of the tumours, respectively. MET amplification was associated with increased risk of distant recurrence for patients receiving chemotherapy. For the pre-menopausal patients, expression of cytoplasmic pMet and HGF significantly predicted benefit from radiotherapy in terms of loco-regional recurrence. Similar trends were seen for MET and HGF copy gain. In the post-menopausal cohort, no significant association of benefit from radiotherapy with neither genes nor proteins was found. The present results do not support that inhibition of Met prior to radiotherapy would be favourable for pre-menopausal breast cancer, as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Veenstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gizeh Pérez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Stelling
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elin Karlsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sanam Mirwani Mirwani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bo Nordensköljd
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tommy Fornander
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Maroni P, Puglisi R, Mattia G, Carè A, Matteucci E, Bendinelli P, Desiderio MA. In bone metastasis miR-34a-5p absence inversely correlates with Met expression, while Met oncogene is unaffected by miR-34a-5p in non-metastatic and metastatic breast carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:492-503. [PMID: 28334277 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The highlight of the molecular basis and therapeutic targets of the bone-metastatic process requires the identification of biomarkers of metastasis colonization. Here, we studied miR-34a-5p expression, and Met-receptor expression and localization in bone metastases from ductal breast carcinomas, and in ductal carcinomas without history of metastasis (20 cases). miR-34a-5p was elevated in non-metastatic breast carcinoma, intermediate in the adjacent tissue and practically absent in bone metastases, opposite to pair-matched carcinoma. Met-receptor biomarker was highly expressed and inversely correlated with miR-34a-5p using the same set of bone-metastasis tissues. The miR-34a-5p silencing might depend on aberrant-epigenetic mechanisms of plastic-bone metastases, since in 1833 cells under methyltransferase blockade miR-34a-5p augmented. In fact, 1833 cells showed very low endogenous miR-34a-5p, in respect to parental MDA-MB231 breast carcinoma cells, and the restoration of miR-34a-5p with the mimic reduced Met and invasiveness. Notably, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-dependent Met stabilization was observed in bone-metastatic 1833 cells, consistent with Met co-distribution with the ligand HGF at plasma membrane and at nuclear levels in bone metastases. Met-protein level was higher in non-metastatic (low grade) than in metastatic (high grade) breast carcinomas, notwithstanding miR-34a-5p-elevated expression in both the specimens. Thus, mostly in non-metastatic carcinomas the elevated miR-34a-5p unaffected Met, important for invasive/mesenchymal phenotype, while possibly targeting some stemness biomarkers related to metastatic phenotype. In personalized therapies against bone metastasis, we suggest miR-34a-5p as a suitable target of epigenetic reprogramming leading to the accumulation of miR-34a-5p and the down-regulation of Met-tyrosine kinase, a key player of the bone-metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maroni
- Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, IRCCS, Milano 20161, Italy
| | - Rossella Puglisi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy and
| | - Gianfranco Mattia
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy and
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy and
| | - Emanuela Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Bendinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Maria Alfonsina Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
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Minuti G, Landi L. MET deregulation in breast cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:181. [PMID: 26366398 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.06.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is an oncogene encoding for a trans-membrane tyrosine kinase receptor activated by the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MET has a normal function in organ development during embryogenesis and in tissue homeostasis during adult life. Deregulation of HGF/MET signaling pathway is frequently observed in many cancer types, conferring invasive growth and tendency to progression. MET deregulation is due to gene amplification or increased copy number, gene mutation, receptor over-expression or ligand autocrine loops activation. These events lead to migration, invasion, proliferation, metastatic spread and neo-angiogenesis of cancer cells, suggesting that anti-HGF/MET agents may represent a potential antitumor strategy. In breast cancer (BC), preclinical and clinical data demonstrated the role of HGF/MET signalling pathway in carcinogenesis, disease progression and resistance features. METHODS For this review article, all published data on HGF/MET in BC were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Several evidences underline that, in early BC, MET over-expression has an independent negative prognostic significance, regardless of method used for evaluation and BC subtypes. Available data suggest that MET is a relevant target particularly in basal-like (BL) and in triple negative BC. Moreover, preclinical and retrospective data support the critical role of MET deregulation in the development of resistance to target-agents, such as anti-HER2 strategies. CONCLUSIONS MET is a promising new target in BC. Several anti-MET agents are under investigation and ongoing clinical trials will clarify its relevance in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Minuti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Civil Hospital of Livorno, Livorno, Italy
| | - Lorenza Landi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Civil Hospital of Livorno, Livorno, Italy
