An evaluation of the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation on the seal of root canal fillings

Micro-CT evaluation of four final irrigation protocols on hard-tissue debris removal from mesial roots of mandibular molars containing isthmus

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate by means of microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), the efficacy of four final irrigation protocols in the removal of hard-tissue debris (HTD) in mesial roots of mandibular molars containing isthmus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty standardized mesial roots of extracted mandibular molars presenting isthmus were selected. The root canals were prepared and randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10): EA, EndoActivator (Dentsply Sirona); EC, Easy Clean (Easy Dental Equipment, Belo Horizonte, Brazil); XPF, XP-Endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaus-de Fonds, Switzerland); and PUI, passive ultrasonic irrigation using Irrisafe tip (Satelec Acteon, Merignac, France). Each final irrigation protocol was performed in two cycles (60 s), using, respectively, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA. Micro-CT scans were obtained pre-operatory, post-preparation, and post-irrigation. The percentage of HTD reduction was calculated. Data was analyzed statistically (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, significance set at 5%).

RESULTS

The percentage of HTD reduction was greatest for the XPF group (77.92%), followed by EA (62.92%), PUI (47.48%), and EC (32.65%). Statistical differences (p < .05) were found between XPF and EC only. A significant difference (p < .05) was found between XPF and EC in all thirds and between PUI and EC in the middle third.

CONCLUSIONS

XPF, EA, and PUI were similarly effective in HTD reduction. However, none of the evaluated protocols was able to completely remove all the debris.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Final irrigation protocols aim to clean the canal complexities that are not addressed by the shaping procedures. Micro-CT allowed to assess the removal of hard-tissue debris in the isthmus and canals of mandibular molars.

Irrigating Solutions and Activation Methods Used in Clinical Endodontics: A Systematic Review

Background

Ex vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of some irrigation protocols in reducing the bacterial load in the root canal system. However, standardized protocols have not yet been defined for the real clinical context due to many irrigation procedures available.

Objective

To evaluate the clinical endodontic protocols and limitations of irrigating solutions in the disinfection of the root canal system in patients with apical periodontitis.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) published until January 2021. Hand searching was also performed. Studies focused on evaluating the effectiveness of irrigating solutions and/or irrigation activation methods in reducing the bacterial load in the root canal system were considered. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2) was used to assess the quality of the studies.

Results

Four hundred and twenty eight published articles were identified. After removing the duplicate studies and analyzing full texts, seven RCTs were selected. Two studies compared pure NaOCl with some combination of NaOCl with HEDP and MTAD. Two studies analyzed the antibacterial efficacy of NaOCl and chlorhexidine (CHX). Three studies compared conventional needle irrigation with different irrigation activation methods (PUI, XP-endo finisher, F-file activator, EndoVac activator). The review attained a satisfactory methodology. The main results of each included study were described.

Discussion

Activation methods provide significantly higher biofilm reduction than conventional needle irrigation methods. Combinations of NaOCl with different chelating agents were ineffective in terms of antimicrobial, but it could potentially increase the risk of irrigant extrusion. However, the irrigating protocols were not carefully detailed, especially those regarding the irrigants application time or total volume. The existing literature lacks high-quality studies. The level of evidence is moderate.

Conclusions

The available data is too heterogeneous to compare and identify the superiority of specific valuable irrigation protocols in each clinical context. Application time, volume, and activation methods should be standardized to determine the optimal irrigating procedures to reduce the bacterial load and ensure higher predictability of the endodontic treatment.

Systematic Review Registration

(https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=218555), PROSPERO registration: CRD42020218555.

A comparative study of dentinal tubule penetration and the retreatability of EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow, iRoot SP, and AH Plus with different obturation techniques

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate dentinal tubule penetration and the retreatability of EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow (HiFlow), iRoot SP, and AH Plus when using the single-cone (SC) or continuous wave condensation (CWC) technique.

Materials and methods

Sixty-five single-rooted teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into 5 groups: group 1, AH Plus/CWC; group 2, iRoot SP/CWC; group 3, iRoot SP/SC; group 4, HiFlow/CWC; and group 5, HiFlow/SC. The ability to re-establish patency during endodontic retreatment was recorded, as was the time taken to reach the working length. Dentinal tubule penetration and remaining debris after retreatment were evaluated by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (α = 0.05).

