1
|
Martinez Y, Ribera J, Schwarze FWMR, De France K. Biotechnological development of Trichoderma-based formulations for biological control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5595-5612. [PMID: 37477696 PMCID: PMC10439859 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are a genus of well-known fungi that promote healthy growth and modulate different functions in plants, as well as protect against various plant pathogens. The application of Trichoderma and its propagules as a biological control method can therefore help to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. This review critically discusses and analyzes groundbreaking innovations over the past few decades of biotechnological approaches to prepare active formulations containing Trichoderma. The use of various carrier substances is covered, emphasizing their effects on enhancing the shelf life, viability, and efficacy of the final product formulation. Furthermore, the use of processing techniques such as freeze drying, fluidized bed drying, and spray drying are highlighted, enabling the development of stable, light-weight formulations. Finally, promising microencapsulation techniques for maximizing the performance of Trichoderma spp. during application processes are discussed, leading to the next-generation of multi-functional biological control formulations. KEY POINTS: • The development of carrier substances to encapsulate Trichoderma propagules is highlighted. • Advances in biotechnological processes to prepare Trichoderma-containing formulations are critically discussed. • Current challenges and future outlook of Trichoderma-based formulations in the context of biological control are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Martinez
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Javier Ribera
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin De France
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maciag T, Kozieł E, Rusin P, Otulak-Kozieł K, Jafra S, Czajkowski R. Microbial Consortia for Plant Protection against Diseases: More than the Sum of Its Parts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12227. [PMID: 37569603 PMCID: PMC10418420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological plant protection presents a promising and exciting alternative to chemical methods for safeguarding plants against the increasing threats posed by plant diseases. This approach revolves around the utilization of biological control agents (BCAs) to suppress the activity of significant plant pathogens. Microbial BCAs have the potential to effectively manage crop disease development by interacting with pathogens or plant hosts, thereby increasing their resistance. However, the current efficacy of biological methods remains unsatisfactory, creating new research opportunities for sustainable plant cultivation management. In this context, microbial consortia, comprising multiple microorganisms with diverse mechanisms of action, hold promise in terms of augmenting the magnitude and stability of the overall antipathogen effect. Despite scientific efforts to identify or construct microbial consortia that can aid in safeguarding vital crops, only a limited number of microbial consortia-based biocontrol formulations are currently available. Therefore, this article aims to present a complex analysis of the microbial consortia-based biocontrol status and explore potential future directions for biological plant protection research with new technological advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciag
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rusin
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Division of Biological Plant Protection, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rimkus A, Namina A, Dzierkale MT, Grigs O, Senkovs M, Larsson S. Impact of Growth Conditions on the Viability of Trichoderma asperellum during Storage. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041084. [PMID: 37110507 PMCID: PMC10143629 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As excellent biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters, Trichoderma species are agriculturally important. Trichoderma spp. cultures can be produced using solid-state or submerged cultivation, the latter being much less labor intensive and easier to control and automate. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability to increase the shelf-life of T. asperellum cells by optimizing cultivation media and upscaling the submerged cultivation process. Four different cultivation media were used with or without the addition of Tween 80 and stored with or without incorporation into peat, and viability, expressed as CFU/g, was assessed during one year of storage in an industrial warehouse. The addition of Tween 80 had a positive effect on the biomass yield. The culture medium played a major role in the ability of the mycelium to produce spores, which in turn influenced the amount of CFU. This effect was less pronounced when the biomass was mixed with peat prior to storage. A procedure that increases the number of CFU in a peat-based product formulation is recommended, namely, incubation of the mixture at 30 °C for 10 days prior to storage at 15 °C over an extended period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rimkus
- Bioefekts Ltd., 30 Livzemes Street, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Agne Namina
- Bioefekts Ltd., 30 Livzemes Street, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | | | - Oskars Grigs
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maris Senkovs
- Bioefekts Ltd., 30 Livzemes Street, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
- Microbial Strain Collection of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Street, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Simona Larsson