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Curigliano G, Disalvatore D, Esposito A, Pruneri G, Lazzeroni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Luini A, Orecchia R, Goldhirsch A, Rotmensz N, Bonanni B, Viale G. Risk of subsequentin situ and invasive breast cancer in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive ductal carcinomain situ. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:682-687. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hu S, Fu W, Xu W, Yang Y, Cruz M, Berezov SD, Jorissen D, Takeda H, Zhu W. Four-in-one antibodies have superior cancer inhibitory activity against EGFR, HER2, HER3, and VEGF through disruption of HER/MET crosstalk. Cancer Res 2014; 75:159-70. [PMID: 25371409 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anti-HER receptor antibodies cetuximab, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab are used widely in clinic to treat metastatic cancer. However, activation of the extensive crosstalk among the HER receptors as well as other RTKs, particularly HER-MET crosstalk, has emerged as a likely source of drug resistance. In this study, we developed two new types of tetra-specific antibodies that recognize EGFR, HER2, HER3, and VEGF. These tetra-specific antibodies, termed FL518 (four-in-one antibody) and CRTB6 (tetra-specific, tetravalent antibody), not only inhibited signaling mediated by these receptors in vitro and in vivo but unexpectedly also disrupted HER-MET crosstalk. When compared with two-in-one antibodies and a series of bispecific antibodies in multiple tumor models, FL518 and CRTB6 were more broadly efficacious. We further showed that tetra-specific antibodies were far more effective than bispecific antibodies in inhibiting the growth of anti-HER-resistant cancer cells, which exhibited elevated levels of MET activation both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our results establish a new principle to achieve combined HER inhibition and limit drug resistance using a single antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hu
- Translational Medicine Research Institute and International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. Department of Medical Imaging, Xi'an PLA 451 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China. Department of Interventional Oncology, Xi'an PLA 451 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Cancer Center, PLA General Hospital, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, PLA General Hospital, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Xi'an PLA 451 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China. School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Melissa Cruz
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sandra D Berezov
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Daniel Jorissen
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Takeda
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wangdong Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Xi'an PLA 451 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China. Department of Interventional Oncology, Xi'an PLA 451 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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Subbiah IM, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Advances and future directions in the targeting of HER2-positive breast cancer: implications for the future. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2014; 15:41-54. [PMID: 24323591 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-013-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The natural history of HER2-positive breast cancer significantly changed in the past 15 years. Form being the most aggressive type of breast cancer, it became treatable with important cure rates. However, with new and successful drugs, resistance emerges. Progress in research and drug development continues to make available effective anti-HER2 therapies. Our challenge today is to use these tools correctly by looking at the data that support the indications of each compound and to continue clinical trial participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwaria M Subbiah
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA
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12
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Casbas-Hernandez P, D'Arcy M, Roman-Perez E, Brauer HA, McNaughton K, Miller SM, Chhetri RK, Oldenburg AL, Fleming JM, Amos KD, Makowski L, Troester MA. Role of HGF in epithelial-stromal cell interactions during progression from benign breast disease to ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R82. [PMID: 24025166 PMCID: PMC3978616 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Basal-like and luminal breast cancers have distinct stromal–epithelial interactions, which play a role in progression to invasive cancer. However, little is known about how stromal–epithelial interactions evolve in benign and pre-invasive lesions. Methods To study epithelial–stromal interactions in basal-like breast cancer progression, we cocultured reduction mammoplasty fibroblasts with the isogenic MCF10 series of cell lines (representing benign/normal, atypical hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in situ). We used gene expression microarrays to identify pathways induced by coculture in premalignant cells (MCF10DCIS) compared with normal and benign cells (MCF10A and MCF10AT1). Relevant pathways were then evaluated in vivo for associations with basal-like subtype and were targeted in vitro to evaluate effects on morphogenesis. Results Our results show that premalignant MCF10DCIS cells express characteristic gene expression patterns of invasive basal-like microenvironments. Furthermore, while hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) secretion is upregulated (relative to normal, MCF10A levels) when fibroblasts are cocultured with either atypical (MCF10AT1) or premalignant (MCF10DCIS) cells, only MCF10DCIS cells upregulated the HGF receptor MET. In three-dimensional cultures, upregulation of HGF/MET in MCF10DCIS cells induced morphological changes suggestive of invasive potential, and these changes were reversed by antibody-based blocking of HGF signaling. These results are relevant to in vivo progression because high expression of a novel MCF10DCIS-derived HGF signature was correlated with the basal-like subtype, with approximately 86% of basal-like cancers highly expressing the HGF signature, and because high expression of HGF signature was associated with poor survival. Conclusions Coordinated and complementary changes in HGF/MET expression occur in epithelium and stroma during progression of pre-invasive basal-like lesions. These results suggest that targeting stroma-derived HGF signaling in early carcinogenesis may block progression of basal-like precursor lesions.