Results

The HiFlow/CWC and iRoot SP/CWC groups required more time to reach the working length than groups that underwent the SC technique regardless of the sealer used (P < .05). The HiFlow/CWC group showed a significantly higher percentage of sealer penetration area than that of the iRoot SP/SC at 4 mm from the apex (P < .05) and penetrated deeper into dentinal tubules than iRoot SP/SC at both 8-mm and 12-mm levels (P < .05). Moreover, the HiFlow/CWC and HiFlow/SC groups demonstrated less remaining sealer along the canal wall than AH Plus/CWC group at 4-mm level (P < .05).

Conclusions

HiFlow/CWC technique showed better performance in dentinal tubule penetration than that of iRoot SP/SC. Both HiFlow and iRoot SP combined with CWC technique groups required more retreatment time than the other groups. Furthermore, using HiFlow with either the CWC or SC technique left less remaining sealer at 4-mm level than using AH Plus with the CWC technique during retreatment.

Clinical relevance

With favorable performance in dentinal tubule penetration and retreatability in endodontic retreatment, the combined use of EndoSequence BC Sealer HiFlow with the recommended continuous wave condensation technique may be a worthwhile choice in root canal treatment.

Evaluation of various irrigation activation systems to eliminate bacteria from the root canal system: A randomized controlled single blinded trial

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of NaOCl irrigant activation using passive ultrasonic activation, F-files, XP-endo Finisher files and or needle irrigation alone on the reduction of intracanal bacteria from root canals in teeth undergoing root canal treatment.

METHODS

Eighty patients with asymptomatic apical periodontitis were randomly divided into four groups. Access cavities were prepared and pre-treatment samples were taken (S1). Canals were then prepared and post-instrumentation samples (S2) taken. NaOCl was then activated with the various irrigant activation systems and post-irrigation samples (S3) taken. The samples were processed and colony forming units (CFUs) of bacteria were determined. The reduction in CFUs among the experimental groups were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test and pairwise comparisons with the Mann-Whitney test. The Friedman test was used to compare the differences in the reduction of CFUs within the groups.

RESULTS

Overall, for all groups there was a significant reduction in the CFUs from S1 to S2 (P < 0.05) and from S2 to S3 (P < 0.05). Both XP-endo Finisher and passive ultrasonic activation techniques were associated with the greatest reduction in CFUs with no significant difference between them (P = 0.24). However, both were associated with significantly lower CFUs when compared to F-file activation and needle irrigation (P < 0.05). F-file activation reduced the CFUs significantly more compared to needle irrigation (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

XP-endo Finisher file activation and passive ultrasonic activation were equivalent in terms of reduction in CFUs. F-file activation did not reduce the CFUs to the same extent as the XP-endo Finisher file and ultrasonic activation but reduced the CFUs more than needle irrigation.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The present study highlights the effect of new XP-endo Finisher file and passive ultrasonic activation in reducing the bacterial load from the root canal system which is important for the success of root canal treatment.

Influence of ultrasonics on the penetration depth of AH plus, acroseal, and EndoREZ root canal sealers: An in vitro study

Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic activation on the penetration depth of AH Plus, Acroseal, and EndoREZ sealers into dentinal tubules using Confocal laser microscopy.

Methods

A total of 60 single-rooted teeth were prepared and divided into three groups on the basis of the type of sealer used (G1: AH Plus, G2: Acroseal and G3:EndoREZ). Each group was further subdivided into two equal subgroups on the basis of ultrasonic activation of sealers and nonactivation. Teeth were obturated and coronally sealed with GIC. Horizontal sections at 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm from the apex were obtained, and the depth of sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using Students unpaired t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Results

Within the three groups, ultrasonically activated subgroups showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher depth of sealer penetration. Among the groups, Group 1 showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher depth of sealer penetration than Group 2 and Group 3 while the difference between Group 2 and Group 3 was not significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The use of ultrasonic activation with AH Plus sealer showed better results.

In vitro study of dentinal tubule penetration and filling quality of bioceramic sealer

This study aimed to evaluate the dentinal tubule penetration and filling quality of a bioceramic sealer (iRoot SP). Forty-two roots of extracted adult lower incisors were selected. After instrumentation with Protaper Universal to F3, 40 roots were chosen and randomly divided into 4 groups, as follows: iRoot SP single cone group, iRoot SP warm vertical group, AH Plus single cone group, and AH Plus warm vertical group. Before root canal filling, sealers were mixed with Rhodamine B dye for visualization under confocal laser scanning microscope. All samples were sectioned at 2, 4, and 6 mm to apex. Then, the percentages of void areas, gap regions, and segments of sealer that penetrated into dentinal tubules in each section were calculated. Non-parametric test was used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). We found that filling techniques and types of sealer had no statistically significant effects on the occurrence of voids and gaps. The segments of iRoot SP penetrated into dentinal tubules were statistically more than that of AH Plus in both single cone and warm vertical techniques at 2 mm to apex (P < 0.05). Regardless of the filling technique used, iRoot SP can achieve comparable filling quality and better dentinal tubules penetration than AH Plus. Considering the good bioactivity of iRoot SP, it may help improve the seal of root canal system.

