1
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Angaitkar P, Janghel RR, Sahu TP. DL-TCNN: Deep Learning-based Temporal Convolutional Neural Network for prediction of conformational B-cell epitopes. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:297. [PMID: 37575599 PMCID: PMC10412510 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of conformational B-cell epitopes (CBCE) is an essential phase for vaccine design, drug invention, and accurate disease diagnosis. Many laboratorial and computational approaches have been developed to predict CBCE. However, laboratorial experiments are costly and time consuming, leading to the popularity of Machine Learning (ML)-based computational methods. Although ML methods have succeeded in many domains, achieving higher accuracy in CBCE prediction remains a challenge. To overcome this drawback and consider the limitations of ML methods, this paper proposes a novel DL-based framework for CBCE prediction, leveraging the capabilities of deep learning in the medical domain. The proposed model is named Deep Learning-based Temporal Convolutional Neural Network (DL-TCNN), which hybridizes empirical hyper-tuned 1D-CNN and TCN. TCN is an architecture that employs causal convolutions and dilations, adapting well to sequential input with extensive receptive fields. To train the proposed model, physicochemical features are firstly extracted from antigen sequences. Next, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) is applied to address the class imbalance problem. Finally, the proposed DL-TCNN is employed for the prediction of CBCE. The model's performance is evaluated and validated on a benchmark antigen-antibody dataset. The DL-TCNN achieves 94.44% accuracy, and 0.989 AUC score for the training dataset, 78.53% accuracy, and 0.661 AUC score for the validation dataset; and 85.10% accuracy, 0.855 AUC score for the testing dataset. The proposed model outperforms all the existing CBCE methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Angaitkar
- Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, G.E. Road, Raipur, C.G. 492010 India
| | - Rekh Ram Janghel
- Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, G.E. Road, Raipur, C.G. 492010 India
| | - Tirath Prasad Sahu
- Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, G.E. Road, Raipur, C.G. 492010 India
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2
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Hernandez-Guerrero T, Moreno V. GITR antibodies in cancer: not ready for prime time. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3905-3907. [PMID: 35834593 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GITR agonistic antibodies are expected to increase the antitumor response mainly by reducing the effect of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. TRX-518 is a novel GITR agonist that has shown good pharmacodynamic activity by depleting T regs in preclinical models, with limited clinical activity demonstrated in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Pan C, Wu Q, Wang S, Mei Z, Zhang L, Gao X, Qian J, Xu Z, Zhang K, Su R, Guo D, Zhou L, Zheng S. Combination with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist reverses GITR agonism mediated M2 polarization of macrophage in Hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2073010. [PMID: 35558158 PMCID: PMC9090298 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2073010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) agonistic antibody (DTA-1) has been proved to elicit robust immune response in various kinds of tumors. However, only a few of the HCC patients could benefit from it, and the mechanism of DTA-1 resistance remains unknown. Here, we measured GITR expression in different immunocytes in HCC microenvironment, and we observed that tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Ti-Tregs) significantly expressed GITR, which were associated with poor prognosis. Meanwhile, we analyzed the variation of tumor-infiltrating immune components and associated inflammation response after DTA-1 treatment in orthotopic liver cancer model of mice. Surprisingly, DTA-1 treatment reduced the infiltration of Tregs but failed to activate CD8+ T cells and elicit antitumor efficacy. In particular, DTA-1 treatment enforced alternative M2 polarization of macrophage, and macrophage depletion could enhance DTA-1-mediated antitumor efficacy in HCC. Mechanistically, macrophage M2 polarization attributed to the IL-4 elevation induced by Th2 immune activation in the treatment of DTA-1, resulting in DTA-1 resistance. Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist could diminish the macrophage (M2) polarization and reverse the M2-mediated DTA-1 resistance, eliciting robust antitumor effect in HCC. Our finding demonstrated that the TLR4 agonist synergized with DTA-1 was a potential strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixu Pan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qinchuan Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhibin Mei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xingxing Gao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junjie Qian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhentian Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Su