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Estévez LG, Suarez-Gauthier A, García E, Miró C, Calvo I, Fernández-Abad M, Herrero M, Marcos M, Márquez C, Lopez Ríos F, Perea S, Hidalgo M. Molecular effects of lapatinib in patients with HER2 positive ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R76. [PMID: 25186428 PMCID: PMC4448559 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification is frequent in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast and is associated with poorly differentiated tumors and adverse prognosis features. This study aimed to determine the molecular effects of the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib in patients with HER2 positive DCIS. Methods Patients with HER2 positive DCIS received 1,500 mg daily of lapatinib for four consecutive weeks prior to surgical resection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to determine changes in tumor volume. The molecular effects of lapatinib on HER2 signaling (PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways), cell proliferation (Ki67 and p27) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were determined in pre and post-lapatinib treatment samples. Results A total of 20 patients were included. Lapatinib was well tolerated with only minor and transient side effects. The agent effectively modulated HER2 signaling decreasing significantly pHER2 and pERK1 expression, together with a decrease in tumor size evaluated by MRI. There was no evidence of changes in Ki67. Conclusions Four weeks of neoadjuvant lapatinib in patients with HER2-positive DCIS resulted in inhibition of HER2 and RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. Trial registration 2008-004492-21 (Registered June 25th 2008). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/bcr3695) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Estévez
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Ana Suarez-Gauthier
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Elena García
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, 28922, Spain.
| | - Cristina Miró
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Isabel Calvo
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - María Fernández-Abad
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Herrero
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Manuel Marcos
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Cristina Márquez
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Fernando Lopez Ríos
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Sofía Perea
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain.
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Breast Cancer Program, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, C/Oña 10, Madrid, 28050, Spain. .,Clinical Research Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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Gaule PB, Crown J, O'Donovan N, Duffy MJ. cMET in triple-negative breast cancer: is it a therapeutic target for this subset of breast cancer patients? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:999-1009. [PMID: 25084805 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.938050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification and validation of a targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is currently one of the most urgent needs in breast cancer therapeutics. The cMET oncogene encodes a membrane-bound tyrosine kinase implicated in the formation and/or progression of several cancer types, including TNBC. Currently, inhibitors targeting cMET are undergoing clinical trials for a variety of cancers, including TNBC. These include anti-cMET and anti-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the structure and mode of action of cMET, the role of cMET in cancer formation/development, with particular emphasis on its role in basal/TNBC and its potential as a therapeutic target for this subtype of breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION Due to cancer heterogeneity, it is unlikely that all TNBC patients will be responsive to anti-cMET drugs. Therefore, if cMET is to be used as a target for treatment, it will be important to identify predictive biomarkers to select, upfront, those patients likely to benefit. Potential predictive biomarkers for anti-cMET treatments in basal/TNBC include cMET, phospho-cMET, downstream signaling proteins or HGF. These putative predictive biomarkers should be evaluated in a large panel of basal/TNBC cell lines before incorporation into clinical trials involving anti-cMET drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Gaule
- Dublin City University, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology , Dublin 9 , Ireland +00353 1 7007497 ; +00353 1 7005484 ;
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15
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Tsai PC, Chu CL, Chiu CC, Chang LS, Lin SR. Cardiotoxin III suppresses hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:485-95. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Lun Chu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shinne-Ren Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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16
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Ho-Yen CM, Green AR, Rakha EA, Brentnall AR, Ellis IO, Kermorgant S, Jones JL. C-Met in invasive breast cancer. Cancer 2013; 120:163-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colan M. Ho-Yen
- Centre for Tumour Biology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Green
- The Breast Unit; Department of Histopathology; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Emad A. Rakha
- The Breast Unit; Department of Histopathology; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Adam R. Brentnall
- Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine; Epidemiology and Statistics; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London UK
| | - Ian O. Ellis
- The Breast Unit; Department of Histopathology; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Kermorgant
- Centre for Tumour Biology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London United Kingdom
| | - J. L. Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London United Kingdom
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17
