1
|
Shin B, An G, Cockrell RC. Examining B-cell dynamics and responsiveness in different inflammatory milieus using an agent-based model. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011776. [PMID: 38261584 PMCID: PMC10805321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION B-cells are essential components of the immune system that neutralize infectious agents through the generation of antigen-specific antibodies and through the phagocytic functions of naïve and memory B-cells. However, the B-cell response can become compromised by a variety of conditions that alter the overall inflammatory milieu, be that due to substantial, acute insults as seen in sepsis, or due to those that produce low-level, smoldering background inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, or advanced age. This B-cell dysfunction, mediated by the inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), increases the susceptibility of late-stage sepsis patients to nosocomial infections and increases the incidence or severity of recurrent infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, in those with chronic conditions. We propose that modeling B-cell dynamics can aid the investigation of their responses to different levels and patterns of systemic inflammation. METHODS The B-cell Immunity Agent-based Model (BCIABM) was developed by integrating knowledge regarding naïve B-cells, short-lived plasma cells, long-lived plasma cells, memory B-cells, and regulatory B-cells, along with their various differentiation pathways and cytokines/mediators. The BCIABM was calibrated to reflect physiologic behaviors in response to: 1) mild antigen stimuli expected to result in immune sensitization through the generation of effective immune memory, and 2) severe antigen challenges representing the acute substantial inflammation seen during sepsis, previously documented in studies on B-cell behavior in septic patients. Once calibrated, the BCIABM was used to simulate the B-cell response to repeat antigen stimuli during states of low, chronic background inflammation, implemented as low background levels of IL-6 and TNF-α often seen in patients with conditions such as diabetes, obesity, or advanced age. The levels of immune responsiveness were evaluated and validated by comparing to a Veteran's Administration (VA) patient cohort with COVID-19 infection known to have a higher incidence of such comorbidities. RESULTS The BCIABM was successfully able to reproduce the expected appropriate development of immune memory to mild antigen exposure, as well as the immunoparalysis seen in septic patients. Simulation experiments then revealed significantly decreased B-cell responsiveness as levels of background chronic inflammation increased, reproducing the different COVID-19 infection data seen in a VA population. CONCLUSION The BCIABM proved useful in dynamically representing known mechanisms of B-cell function and reproduced immune memory responses across a range of different antigen exposures and inflammatory statuses. These results elucidate previous studies demonstrating a similar negative correlation between the B-cell response and background inflammation by positing an established and conserved mechanism that explains B-cell dysfunction across a wide range of phenotypic presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Gary An
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - R. Chase Cockrell
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montorsi L, Siu JHY, Spencer J. B cells in human lymphoid structures. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:240-252. [PMID: 36370126 PMCID: PMC9985168 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells in the human body are present in tissues where they support immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, autoantigens, and tumours. Despite their clear importance, they are very difficult to study and there are many areas of uncertainty that are difficult to resolve because of limited tissue access. In this review, we consider the zonal structure of lymphoid tissues, the B cell subsets they contain, and how these are regulated. We also discuss the impact that methods of deep interrogation have made on our current knowledge base, especially with respect to studies of cells from dissociated tissues. We discuss in some detail the controversial B cells with marginal zone distribution that some consider being archived memory B cells. We anticipate that more we understand of B cells in tissues and the niches they create, the more opportunities will be identified to harness their potential for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Montorsi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline H Y Siu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Correspondence: Jo Spencer, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, Second Floor Borough Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, St Thomas’ St, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garcia P, Wang Y, Viallet J, Macek Jilkova Z. The Chicken Embryo Model: A Novel and Relevant Model for Immune-Based Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791081. [PMID: 34868080 PMCID: PMC8640176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. To date, the most commonly used models in biomedical research are rodents, and despite the various advantages they offer, their use also raises numerous drawbacks. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken embryo and its chorioallantoic membrane, has re-emerged for various applications. This model has many benefits compared to other classical models, as it is cost-effective, time-efficient, and easier to use. In this review, we explain how the chicken embryo can be used as a model for immune-based studies, as it gradually develops an embryonic immune system, yet which is functionally similar to humans'. We mainly aim to describe the avian immune system, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system, including the repertoire of lymphoid tissues, immune cells, and other key features. We also describe the general in ovo immune ontogeny. In conclusion, we expect that this review will help future studies better tailor their use of the chicken embryo model for testing specific experimental hypotheses or performing preclinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Garcia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- R&D Department, Inovotion, La Tronche, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Yan Wang