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Danjing Guo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Oja AE, Brasser G, Slot E, van Lier RAW, Pascutti MF, Nolte MA. GITR shapes humoral immunity by controlling the balance between follicular T helper cells and regulatory T follicular cells. Immunol Lett 2020; 222:73-79. [PMID: 32259529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T-cells (Tfh) control humoral immunity by driving affinity maturation and isotype-switching of activated B-cells. Tfh localize within B-cell follicles and, upon encounter with cognate antigen, drive B-cell selection in germinal centers (GCs) as GC-Tfh. Tfh functionality is controlled by Foxp3-expressing Tfh, which are known as regulatory T follicular cells (Tfr). Thus far, it remains unclear which factors determine the balance between these functionally opposing follicular T-cell subsets. Here, we demonstrate in human and mouse that Tfh and GC-Tfh, as well as their regulatory counterparts, express glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor related protein (GITR) on their surface. This costimulatory molecule not only helps to identify follicular T-cell subsets, but also increases the ratio of Tfh vs. Tfr, both within and outside the GC. Correspondingly, GITR triggering increases the number of IL-21 producing CD4+ T-cells, which also produce more IFN-γ and IL-10. The latter are known switch factors for IgG2c and IgG1, respectively, which corresponds to a concomitant increase in IgG2c and IgG1 production upon GITR-mediated costimulation. These results demonstrate that GITR can skew the functional balance between Tfh and Tfr, which offers new therapeutic possibilities in steering humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giso Brasser
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edith Slot
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - María F Pascutti
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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5
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Mortazavi SS, Haghighat S, Mahdavi M. Recombinant PBP2a of methicillin-resistant S. aureus formulation in Alum and Montanide ISA266 adjuvants induced cellular and humoral immune responses with protection in Balb/C mice. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103945. [PMID: 31874228 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of both hospital and community acquired infections worldwide. S.aureus can develop multidrug resistance; thus, immunotherapy can be a rational alternative. High level β-lactam resistance of S. aureus has been attributed to the penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a). In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protectivity of PBP2a formulated in Montanide ISA266 and Alum adjuvants. Recombinant PBP2a with a molecular weight of approximately 13 kDa was expressed and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (NI-NTA) affinity chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. To investigate the immunogenicity and protective effects of recombinant protein, 20 μg of r-PBP2a in various formulations were subcutaneously injected in different groups. Two booster vaccinations were carried out in two-week intervals and blood samples were collected two weeks after each injection. To determine the type of induced immune response, sera and splenocytes were analyzed by ELISA for total IgG and isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TNF-α), respectively. Three weeks following the last immunization, experimental mice were challenged with 5 × 108 CFU of bacteria intraperitoneally and mortality rate and bacterial load were assessed. Interestingly, analysis of humoral immune responses revealed that administration of r-PBP2a with Montanide ISA266 significantly increased specific IgG responses and also IgG1 isotype compared to alum-adjuvanted vaccine group. Also, r-PBP2a formulation with alum and MontanideISA266 adjuvants raised IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 cytokines secretion, and protectivity following experimental challenge. The results of the present study provide evidences for immunogenicity and protectivity of PBP2a protein as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Shadi Mortazavi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Soremekun OS, Olotu FA, Agoni C, Soliman MES. Recruiting monomer for dimer formation: resolving the antagonistic mechanisms of novel immune check point inhibitors against Programmed Death Ligand-1 in cancer immunotherapy. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1593977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi S. Soremekun
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A. Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Immune checkpoint blockade and its combination therapy with small-molecule inhibitors for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:199-224. [PMID: 30605718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially understood for its physiological maintenance of self-tolerance, the immune checkpoint molecule has recently been recognized as a promising anti-cancer target. There has been considerable interest in the biology and the action mechanism of the immune checkpoint therapy, and their incorporation with other therapeutic regimens. Recently the small-molecule inhibitor (SMI) has been identified as an attractive combination partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and is becoming a novel direction for the field of combination drug design. In this review, we provide a systematic discussion of the biology and function of major immune checkpoint molecules, and their interactions with corresponding targeting agents. With both preclinical studies and clinical trials, we especially highlight the ICI + SMI combination, with its recent advances as well as its application challenges.