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Xiang H, Bender BC, Reyes AE, Merchant M, Jumbe NL', Romero M, Davancaze T, Nijem I, Mai E, Young J, Peterson A, Damico-Beyer LA. Onartuzumab (MetMAb): using nonclinical pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect data to support clinical development. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5068-78. [PMID: 23894056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We characterized the pharmacokinetics of onartuzumab (MetMAb) in animals and determined a concentration-effect relationship in tumor-bearing mice to enable estimation of clinical pharmacokinetics and target doses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A tumor growth inhibition model was used to estimate tumoristatic concentrations (TSC) in mice. Human pharmacokinetic parameters were projected from pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys by the species-invariant time method. Monte Carlo simulations predicted the percentage of patients achieving steady-state trough serum concentrations (Ctrough ss) ≥TSC for every 3-week (Q3W) dosing. RESULTS Onartuzumab clearance (CL) in the linear dose range was 21.1 and 12.2 mL/d/kg in mice and cynomolgus monkeys with elimination half-life at 6.10 and 3.37 days, respectively. The estimated TSC in KP4 pancreatic xenograft tumor-bearing mice was 15 μg/mL. Projected CL for humans in the linear dose range was 5.74 to 9.36 mL/d/kg with scaling exponents of CL at 0.75 to 0.9. Monte Carlo simulations projected a Q3W dose of 10 to 30 mg/kg to achieve Ctrough ss of 15 μg/mL in 95% or more of patients. CONCLUSIONS Onartuzumab pharmacokinetics differed from typical bivalent glycosylated monoclonal antibodies with approximately 2-times faster CL in the linear dose range. Despite this higher CL, xenograft efficacy data supported dose flexibility with Q1W to Q3W dose regimens in the clinical setting with a TSC of 15 μg/mL as the Ctrough ss target. The projected human efficacious dose of 10 to 30 mg/kg Q3W should achieve the target TSC of 15 μg/mL. These data show effective pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to project doses to be tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Translational Oncology, Bioanalytical Sciences, Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, and Portfolio Management and Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco; Quantitative Solutions, Menlo Park; Medivation, Inc., San Francisco; and Celgene, San Diego, California
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Analysis of expression of membrane-bound tumor markers in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: paving the way for molecular imaging. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Nahta R. Molecular Mechanisms of Trastuzumab-Based Treatment in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:428062. [PMID: 23227361 PMCID: PMC3512309 DOI: 10.5402/2012/428062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade of research into HER2-overexpressing breast cancer has provided significant insight into the mechanisms by which HER2 signaling drives tumor progression, as well as potential mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the anticancer activity of HER2-targeted therapy. Many of these preclinical findings have been translated into clinical development, resulting in novel combinations of HER2-targeted therapies and combinations of trastuzumab plus inhibitors of resistance pathways. In this paper, we will discuss proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance, including epitope masking, cross signaling from other cell surface receptors, hyperactive downstream signaling, and failure to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of action of dual HER2 inhibition, specifically the combination of trastuzumab plus lapatinib or trastuzumab with pertuzumab. We will also discuss data supporting therapeutic combinations of trastuzumab with agents targeted against molecules implicated in trastuzumab resistance. The roles of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and the estrogen receptor are discussed in the context of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Finally, we will examine the major issues that need to be addressed in order to translate these combinations from the bench to the clinic, including the need to establish relevant biomarkers to select for those patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Emory University, Suite 5001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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20
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Minuti G, Cappuzzo F, Duchnowska R, Jassem J, Fabi A, O’Brien T, Mendoza AD, Landi L, Biernat W, Czartoryska-Arłukowicz B, Jankowski T, Zuziak D, Zok J, Szostakiewicz B, Foszczyńska-Kłoda M, Tempińska-Szałach A, Rossi E, Varella-Garcia M. Increased MET and HGF gene copy numbers are associated with trastuzumab failure in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:793-9. [PMID: 22850551 PMCID: PMC3425981 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether copy number gain of MET or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) affect trastuzumab sensitivity in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). METHODS We analysed 130 HER2-positive MBC treated with trastuzumab-based therapy. MET and HGF gene copy numbers (GCN) were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in primary breast cancer samples. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was applied to find the best cutoff point for both MET and HGF GCN. RESULTS MET FISH-positive cases (N=36, mean 3.72) had a significantly higher trastuzumab failure rate (44.4% vs 16.0%; P=0.001) and a significantly shorter time to progression (5.7 vs 9.9 months; HR 1.74; P=0.006) than MET FISH-negative cases (N=94, mean <3.72). Hepatocyte growth factor GCN was evaluated in 84 cases (64.6%). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified 33 HGF FISH-positive patients (mean HGF GCN 3.01). HGF FISH-positive status was significantly associated with higher risk of failure (30.3% vs 7.8%; P=0.007) as compared with HGF FISH-negative cases (N=51, mean <3.01). MET and HGF FISH-positive status was highly correlated (P<0.001) and combination of both biomarkers did not increase predictive value of either considered separately. CONCLUSION High GCNs of MET and HGF associate with an increased risk of trastuzumab-based therapy failure in HER2-positive MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Minuti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Civil Hospital of Livorno, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Viale Alfieri 36, Livorno 57100, Italy