- R&D Department, Inovotion, La Tronche, France
| | | | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (USA) Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harlé G, Kowalski C, Dubrot J, Brighouse D, Clavel G, Pick R, Bessis N, Niven J, Scheiermann C, Gannagé M, Hugues S. Macroautophagy in lymphatic endothelial cells inhibits T cell-mediated autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212000. [PMID: 33861848 PMCID: PMC8056750 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) present peripheral tissue antigens to induce T cell tolerance. In addition, LECs are the main source of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), promoting naive T cell survival and effector T cell exit from lymph nodes (LNs). Autophagy is a physiological process essential for cellular homeostasis. We investigated whether autophagy in LECs modulates T cell activation in experimental arthritis. Whereas genetic abrogation of autophagy in LECs does not alter immune homeostasis, it induces alterations of the regulatory T cell (T reg cell) population in LNs from arthritic mice, which might be linked to MHCII-mediated antigen presentation by LECs. Furthermore, inflammation-induced autophagy in LECs promotes the degradation of Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), resulting in decreased S1P production. Consequently, in arthritic mice lacking autophagy in LECs, pathogenic Th17 cell migration toward LEC-derived S1P gradients and egress from LNs are enhanced, as well as infiltration of inflamed joints, resulting in exacerbated arthritis. Our results highlight the autophagy pathway as an important regulator of LEC immunomodulatory functions in inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Harlé
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Kowalski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dale Brighouse
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Clavel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1125, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Robert Pick
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Bessis
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Niven
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Scheiermann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monique Gannagé
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lymph Node Stromal Cells: Mapmakers of T Cell Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207785. [PMID: 33096748 PMCID: PMC7588999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells (SCs) are strategically positioned in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs to provide a scaffold and orchestrate immunity by modulating immune cell maturation, migration and activation. Recent characterizations of SCs have expanded our understanding of their heterogeneity and suggested a functional specialization of distinct SC subsets, further modulated by the microenvironment. Lymph node SCs (LNSCs) have been shown to be particularly important in maintaining immune homeostasis and T cell tolerance. Under inflammation situations, such as viral infections or tumor development, SCs undergo profound changes in their numbers and phenotype and play important roles in contributing to either the activation or the control of T cell immunity. In this review, we highlight the role of SCs located in LNs in shaping peripheral T cell responses in different immune contexts, such as autoimmunity, viral and cancer immunity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hadamitzky C, Perić H, Theobald SJ, Gratz KF, Spohr H, Pabst R, Vogt PM. Effect of cryopreservation on lymph node fragment regeneration after autologous transplantation in the minipig model. Innov Surg Sci 2018; 3:139-146. [PMID: 31579777 PMCID: PMC6604575 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphoedema is a worldwide pandemic causing swelling of tissues due to dysfunctional transport of lymph fluid. Present management concepts are based in conservative palliation of symptoms through manual lymphatic drainage, use of compression garments, manual lymph drainage, exercise, and skin care. Nevertheless, some curative options as autologous lymph node transplantation were shown to reduce lymphoedema in selected cases. Lately, some concern has arisen due to reports of donor site morbidity. A possible solution could be the development of artificial lymph node scaffolds as niches of lymphatic regeneration. Engineering these scaffolds has included cryopreservation of lymph node stroma. However, the effects of cryopreservation on the regeneration capacities of these organs were unknown. Materials and methods Here, we used the minipig animal model to assess lymphatic regeneration processes after cryopreservation of autologous lymph nodes. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes were excised and conserved at -80°C for 1 month. Thereafter, lymph node fragments were transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue. Results Regeneration of the lymph nodes was assessed five months after transplantation. We show that lymph node fragment regeneration takes place in spite of former cryopreservation. Transplanted fragments presented typical histological appearance. Their draining capacity was documented by macroscopic transport of Berlin Blue dye as well as through SPECT-CT hybrid imaging. Discussion In conclusion, our results suggest that processes of cryopreservation can be used in the creation of artificial lymph node scaffolds without major impairment of lymph node fragments regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Hadamitzky