- Bioefekts Ltd., 30 Livzemes Street, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biopolymer-based emulsions for the stabilization of Trichoderma atrobrunneum conidia for biological control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1465-1476. [PMID: 36683057 PMCID: PMC9898383 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi that are widely used in biological control to promote and regulate healthy plant growth, as well as protect against plant pathogens. However, as with many biological materials, the relative instability of Trichoderma propagules limits its practical use in industrial applications. Therefore, there has been significant research interest in developing novel formulations with various carrier substances that are compatible with these fungal propagules and can enhance the shelf-life and overall efficacy of the Trichoderma. To this end, herein, we investigate the use of a variety of biopolymers and nanoparticles for the stabilization of Trichoderma atrobrunneum T720 conidia for biological control. The best-performing agents-agar and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-were then used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions to encapsulate conidia of T720. Emulsion properties including oil type, oil:water ratio, and biopolymer/particle concentration were investigated with respect to emulsion stability, droplet size, and viability of T720 conidia over time. Overall, agar-based formulations yielded highly stable emulsions with small droplet sizes, showing no evidence of drastic creaming, or phase separation after 1 month of storage. Moreover, agar-based formulations were able to maintain ~ 100% conidial viability of T720 after 3 months of storage, and over 70% viability after 6 months. We anticipate that the results demonstrated herein will lead to a new generation of significantly improved formulations for practical biological control applications. KEY POINTS: • Various biopolymers were evaluated for improving the stability of Trichoderma conidia • Oil in water emulsions was prepared using cellulose nanocrystals and agar as interface stabilizers • Agar-based emulsions showed ~ 100% viability for encapsulated conidia after 3 months of storage.
Collapse
|
5
|
Boro M, Sannyasi S, Chettri D, Verma AK. Microorganisms in biological control strategies to manage microbial plant pathogens: a review. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:666. [PMID: 36214917 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture and are often associated with numerous environmental problems. Biological agents such as microorganisms can largely replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The proper use of selected microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses have several benefits for agriculture. These include a healthy soil microbiota, biological production of important compounds that promote plant health, and to be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) that provide protection from plant pathogenic microorganisms. Scientists have found that several bacterial genera including Bacillus and Pseudomonas have antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogenic bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Penicillium are among the most common fungal genera used as BCAs against both bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Several bacteriophages and mycoviruses are also found effective as BCAs against selective plant pathogens. Fusarium oxysporum is a commonly found microbial plant pathogen causing wilts and rots in plants. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of microbial BCAs is an effective practice against microbial plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manswama Boro
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Shuvankar Sannyasi
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Dixita Chettri
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Finger M, Palacio‐Barrera AM, Richter P, Schlembach I, Büchs J, Rosenbaum MA. Tunable population dynamics in a synthetic filamentous coculture. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1324. [PMID: 36314761 PMCID: PMC9531331 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cocultures are used as a tool to stimulate natural product biosynthesis. However, studies often empirically combine different organisms without a deeper understanding of the population dynamics. As filamentous organisms offer a vast metabolic diversity, we developed a model filamentous coculture of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei RUT‐C30 and the noncellulolytic bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The coculture was set up to use α‐cellulose as a carbon source. This established a dependency of S. coelicolor on hydrolysate sugars released by T. reesei cellulases. To provide detailed insight into coculture dynamics, we applied high‐throughput online monitoring of the respiration rate and fluorescence of the tagged strains. The respiration rate allowed us to distinguish the conditions of successful cellulase formation. Furthermore, to dissect the individual strain contributions, T. reesei and S. coelicolor were tagged with mCherry and mNeonGreen (mNG) fluorescence proteins, respectively. When evaluating varying inoculation ratios, it was observed that both partners outcompete the other when given a high inoculation advantage. Nonetheless, adequate proportions for simultaneous growth of both partners, cellulase, and pigment production could be determined. Finally, population dynamics were also tuned by modulating abiotic factors. Increased osmolality provided a growth advantage to S. coelicolor. In contrast, an increase in shaking frequency had a negative effect on S. coelicolor biomass formation, promoting T. reesei. This comprehensive analysis fills important knowledge gaps in the control of complex cocultures and accelerates the setup of other tailor‐made coculture bioprocesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Finger