Effect of ultrasonic activation on the reduction of bacteria and endotoxins in root canals: a randomized clinical trial

AIM

This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of ultrasonic activation with that of nonactivated irrigation on the removal of bacteria and endotoxin from root canals.

METHODOLOGY

Fifty patients with necrotic pulps and asymptomatic apical periodontitis were randomly allocated into two groups according to the final irrigation protocol after root canal preparation: Group UI - ultrasonic irrigation (n = 25) and Group NI - needle irrigation (n = 25). The root canals were medicated with calcium hydroxide for 14 days. Microbiological sampling was performed before (S1) and after the root canal preparation (S2), after the irrigation protocols (S3) and after the removal of the intracanal medication (S4). Total bacteria counts were determined by qPCR and the endotoxin levels by the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Intragroup analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon test for related samples, whereas intergroup analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

All S1 samples were positive for bacteria, with median numbers of 1.49 × 10⁶ and 8.55 × 10⁵ bacterial cells for the UI and NI groups, respectively. This number significantly decreased in S2 samples (UI: 1.41 × 10⁴ ; NI: 3.53 × 10⁴ ; both with P < 0.001). After final irrigation protocols, there was a significant decrease in bacterial load from S2 to S3 samples in both groups (UI: 4.29 × 10³ ; NI: 1.08 × 10⁴ ; P < 0.01). Intergroup analysis revealed a significant difference between irrigation methods regarding bacterial counts in S3 samples (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between groups for endotoxin levels (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasonic activation was more effective than nonactivated irrigation for reducing the number of bacteria but not the endotoxin levels in root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis.

Applying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess endodontic sealer microleakage

The objective of this study was to describe a new method for the quantitative analysis of a microleakage of endodontic filling materials. Forty extracted single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups. After root canal shaping, the experimental groups were filled using the lateral condensation technique with the Epiphany system (G1), with gutta-percha + Sealapex (G2), and with gutta-percha + AH Plus (G3). Each root was mounted on a modified leakage testing device, and caffeine solution was used as a tracer (2000 ng mL-1, pH 6.0), applied in the coronal direction towards the tooth apex, creating a hydrostatic pressure of 2.55 kPa. Presence of caffeine in the receiving solution was measured after 10, 30, and 60 days, using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). None of the groups presented microleakage at 10 days. At 30 days, G2 and G3 showed similar infiltration patterns (means: 16.0 and 13.9 ng mL-1, respectively), whereas G1 showed significantly higher values (mean: 105.2 ng mL-1). At 60 days, leakage values were 182.6 ng mL-1 for G1, 139.0 ng mL-1 for G2, and 53.5 ng mL-1 for G3. AH Plus showed the best sealing ability and HPLC-MS/MS showed high sensitivity and specificity for tracer quantification.

Comparison of apically extruded debris after large apical preparations by full-sequence rotary and single-file reciprocating systems

AIM

To evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris produced by ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper Next (PTN), WaveOne (WO) and Reciproc (R) systems after large apical preparations.

METHODOLOGY

Sixty mandibular premolars with a single canal were selected and randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 15) according to the system used for root canal preparation: PTU, PTN, WO and R groups. Canal preparations were performed up to size 40 in each group. Distilled water was used as an irrigant, and the apically extruded debris from each tooth was collected in pre-weighted glass vials and dried. The average weight of debris was assessed using a microbalance, and the data were analysed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

The PTU system was associated with significantly more debris than the other systems (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between PTN, WO and R systems (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

All systems were associated with apical debris extrusion when canals were prepared to a large apical size. The PTU system was associated with more debris extrusion.