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8
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Zhang H, Chen J. Current status and future directions of cancer immunotherapy. J Cancer 2018; 9:1773-1781. [PMID: 29805703 PMCID: PMC5968765 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, our knowledge about the relationship between cancer and the immune system has increased considerably. Recent years' success of cancer immunotherapy including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cancer vaccines, adoptive cancer therapy and the immune checkpoint therapy has revolutionized traditional cancer treatment. However, challenges still exist in this field. Personalized combination therapies via new techniques will be the next promising strategies for the future cancer treatment direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, the Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jibei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, the Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Weingartner E, Golding A. Direct control of B cells by Tregs: An opportunity for long-term modulation of the humoral response. Cell Immunol 2017; 318:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Sukumar S, Wilson DC, Yu Y, Wong J, Naravula S, Ermakov G, Riener R, Bhagwat B, Necheva AS, Grein J, Churakova T, Mangadu R, Georgiev P, Manfra D, Pinheiro EM, Sriram V, Bailey WJ, Herzyk D, McClanahan TK, Willingham A, Beebe AM, Sadekova S. Characterization of MK-4166, a Clinical Agonistic Antibody That Targets Human GITR and Inhibits the Generation and Suppressive Effects of T Regulatory Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4378-4388. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Knee DA, Hewes B, Brogdon JL. Rationale for anti-GITR cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2016; 67:1-10. [PMID: 27591414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of cancer immunotherapy has evolved from assessing peripheral responses in the blood to monitoring changes in the tumour microenvironment. Both preclinical and clinical experience has taught us that modulation of the tumour microenvironment has significant implications to generating robust antitumour immunity. Clinical benefit has been well documented to correlate with a tumour microenvironment that contains a dense infiltration of CD8+CD45RO+ T effectors and a high ratio of CD8+ T cells to FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In preclinical tumour models, modulation of the Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor (GITR)/GITR ligand (GITRL) axis suggests this pathway may provide the desired biological outcome of inhibiting Treg function while activating CD8+ T effector cells. This review will focus on the scientific rationale and considerations for the therapeutic targeting of GITR for cancer immunotherapy and will discuss possible combination strategies to enhance clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Knee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Becker Hewes
- Department of Translational & Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Brogdon
- Department of Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Kim YH, Shin SM, Choi BK, Oh HS, Kim CH, Lee SJ, Kim KH, Lee DG, Park SH, Kwon BS. Authentic GITR Signaling Fails To Induce Tumor Regression unless Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Depleted. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4721-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Shi H, Qi X, Ma B, Cao Y, Wang L, Sun L, Niu H. The status, limitation and improvement of adoptive cellular immunotherapy in advanced urologic malignancies. Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:128-37. [PMID: 25937774 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has been gradually established as the fourth frequently adopted antitumor therapy, following surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, for advanced urologic malignancies with an improved understanding of theoretical basis, such as molecular biology and immunology. Thereinto, adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) has become one of the hotspots, which comprises a variety of treatment approaches, such as TIL, CIK cell, γδ T cell, CAR-engineered T cell and Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Although preclinical efficacy has been demonstrated remarkably, clinical trials could not consistently show the benefit due to multi-factors in complex immunosuppressive microenvironment in vivo compared to that of in vitro. Here we review some timely aspects of ACI for advanced urologic malignancies, and describe the current status and limitation of immunotherapy from the cellular level. It's our expectation to provide prompting consideration of novel combinatorial ACI strategies and a resurgence of interest in ACI for advanced urologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Shi
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiangjie Qi
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Bin Ma
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yanwei Cao
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Lina Wang
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Lijiang Sun
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- 1 Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China ; 2 Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China ; 3 Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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Petrillo MG, Ronchetti S, Ricci E, Alunno A, Gerli R, Nocentini G, Riccardi C. GITR+ regulatory T cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 14:117-26. [PMID: 25449679 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases decrease life expectancy and quality of life for millions of women and men. Although treatments can slow disease progression and improve quality of life, all currently available drugs have adverse effects and none of them are curative; therefore, requiring patients to take immunosuppressive drugs for the remainder of their lives. A curative therapy that is safe and effective is urgently needed. We believe that therapies promoting the in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) or injection of in vitro expanded autologous/heterologous Tregs (cellular therapy) can alter the natural history of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we present data from murine and human studies suggesting that 1) glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) plays a crucial role in thymic Treg (tTreg) differentiation and expansion; 2) GITR plays a crucial role in peripheral Treg (pTreg) expansion; 3) in patients with Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, CD4(+)GITR(+) pTregs are expanded in patients with milder forms of the disease; and 4) GITR is superior to other cell surface markers to differentiate Tregs from other CD4(+) T cells. In this context, we consider two potential new approaches for treating autoimmune diseases consisting of the in vivo expansion of GITR(+) Tregs by GITR-triggering drugs and in vitro expansion of autologous or heterologous GITR(+) Tregs to be infused in patients. Advantages of such an approach, technical problems, and safety issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Ricci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Alunno