- Practice for Lympho-Vascular Diseases Bahnhofstrasse 12, Hannover, Germany.,Catarina Hadamitzky and Hanes Perić contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Hanes Perić
- myDent GmbH Tiergartenstrasse 114, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,Catarina Hadamitzky and Hanes Perić contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Spohr
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pabst
- Institute of Immunomorphology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter M Vogt
- Clinic of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prados A, Kollias G, Koliaraki V. CollagenVI-Cre mice: A new tool to target stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33027. [PMID: 27604178 PMCID: PMC5015111 DOI: 10.1038/srep33027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are non-hematopoietic cells involved in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Three major stromal populations have been identified in adult SLOs: fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and marginal reticular cells (MRCs). The properties of these individual populations are not clearly defined, mainly due to the lack of appropriate genetic tools, especially for MRCs. Here, we analyzed stromal cell targeting in SLOs from a transgenic mouse strain that expresses Cre recombinase under the CollagenVI promoter, using lineage tracing approaches. We show that these mice target specifically MRCs and FDCs, but not FRCs in Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles in the intestine. In contrast, stromal cells in lymph nodes and the spleen do not express the transgene, which renders ColVI-cre mice ideal for the specific targeting of stromal cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). This funding further supports the hypothesis of organ-specific stromal precursors in SLOs. Interestingly, in all tissues analyzed, there was also high specificity for perivascular cells, which have been proposed to act as FDC precursors. Taken together, ColVI-Cre mice are a useful new tool for the dissection of MRC- and FDC-specific functions and plasticity in the GALT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prados
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Koliaraki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hadamitzky C, Zaitseva TS, Bazalova-Carter M, Paukshto MV, Hou L, Strassberg Z, Ferguson J, Matsuura Y, Dash R, Yang PC, Kretchetov S, Vogt PM, Rockson SG, Cooke JP, Huang NF. Aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds - Guiding lymphangiogenesis for treatment of acquired lymphedema. Biomaterials 2016; 102:259-267. [PMID: 27348849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema is a common disorder associated with acquired functional impairment of the lymphatic system. The goal of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridge) positioned across the area of lymphatic obstruction in guiding lymphatic regeneration. In a porcine model of acquired lymphedema, animals were treated with BioBridge scaffolds, alone or in conjunction with autologous lymph node transfer as a source of endogenous lymphatic growth factor. They were compared with a surgical control group and a second control group in which the implanted BioBridge was supplemented with exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). Three months after implantation, immunofluorescence staining of lymphatic vessels demonstrated a significant increase in lymphatic collectors within close proximity to the scaffolds. To quantify the functional impact of scaffold implantation, bioimpedance was used as an early indicator of extracellular fluid accumulation. In comparison to the levels prior to implantation, the bioimpedance ratio was significantly improved only in the experimental BioBridge recipients with or without lymph node transfer, suggesting restoration of functional lymphatic drainage. These results further correlated with quantifiable lymphatic collectors, as visualized by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. They demonstrate the therapeutic potential of BioBridge scaffolds in secondary lymphedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Hadamitzky
- Clinic of Plastic, Esthetic and Hand Surgery, Helios Clinic Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31135, Germany.,Clinic of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | | | - Magdalena Bazalova-Carter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C2, Canada
| | | | - Luqia Hou
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Zachary Strassberg
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | | | - Yuka Matsuura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rajesh Dash
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Peter M Vogt
- Clinic of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Stanley G Rockson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lymph node transplantation and its immunological significance in animal models. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:353510. [PMID: 21716726 PMCID: PMC3119421 DOI: 10.1155/2011/353510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are distributed all over the body and whatever the site consists of the same cell populations. However, there are great differences between LN from different draining areas. For example, in mesenteric LN, homing molecules, for example, CCR9 and α4β7 integrin, were induced and cytokines, for example, IL-4, were produced on higher levels compared to peripheral LN. To study the immunological functions of LN, LN transplantation was performed in some specific areas using different animal models. Many groups investigated not only the regeneration of transplanted LN but also the induction of immune responses or tolerance after transplantation. Existing differences between LNs were still detectable after transplantation. Most important, stromal cells of the LN were identified as responsible for these differences. They survive during regeneration and were shown to reconstruct not only the structure of the new LN but also the microenvironment.
Collapse
|