Evaluation of penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate into root dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the penetration depth of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) into root dentinal tubules and the influence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty freshly extracted anterior teeth were decoronated and instrumented using Mtwo rotary files up to size 40, 4% taper. The samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10), that is, conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and PUI. CHX was mixed with Rhodamine B dye and was used as the final irrigant. The teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle and apical levels and viewed under CLSM to record the penetration depth of CHX. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

RESULTS

The mean penetration depths of 2% CHX in coronal, middle and apical thirds were 138 µm, 80 µm and 44 µm in CSI group, respectively, whereas the mean penetration depths were 209 µm, 138 µm and 72 µm respectively in PUI group. Statistically significant difference was present between CSI group and PUI group at all three levels (p < 0.01 for coronal third and p < 0.001 for middle and apical thirds). On intragroup analysis, both groups showed statistically significant difference among three levels (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Penetration depth of 2% CHX into root dentinal tubules is deeper in coronal third when compared to middle and apical third. PUI aided in deeper penetration of 2% CHX into dentinal tubules when compared to conventional syringe irrigation at all three levels.

Quantitative microleakage analysis of endodontic temporary filling materials using a glucose penetration model

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to analyze the sealing ability of different temporary endodontic materials over a 6-week period using a glucose penetration model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Standardized holes were formed on 48 dentin discs from human premolars. The thicknesses of the specimens were distributed evenly to 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm. Prepared dentin specimens were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 7) and the holes in the dentin specimens were filled with two kinds of temporary filling materials as per the manufacturers' instructions as follows: Caviton (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and IRM (Dentsply International Inc., Milford, DE) 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm. The remaining specimens were used as positive and negative controls and all specimens underwent thermocycling (1000; 5-55°C). The sealing ability of all samples was evaluated using the leakage model for glucose. The samples were analyzed by a spectrophotometer in quantitative glucose microleakage test over a period of 6 weeks. As a statistical inference, a mixed effect analysis was applied to analyze serial measurements over time.

RESULTS

The Caviton groups showed less glucose penetration in comparison with the IRM groups. The Caviton 4 mm group demonstrated relatively low glucose leakage over the test period. High glucose leakage was detected throughout the test period in all IRM groups. The glucose leakage level increased after 1 week in the Caviton 2 mm group and after 4 weeks in the Caviton 3 mm and 4 mm groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Caviton had better sealing ability than IRM in the glucose penetration model during 6 weeks. Temporary filling of Caviton to at least 3 mm in thickness is necessary and temporary filling periods should not exceed 4 weeks.

Single visit nonsurgical endodontic therapy for periapical cysts: A clinical study

AIMS

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of single sitting root canal treatment (RCT) of asymptomatic teeth with periapical cysts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten maxillary anterior teeth showing periapical lesion on the radiograph was further screened by ultrasound with color power Doppler (CPD) for confirmation of a cyst. The average dimension of the lesions ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 cm. Single sitting RCT was performed on all the selected teeth. Postoperative healing was monitored at regular interval of 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year by using subjective feedback, radiograph, and ultrasound with CPD study.

RESULTS

Eight among the ten cases showed either signs of complete healing or healing in progress by the end of 6-12 months.

CONCLUSIONS

It was observed that single sitting nonsurgical endodontic management of asymptomatic teeth with periapical cyst confirmed by ultrasound was successful in selected cases.

Monitoring of healing by ultrasound with color power doppler after root canal treatment of maxillary anterior teeth with periapical lesions

Aims:

To assess the reliability of ultrasound imaging coupled with Color Power Doppler for monitoring the healing after nonsurgical endodontic therapy.

Materials and Methods:

Ten asymptomatic maxillary anterior teeth with approximately similar-sized periapical radiolucent lesions of average dimension 1.3 – 1.9 cm, as observed on an intraoral periapical radiograph, and confirmed by ultrasound was selected for the study. After confirming the diagnosis all the teeth were subjected to nonsurgical endodontic treatment. Postoperative healing was monitored using postoperative subjective feedback, a radiograph, and an ultrasound with a color power doppler, at intervals of six weeks, three months, and six months.

Results:

Eight among the ten cases studied showed signs of healing, with an ultrasound, as early as six weeks postoperatively, but the radiographs showed a noticeable change only at the end of three months. At the end of the follow-up period of three months and six months, the findings in terms of change in the lesion size were the same with both the radiograph and ultrasound. Ultrasonography was able to predict the healing very consistently at all recall periods from six weeks onward providing vital information such as changes in vascularity and bone formation as compared to radiographs.

Conclusions:

Ultrasound with Color Power Doppler is an efficient tool for monitoring bone healing as compared to the conventionally employed radiographic method.

Curved versus straight root canals: the benefit of activated irrigation techniques on dentin debris removal

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic-activated irrigation to conventional syringe irrigation in removing dentin debris in straight and curved root canals.