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
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15
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer using antibodies to enhance T-cell function has been successful in recent clinical trials. Many molecules that improve activation and effector function of T cells have been investigated as potential new targets for immunomodulatory antibodies, including the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members GITR and OX40. Antibodies engaging GITR or OX40 result in significant tumor protection in preclinical models. In this study, we observed that the GITR agonist antibody DTA-1 causes anaphylaxis in mice upon repeated intraperitoneal dosing. DTA-1-induced anaphylaxis requires GITR, CD4(+) T cells, B cells, and interleukin-4. Transfer of serum antibodies from DTA-1-treated mice, which contain high levels of DTA-1-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), can induce anaphylaxis in naive mice upon administration of an additional dose of DTA-1, suggesting that anaphylaxis results from anti-DTA-1 antibodies. Depletion of basophils and blockade of platelet-activating factor, the key components of the IgG1 pathway of anaphylaxis, rescues the mice from DTA-1-induced anaphylaxis. These results demonstrate a previously undescribed lethal side effect of repetitive doses of an agonist immunomodulatory antibody as well as insight into the mechanism of toxicity, which may offer a means of preventing adverse effects in future clinical trials using anti-GITR or other agonist antibodies as immunotherapies.
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17
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Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Petrillo MG, Riccardi C. Pharmacological modulation of GITRL/GITR system: therapeutic perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2089-99. [PMID: 22029729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (gitr) is a gene coding for a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. GITR activation by its ligand (GITRL) influences the activity of effector and regulatory T cells, thus participating in the development of immune response against tumours and infectious agents, as well as in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Notably, treating animals with GITR-Fc fusion protein ameliorates autoimmune/inflammatory diseases while GITR triggering, by treatment with anti-GITR mAb, is effective in treating viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, as well in boosting immune response against tumours. GITR modulation has been indicated as one of the top 25 most promising research areas by the American National Cancer Institute, and a clinical trial testing the efficacy of an anti-GITR mAb in melanoma patients has been started. In this review, we summarize results regarding: (i) the mechanisms by which GITRL/GITR system modulates immune response; (ii) the structural and functional studies clearly demonstrating differences between GITRL/GITR systems of mice and humans; (iii) the molecules with pharmacological activities including anti-GITR mAbs, GITR-Fc and GITRL-Fc fusion proteins, GITRL in monomer or multimer conformation; and (iv) the possible risks deriving from GITRL/GITR system pharmacological modulation. In conclusion, GITR triggering and inhibition could be useful in treating tumours, infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, differences between mouse and human GITRL/GITR systems suggest that further preclinical studies are needed to better understand how safe therapeutic results can be obtained and to design appropriate clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Carrier Y, Whitters MJ, Miyashiro JS, LaBranche TP, Ramon HE, Benoit SE, Ryan MS, Keegan SP, Guay H, Douhan J, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Medley QG. Enhanced GITR/GITRL interactions augment IL-27 expression and induce IL-10-producing Tr-1 like cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1393-404. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark S. Ryan
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | | | - Heath Guay
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | - John Douhan
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
| | - Mary Collins
- Inflammation and Immunology; Pfizer; Cambridge; MA; USA
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19
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Murine B cell development and antibody responses to model antigens are not impaired in the absence of the TNF receptor GITR. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31632. [PMID: 22328941 PMCID: PMC3273462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor necrosis factor Receptor GITR, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been shown to be important in modulating immune responses in the context of T cell immunity. B lymphocytes also express GITR, but a role of GITR in humoral immunity has not been fully explored. To address this question, we performed studies to determine the kinetics of GITR expression on naïve and stimulated B cells and the capacity of B cells to develop and mount antibody responses in GITR−/− mice. Results of our studies indicate that all mature B cells express GITR on the cell surface, albeit at different levels. Expression of GITR on naïve mature B cells is upregulated by BCR signaling, but is counteracted by helper T cell-related factors and other inflammatory signals in vitro. In line with these findings, expression of GITR on germinal center and memory B cells is lower than that on naïve B cells. However, the expression of GITR is strongly upregulated in plasma cells. Despite these differences in GITR expression, the absence of GITR has no effect on T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses to model antigens in GITR−/− mice, or on B cell activation and proliferation in vitro. GITR deficiency manifests only with a slight reduction of mature B cell numbers and increased turnover of naïve B cells, suggesting that GITR slightly contributes to mature B cell homeostasis. Overall, our data indicate that GITR does not play a significant role in B cell development and antibody responses to T-dependent and independent model antigens within the context of a GITR-deficient genetic background.