- AVT—Biochemical EngineeringRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Ana M. Palacio‐Barrera
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich‐Schiller‐UniversityJenaGermany,Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans‐Knöll‐InstituteJenaGermany
| | - Paul Richter
- AVT—Biochemical EngineeringRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Ivan Schlembach
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich‐Schiller‐UniversityJenaGermany,Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans‐Knöll‐InstituteJenaGermany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT—Biochemical EngineeringRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Miriam A. Rosenbaum
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich‐Schiller‐UniversityJenaGermany,Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans‐Knöll‐InstituteJenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chammem H, Nesler A, Pertot I. Wood pellets as carriers of conidia of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 for soil application. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:989-998. [PMID: 34776236 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of biocontrol agents to control soilborne diseases is a promising alternative to chemical pesticides, however, obtaining a homogeneous distribution and incorporation of conidia of fungal biocontrol agents into the soil is often difficult. Several carriers/formulations have been proposed over time, unfortunately without offering an ultimate solution. We propose the use of wood pellets as a carrier of conidia of a saprophytic fungus that has good biodegradation and biocontrol properties (Trichoderma atroviride SC1). The coating process is based on the direct spraying of wood pellets with a conidial suspension at different rates. Beech, fir, and chestnut wood pellets were compared in terms of relevant physicochemical traits and efficacy in supporting the growth of the fungus. Beech wood pellets displayed the best characteristics in terms of water holding capacity, swelling properties, and disintegration time. T. atroviride SC1 grows best on beech and fir wood pellets and reaches a plateau after nine days of incubation, regardless of the initial coating concentrations. The addition of small quantities of a nitrogen source as tryptone or soy flour, soy proteins, and a mixture of animal proteins used as pet food to the conidial suspension can increase the growth by ten-folds on all types of wood pellets. Our results demonstrate that beech and fir wood pellets could be suitable carriers to deliver and sustain the growth of T. atroviride SC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Chammem
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 20, 38123, Trento, TN, Italy.
| | - Andrea Nesler
- Bi-PA nv (Biological Products for agriculture), Technologielaan 7, B-1840, Londerzeel, Belgium.
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghoniem AA, Abd El-Hai KM, El-khateeb AY, Eldadamony NM, Mahmoud SF, Elsayed A. Enhancing the Potentiality of Trichoderma harzianum against Pythium Pathogen of Beans Using Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla, L.) Flower Extract. Molecules 2021; 26:1178. [PMID: 33671833 PMCID: PMC7926423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our present study was designed to investigate the role of both Trichoderma harzianum and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flower extract in mutual reaction against growth of Pythium ultimum. In vitro, the activity of chamomile extract was found to reduce the radial growth of Pythium ultimum up to 30% compared to the control. Whereas, the radial growth reduction effect of T. harzianum against P. ultimum reached 81.6% after 120 h. Data also showed the productivity of total phenolics and total flavonoids by T. harzianum, was 12.18 and 6.33 mg QE/100 mL culture filtrate, respectively. However, these compounds were determined in chamomile flower extract at concentrations of 75.33 and 24.29 mg QE/100 mL, respectively. The fractionation of aqueous extract of chamomile flower using HPLC provided several polyphenolic compounds such as pyrogallol, myricetin, rosemarinic acid, catechol, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid and other minor compounds. In vivo, the potentiality of T. harzianum with chamomile flower extract against Pythium pathogen of bean was investigated. Data obtained showed a reduction in the percentage of rotted seed and infected seedling up to 28 and 8%, respectively. Whereas, the survival increased up to 64% compared to other ones. There was also a significant promotion in growth features, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total polyphenols and flavonoids, polyphenol-oxidase and peroxidase enzymes compared to other ones. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported studies that included the mutual association of fungus, T. harzianum with the extract taken from the chamomile flower against P. ultimum, either in vitro or in vivo. In conclusion, the application of both T. harzianum and/or M. chamomilla extracts in the control of bean Pythium pathogen showed significant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Abdulkhalek Ghoniem
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Kamar M. Abd El-Hai
- Department of Leguminous and Forage Crop Diseases, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Ayman Y. El-khateeb
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Noha M. Eldadamony
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Samy F. Mahmoud