STUDY DESIGN

Twelve human teeth were selected for study. The root canals of 6 single-rooted premolars with straight canals and 6 molar roots with curved canals were prepared to a size of 45 and split longitudinally. To simulate canal irregularities, 3 standardized holes were cut in 1 canal wall. The canals and holes were then covered with debris. After reassembly, 3 irrigation techniques were compared: syringe irrigation, hydrodynamic irrigation, and ultrasonic irrigation. The amount of debris that remained was evaluated microscopically and graded with a 4-score system.

RESULTS

The hydrodynamic and ultrasonic irrigation techniques were significantly (P < .001) more efficient as compared with syringe irrigation in both the straight and curved root canals. Ultrasonic irrigation demonstrated a higher efficiency in the straight root canals (P < .01), whereas hydrodynamic irrigation was more efficient in the curved canals (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

In the straight canals, ultrasonic irrigation was the most effective, but in the curved root canals, hydrodynamic irrigation was superior.

Limited ability of three commonly used thermoplasticized gutta-percha techniques in filling oval-shaped canals

The present study was designed to compare the percentage of gutta-percha-filled area (PGFA) achieved in oval-shaped canals after filling by 3 thermoplasticized techniques. Eighty-seven oval-shaped root canals were prepared and root-filled as follows: lateral condensation (n = 20), thermomechanical compaction (n = 20), wave of condensation (n = 20), and Thermafil system (n = 20). A cross section of each tooth was made 5 mm from the apex, and the samples were prepared for microscopic analysis. Digital image measurements of the cross-sectioned area of the canal and the gutta-percha were performed, and the PGFA was calculated. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis H test and post hoc Dunn test. Overall, PGFAs were variable among the experimental groups, ranging from 37.1%-98.5%, and the pooled data from all techniques had a general mean of 69.6% +/- 18%. Thermafil system, wave of condensation, and thermomechanical compaction produced significantly higher PGFAs than lateral condensation (P < .05); however, no significant differences among these techniques were detected (P > .05). Therefore, a limited ability to fill oval-shaped canals was achieved in the 3 thermoplasticized techniques tested.

Glucose reactivity with filling materials as a limitation for using the glucose leakage model

AIM

To evaluate the reactivity of different endodontic materials and sealers with glucose and to asses the reliability of the glucose leakage model in measuring penetration of glucose through these materials.

METHODOLOGY

Ten uniform discs (radius 5 mm, thickness 2 mm) were made of each of the following materials: Portland cement, MTA (grey and white), sealer 26, calcium sulphate, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)], AH26,Epiphany, Resilon, gutta-percha and dentine. After storing the discs for 1 week at 37 degrees C and humid conditions, they were immersed in 0.2 mg mL(-1) glucose solution in a test tube. The concentration of glucose was evaluated using an enzymatic reaction after 1 week. Statistical analysis was performed with the anova and Dunnett tests at a significant level of P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Portland cement, MTA, Ca(OH)(2) and sealer 26 reduced the concentration in the test tube of glucose significantly after 1 week (P < 0.05). Calcium sulphate reduced the concentration of glucose, but the difference in concentrations was not significant (P = 0.054).

CONCLUSIONS

Portland cement, MTA, Ca(OH)(2) and sealer 26 react with a 0.2 mg mL(-1) glucose solution. Therefore, these materials should not be evaluated for sealing ability with the glucose leakage model.

Glucose penetration and fluid transport through coronal root structure and filled root canals

AIM

To measure glucose penetration and fluid transport through coronal root structure and compare it with leakage along the coronal region of root fillings.

METHODOLOGY

A total of 50 single-rooted teeth were selected and divided into three groups. Ten roots were sectioned longitudinally and the apical portion was removed leaving a total length of 9 mm. These 20 half-roots served as group 1: root structure (n = 20). The canals of the remaining 40 roots were prepared to size 50 and filled with vertically compacted injectable filling material and sealer. Group 2: Resilon + Epiphany (n = 20) and group 3: gutta-percha + AH26 (n = 20). The apical portion of the root was removed. Glucose penetration through the coronal root structure and coronal root fillings was checked over a period of 4 weeks and fluid transport was measured after completion of the glucose penetration test. Differences between the groups were statistically analysed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test.

RESULTS

The three groups presented significantly different glucose penetration (P < 0.05). The two groups of filled canals showed significant glucose leakage whilst the root structure group did not show any leakage. In the fluid transport model, the root structure group also did not show any leakage. No significant difference in leakage existed between the two vertically compacted filling materials, Resilon with Epiphany sealer and gutta-percha with AH26 in both models (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Under the conditions of this study, in both models used, no leakage was observed through root structure. Filled canals were associated with penetration of glucose regardless of the material used.