| | - F Cappuzzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Civil Hospital of Livorno, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Viale Alfieri 36, Livorno 57100, Italy
| | - R Duchnowska
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, 128 Szaserów Street, Warsaw 00-909, Poland
| | - J Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3a M Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, Gdańsk 80-210, Poland
| | - A Fabi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Via E Chianesi 53, RM 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - T O’Brien
- Molecular Pathology Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 13001 E17th Place, CO 80045, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A D Mendoza
- Molecular Pathology Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 13001 E17th Place, CO 80045, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - L Landi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Civil Hospital of Livorno, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Viale Alfieri 36, Livorno 57100, Italy
| | - W Biernat
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3a M Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, Gdańsk 80-210, Poland
| | - B Czartoryska-Arłukowicz
- Department of Oncology, Białystock Oncology Center, 47 Fabryczna Street, Bialystok 15-047, Poland
| | - T Jankowski
- Department of Oncology, Lublin Oncology Center, 7 Jaczewskiego Street, Lublin PL- 20090, Poland
| | - D Zuziak
- Department of Oncology, Beskidy Oncology Center, 18 Liberation Street, Bielsko-Biała 43-300, Poland
| | - J Zok
- Department of Oncology, Warmia and Masuria Oncology Center, 5 Oczapowskiego Street, Olsztyn 10-967, Poland
| | - B Szostakiewicz
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 3a M Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, Gdańsk 80-210, Poland
| | - M Foszczyńska-Kłoda
- Department of Oncology, West Pomeranian Oncology Center, 55 Adama Mickiewicza Street, Szczecin 70-385, Poland
| | - A Tempińska-Szałach
- Department of Oncology, District Hospital of Elbląg, 35 Komeńskiego Street, Elbląg 82-300, Poland
| | - E Rossi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Civil Hospital of Livorno, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Viale Alfieri 36, Livorno 57100, Italy
| | - M Varella-Garcia
- Molecular Pathology Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 13001 E17th Place, CO 80045, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Vu T, Claret FX. Trastuzumab: updated mechanisms of action and resistance in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:62. [PMID: 22720269 PMCID: PMC3376449 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer accounts for 20–30% of all breast cancers and has the second-poorest prognosis among breast cancer subtypes. The approval of trastuzumab in 1998 has significantly improved patients’ outcomes and paved the way for the beginning of advent of targeted approaches in breast cancer treatment. However, primary or acquired resistance to trastuzumab has been increasingly recognized as a major obstacle in the clinical management of this disease. In addition, in clinical practice, there are currently no conclusive biomarkers for patient response to trastuzumab. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of trastuzumab and the development of resistance to this drug are of interest. Such understanding will provide the guidance critically needed for the design of better combination therapy and will allow the appropriate selection of patients who are responsive to trastuzumab-based strategies. In line with that, our review highlights the well-accepted mechanisms of action and resistance to the therapy and discusses the progress that has been made toward successfully overcoming this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Vu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Raghav KP, Wang W, Liu S, Chavez-MacGregor M, Meng X, Hortobagyi GN, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F, Blumenschein GR, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. cMET and phospho-cMET protein levels in breast cancers and survival outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2269-77. [PMID: 22374333 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cMET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor gene) and phospho-cMET (p-cMET) levels in breast cancer subtypes and its impact on survival outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We measured protein levels of cMET and p-cMET in 257 breast cancers using reverse phase protein array. Regression tree method and Martingale residual plots were applied to find best cutoff point for high and low levels. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate relapse-free (RFS) and overall (OS) survival. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine associations of cMET/p-cMET with outcomes after adjustment for other characteristics. RESULTS Median age was 51 years. There were 140 (54.5%) hormone receptor (HR) positive, 53 (20.6%) HER2 positive, and 64 (24.9%) triple-negative tumors. Using selected cutoffs, 181 (70.4%) and 123 (47.9%) cancers had high levels of cMET and p-cMET, respectively. There were no significant differences in mean expression of cMET (P < 0.128) and p-cMET (P < 0.088) by breast cancer subtype. Dichotomized cMET and p-cMET level was a significant prognostic factor for RFS [HR: 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34-4.44, P = 0.003 and HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.04-2.60, P = 0.033] and OS (HR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.43-7.11, P = 0.003 and HR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.08-3.44, P = 0.025). Within breast cancer subtypes, high cMET levels were associated with worse RFS (P = 0.014) and OS (P = 0.006) in HR-positive tumors, and high p-cMET levels were associated with worse RFS (P = 0.019) and OS (P = 0.014) in HER2-positive breast cancers. In multivariable analysis, patients with high cMET had a significantly higher risk of recurrence (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.08-3.94, P = 0.028) and death (HR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.19-6.64, P = 0.019). High p-cMET level was associated with higher risk of recurrence (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.08-2.95.77, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS High levels of cMET and p-cMET were seen in all breast cancer subtypes and correlated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal P Raghav