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20
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van der Werf N, Redpath SA, Phythian-Adams AT, Azuma M, Allen JE, Maizels RM, Macdonald AS, Taylor MD. Th2 responses to helminth parasites can be therapeutically enhanced by, but are not dependent upon, GITR-GITR ligand costimulation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1411-20. [PMID: 21705620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune suppression that characterizes human helminth infections can hinder the development of protective immunity or help to reduce pathogenic inflammation. Signaling through the T cell costimulator glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) counteracts immune downregulation by augmenting effector T cell responses and abrogating suppression by Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Thus, superphysiological Ab-mediated GITR costimulation represents a novel therapy for promoting protective immunity toward parasitic helminths, whereas blocking physiological GITR-GITR ligand (GITRL) interactions may provide a mechanism for dampening pathogenic Th2 inflammation. We investigated the superphysiological and physiological roles of the GITR-GITRL pathway in the development of protective and pathogenic Th2 responses in murine infection models of filariasis (Litomosoides sigmodontis) and schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni). Providing superphysiological GITR costimulation using an agonistic anti-GITR mAb over the first 12 d of L. sigmodontis infection initially increased the quantity of Th2 cells, as well as their ability to produce Th2 cytokines. However, as infection progressed, the Th2 responses reverted to normal infection levels, and parasite killing remained unaffected. Despite the Th2-promoting role of superphysiological GITR costimulation, Ab-mediated blockade of the GITR-GITRL pathway did not affect Th2 cell priming or maintenance during L. sigmodontis infection. Blockade of GITR-GITRL interactions during the acute egg phase of S. mansoni infection resulted in reduced Th2 responses, but this effect was confined to the spleen and did not lead to changes in liver pathology. Thus, although superphysiological GITR costimulation can therapeutically enhance Th2 responses, physiological GITR-GITRL interactions are not required for the development of Th2-mediated resistance or pathology in murine models of filariasis and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van der Werf
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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21
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Alexander CM, Tygrett LT, Boyden AW, Wolniak KL, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ. T regulatory cells participate in the control of germinal centre reactions. Immunology 2011; 133:452-68. [PMID: 21635248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centre (GC) reactions are central features of T-cell-driven B-cell responses, and the site where antibody-producing cells and memory B cells are generated. Within GCs, a range of complex cellular and molecular events occur which are critical for the generation of high affinity antibodies. These processes require exquisite regulation not only to ensure the production of desired antibodies, but to minimize unwanted autoreactive or low affinity antibodies. To assess whether T regulatory (Treg) cells participate in the control of GC responses, immunized mice were treated with an anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) to disrupt Treg-cell activity. In anti-GITR-treated mice, the GC B-cell pool was significantly larger compared with control-treated animals, with switched GC B cells composing an abnormally high proportion of the response. Dysregulated GCs were also observed regardless of strain, T helper type 1 or 2 polarizing antigens, and were also seen after anti-CD25 mAb treatment. Within the spleens of immunized mice, CXCR5(+) and CCR7(-) Treg cells were documented by flow cytometry and Foxp3(+) cells were found within GCs using immunohistology. Final studies demonstrated administration of either anti-transforming growth factor-β or anti-interleukin-10 receptor blocking mAb to likewise result in dysregulated GCs, suggesting that generation of inducible Treg cells is important in controlling the GC response. Taken together, these findings indicate that Treg cells contribute to the overall size and quality of the humoral response by controlling homeostasis within GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Maria Alexander
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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