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gisterek I, Lata E, Halon A, Matkowski R, Szelachowska J, Biecek P, Kornafel J. Prognostic role of c-met expression in breast cancer patients. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2011; 16:173-7. [PMID: 24376976 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor plays an important role in tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. C-met is HGF's high affinity receptor. AIM The aim of the study was to assess the correlations between c-met expression and clinic-pathological factors in breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR, c-met) expressions in homogenous group of breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor samples were collected from 302 patients with breast carcinoma treated with primary surgery. We have assessed the percentage of tumor cells with c-met expression, the intensity of reaction and the ratio of these two factors-immunoreactivity according to the Remmele score. RESULTS We have observed no correlations between HGFR immunoreactivities and clinical parameters (tumor size, grade, axillary lymph node status, age). In 5-year observation we have found prognostic value of assessing c-met immunoreactivity in primary tumor. CONCLUSION Our study has revealed prognostic value of c-met. Unlike in other authors' studies, our patients' group is very homogenous which might contribute to obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gisterek
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland ; Lower Silesia Oncology Center, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lata
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland ; Lower Silesia Oncology Center, Poland
| | | | - Rafal Matkowski
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland ; Lower Silesia Oncology Center, Poland
| | - Jolanta Szelachowska
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland ; Lower Silesia Oncology Center, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Biecek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Kornafel
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland ; Lower Silesia Oncology Center, Poland
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Bishop EA, Lengyel ER, Yamada SD, Montag A, Temkin SM. The expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and c-Met in uterine serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:218-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Milani A, Montemurro F, Gioeni L, Aglietta M, Valabrega G. Role of trastuzumab in the management of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2010; 2:93-109. [PMID: 24367170 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s6070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major health issue in developed countries. Overexpression of HER2, a member of epidermal growth factor receptor family, occurs in 20%-30% of breast cancers. HER2 drives the cancer cells to develop a more aggressive phenotype, to metastasize to viscera and central nervous system, and to be less sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of HER2. As single agent or with chemotherapy, trastuzumab improves survival of HER2-positive breast cancers. In the past years, trastuzumab has completely revolutionized the scenario of the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, representing one of the most remarkable examples of targeted therapy in oncology. However, issues such as the best chemotherapeutic companion to associate with trastuzumab, cardiac toxicities, and clinical resistance still require tremendous efforts by researchers. Here, we review pharmacology, efficacy studies, and toxicities of trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer. Moreover, we provide some insights on resistance to therapy. Finally, we briefly discuss trastuzumab's place in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milani
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy ; University of Turin Medical School, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Montemurro
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Gioeni
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy ; University of Turin Medical School, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Oncological Department, Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), Candiolo, Torino, Italy ; University of Turin Medical School, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Turin, Italy
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Gastaldi S, Comoglio PM, Trusolino L. The Met oncogene and basal-like breast cancer: another culprit to watch out for? Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:208. [PMID: 20804567 PMCID: PMC2949647 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest the involvement of the MET oncogene, encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, in the onset and progression of basal-like breast carcinoma. The expression profiles of basal-like tumors - but not those of other breast cancer subtypes - are enriched for gene sets that are coordinately over-represented in transcriptional signatures regulated by Met. Consistently, tissue microarray analyses have revealed that Met immunoreactivity is much higher in basal-like cases of human breast cancer than in other tumor types. Finally, mouse models expressing mutationally activated forms of Met develop a high incidence of mammary tumors, some of which exhibit basal characteristics. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the role and activity of Met in basal-like breast cancer, with a special emphasis on the correlation between this tumor subtype and the cellular hierarchy of the normal mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gastaldi
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Goetsch L, Caussanel V. Selection criteria for c-Met-targeted therapies: emerging evidence for biomarkers. Biomark Med 2010; 4:149-70. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive development of targeted therapies emphasize the critical need for biomarkers and major efforts have been engaged to identify screening, prognostic, stratification and therapy-monitoring markers. One of the challenges in translating preclinical studies into effective clinical therapies remains the accurate identification of a responsive subsets of patients. Studies on trastuzumab demonstrated that patient response could be specifically correlated with the amplification of the Her2 gene. However, for the EGF receptor, it has been more difficult to find the right stratification biomarker and recent data demonstrate that genetic alterations for the EGF receptor have to be considered. Taken together, these data underline the need for a deeper understanding of both targeted receptor and human disease to determine pathways that might be investigated during early clinical trials in order to define relevant biomarkers for patient selection. This article, dealing with the c-Met tyrosine kinase receptor, provides an overview of c-Met alterations observed in cancer and proposes approaches for stratification biomarker selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Goetsch
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 avenue Napoléon III F-74164 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
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Lai AZ, Abella JV, Park M. Crosstalk in Met receptor oncogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:542-51. [PMID: 19758803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates several distinct biological processes, including cell scatter, cell invasion, cell survival and epithelial remodeling. MET is genetically altered through several mechanisms in multiple human cancers; these events are causally related to cancer initiation and progression, identifying Met as a potential therapeutic target. Recent evidence highlights additional roles for Met in cancer through crosstalk with other receptors and cell surface proteins. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of mechanisms of interaction between Met, the epidermal growth factor receptor family and other cell surface protein families, and how these contribute to signal crosstalk, oncogenesis and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Z Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Met induces diverse mammary carcinomas in mice and is associated with human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12909-14. [PMID: 19567831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810403106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the signaling pathways that drive aggressive breast cancers is critical to the development of effective therapeutics. The oncogene MET is associated with decreased survival in breast cancer, yet the role that MET plays in the various breast cancer subtypes is unclear. We describe a knockin mouse with mutationally activated Met (Met(mut)) that develops a high incidence of diverse mammary tumors with basal characteristics, including metaplasia, absence of progesterone receptor and ERBB2 expression, and expression of cytokeratin 5. With gene expression and tissue microarray analysis, we show that high MET expression in human breast cancers significantly correlated with estrogen receptor negative/ERBB2 negative tumors and with basal breast cancers. Few treatment options exist for breast cancers of the basal or trastuzumab-resistant ERBB2 subtypes. We conclude from these studies that MET may play a critical role in the development of the most aggressive breast cancers and may be a rational therapeutic target.
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Eilon T, Barash I. Distinct gene-expression profiles characterize mammary tumors developed in transgenic mice expressing constitutively active and C-terminally truncated variants of STAT5. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:231. [PMID: 19450255 PMCID: PMC2689279 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stat5 is a latent transcription factor that regulates essential growth and survival functions in normal cells. Constitutive activity of Stat5 and the involvement of its C-terminally truncated variant have been implicated in blood cell malignancies and mammary or breast cancer. To distinguish the individual contributions of the Stat5 variants to mammary tumorigenesis, global gene-expression profiling was performed on transgenic STAT5-induced tumors. Results We identified 364 genes exhibiting differential expression in mammary tumors developed in transgenic mice expressing constitutively active STAT5 (STAT5ca) vs. its C-terminally truncated variant (STAT5Δ750). These genes mediate established Stat5 effects on cellular processes such as proliferation and cell death, as well as yet-unrelated homeostatic features, e.g. carbohydrate metabolism. A set of 14 genes linked STAT5Δ750 expression to the poorly differentiated carcinoma phenotype and STAT5ca to the highly differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Specifically affected genes exhibited differential expression in an individual tumor set vs. its counterpart and the intact mammary gland: 50 genes were specifically affected by STAT5ca, and 94% of these were downregulated, the latter involved in suppression of tumor suppressors and proliferation antagonistics. This substantial downregulation distinguishes the STAT5ca-induced tumorigenic consequences from the relatively equal effect of the STAT5Δ750 on gene expression, which included significant elevation in the expression of oncogenes and growth mediators. STAT5Δ750 mRNA expression was below detection levels in the tumors and the amount of STAT5ca transcript was not correlated with the expression of its specifically affected genes. Interestingly, we identified several groups of three to eight genes affected by a particular STAT5 variant with significant correlated expression at distinct locations in the clustergram. Conclusion The different gene-expression profiles in mammary tumors caused by the STAT5Δ750 and STAT5ca variants, corroborated by the absence of a direct link to transgenic STAT5 expression, imply distinct metabolic consequences for their oncogenic role which probably initiate early in tumor development. Tumorigenesis may involve induction of growth factor and oncogenes by STAT5Δ750 or suppression of tumor suppressors and growth antagonists by STAT5ca. The list of genes specifically affected by the STAT5 variants may provide a basis for the development of a marker set for their distinct oncogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Eilon
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel.
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31
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Fleming JM, Long EL, Ginsburg E, Gerscovich D, Meltzer PS, Vonderhaar BK. Interlobular and intralobular mammary stroma: genotype may not reflect phenotype. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:46. [PMID: 18710550 PMCID: PMC2529294 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The normal growth and function of mammary epithelial cells depend on interactions with the supportive stroma. Alterations in this communication can lead to the progression or expansion of malignant growth. The human mammary gland contains two distinctive types of fibroblasts within the stroma. The epithelial cells are surrounded by loosely connected intralobular fibroblasts, which are subsequently surrounded by the more compacted interlobular fibroblasts. The different proximity of these fibroblasts to the epithelial cells suggests distinctive functions for these two subtypes. In this report, we compared the gene expression profiles between the two stromal subtypes. Methods Fresh normal breast tissue was collected from reduction mammoplasty patients and immediately placed into embedding medium and frozen on dry ice. Tissue sections were subjected to laser capture microscopy to isolate the interlobular from the intralobular fibroblasts. RNA was prepared and subjected to microarray analysis using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 GeneChip®. Data was analyzed using the Affy and Limma packages available from Bioconductor. Findings from the microarray analysis were validated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results No statistically significant difference was detected between the gene expression profiles of the interlobular and intralobular fibroblasts by microarray analysis and RT-PCR. However, for some of the genes tested, the protein expression patterns between the two subtypes of fibroblasts were significantly different. Conclusion This study is the first to report the gene expression profiles of the two distinct fibroblast populations within the human mammary gland. While there was no significant difference in the gene expression profiles between the groups, there was an obvious difference in the expression pattern of several proteins tested. This report also highlights the importance of studying gene regulation at both the transcriptional and post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fleming
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Syed DN, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Khan N, Kedlaya R, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H. Delphinidin inhibits cell proliferation and invasion via modulation of Met receptor phosphorylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:52-60. [PMID: 18499206 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The HGF/Met signaling pathway is deregulated in majority of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Delphinidin, present in pigmented fruits and vegetables possesses potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Here, we assessed the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of delphinidin on HGF-mediated responses in the immortalized MCF-10A breast cell line. Treatment of cells with delphinidin prior to exposure to exogenous HGF resulted in the inhibition of HGF-mediated (i) tyrosyl-phosphorylation and increased expression of Met receptor, (ii) phosphorylation of downstream regulators such as FAK and Src and (iii) induction of adaptor proteins including paxillin, Gab-1 and GRB-2. In addition, delphinidin treatment resulted in significant inhibition of HGF-activated (i) Ras-ERK MAPKs and (ii) PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathways. Delphinidin was found to repress HGF-activated NFkappaB transcription with a decrease in (i) phosphorylation of IKKalpha/beta and IkappaBalpha, and (ii) activation and nuclear translocation of NFkappaB/p65. Inhibition of HGF-mediated membrane translocation of PKCalpha as well as decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 was further observed in delphinidin treated cells. Finally, decreased cell viability of Met receptor expressing breast cancer cells treated with delphinidin argues for a potential role of the agent in the prevention of HGF-mediated activation of various signaling pathways implicated in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeba N Syed
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Shattuck DL, Miller JK, Carraway KL, Sweeney C. Met receptor contributes to trastuzumab resistance of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1471-7. [PMID: 18316611 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Her2 is overexpressed in 20% to 30% of breast tumors and correlates with reduced disease-free and overall patient survival. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against Her2, represents the first Her2-targeted therapy, which decreases the risk of relapse and prolongs patient survival. Resistance to trastuzumab, both inherent and treatment-acquired, represents a significant barrier to the effective treatment of Her2 (+) breast cancer. The Met receptor tyrosine kinase is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer and predicts poor patient prognosis. In this study, we find that Met is frequently expressed in Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, as well as Her2 (+) breast cancer. Importantly, Met contributes to trastuzumab resistance, as inhibition of Met sensitizes cells to trastuzumab-mediated growth inhibition, whereas Met activation protects cells against trastuzumab by abrogating p27 induction. Remarkably, Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells rapidly up-regulate Met expression after trastuzumab treatment, promoting their own resistance. Our study suggests that a subset of Her2 (+) patients may benefit from combined inhibition of Her2 and Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Shattuck
- University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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