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hewedy OA, Abdel Lateif KS, Seleiman MF, Shami A, Albarakaty FM, M. El-Meihy R. Phylogenetic Diversity of Trichoderma Strains and Their Antagonistic Potential against Soil-Borne Pathogens under Stress Conditions. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E189. [PMID: 32718102 PMCID: PMC7466124 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are known as excellent biocontrol agents against soil-borne pathogens that cause considerable crop losses. Eight strains of Trichoderma were isolated from five Egyptian regions. They identified based on translation elongation factor-1α (TEF1) sequencing as four different Trichoderma species: Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Optimal growth conditions (temperature and media), and the phosphate solubilization capability of Trichoderma strains were evaluated in vitro. Further, the ability of these strains to antagonize Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Fusarium graminearum was also evaluated. The results revealed that Trichoderma harzianum (Th6) exhibited the highest antagonistic ability against F. solani, M. phaseolina and F. graminearum with inhibition rates of 71.42%, 72.97%, and 84.61%, respectively. Trichoderma viride (Tv8) exhibited the lowest antagonism against the same pathogens with inhibition rates of 50%, 64% and 69.23%, respectively. Simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to evaluate the genetic variability of the Trichoderma strains. The results revealed that of 45 RAPD amplified bands, 36 bands (80%) were polymorphic and of SSRs amplified 36 bands, 31 bands (86.11%) were polymorphic. The amplification of calmodulin and β-1,3-endoglucanase was noted at 500 bp and 230 bp, respectively. Data indicated that T. viride (Tv8) had the highest phosphate solubilization index (10.0 mm), while T. harzianum (Th6) had the lowest phosphate solubilization index (4.0 mm). In conclusion, T. harzianum (Th6) had the highest antagonistic activity in dual culture assay along with the growth rate; while T. viride (Tv8) had the highest phosphate solubilization activity. There are still gaps in obtaining new formulations, selecting potent Trichoderma strains to confirm disease control in planta. For improving Trichoderma recommendation in the organic agricultural system and sustaining the fertility of the soil, the field application of highly antagonistic biocontrol agents in different types of soil and plant species will be the first approach toward bio-pesticide treatments along with bio-fertilizer inoculation. Furthermore, secondary metabolites will be investigated for the most promising strains with the combination of different pathogens and application timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt;
| | - Khalid S. Abdel Lateif
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt;
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-kom 32514, Egypt
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11617, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Fawziah M. Albarakaty
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11617, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (F.M.A.)
- Department of Biology, College of Applied Sciences, Umm AlQura University, Makkah Al Moukarramh 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha M. El-Meihy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Explorations of Tolerant Trichoderma spp. as Plant Growth Promoter and Biocontrol Agent against Colletotrichum falcatum. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
11
|
Mat'at'a M, Galádová H, Varečka L, Šimkovič M. The study of intracellular and secreted high-molecular-mass protease(s) of Trichoderma spp., and their responses to conidiation stimuli. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:653-667. [PMID: 31059650 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We continued our study of high-molecular-mass proteases (HMMPs) using several strains of the genus Trichoderma, and other filamentous fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, and Penicillium purpurogenum). We found that five Trichoderma strains secreted HMMPs into the media after induction with bovine serum albumin. Botrytis cinerea and F. culmorum secreted proteases in the absence of inducer, while A. niger or P. purpurogenum did not secrete proteolytic activity (PA). The activity of HMMPs secreted by or intracellularly located in Trichoderma spp. represents the predominant part of cellular PA, according to zymogram patterns. This observation allowed the study of HMMPs' physiological role(s) independent from the secretion. In studying conidiation, we found that illumination significantly stimulated PA in Trichoderma strains. In the T. atroviride IMI 206040 strain, we demonstrated that this stimulation is dependent on the BLR1 and BLR2 receptors. No stimulation of PA was observed when mechanical injury was used as an elicitor of conidiation. Compounds used as inhibitors or activators of conidiation exerted no congruent effects on both PA and conidiation. These results do not favour a direct role of HMMPs in conidiation. Probably, HMMP activity may be involved in the process of the activation of metabolism during vegetative growth, differentiation, and aging-related processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matej Mat'at'a
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Helena Galádová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'udovít Varečka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Šimkovič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lim L, Senba H, Kimura Y, Yokota S, Doi M, Yoshida KI, Takenaka S. Influences of N-linked glycosylation on the biochemical properties of aspartic protease from Aspergillus glaucus MA0196. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
13
|
Steyaert JM, Chomic A, Nieto-Jacobo M, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Hay AJ, Braithwaite M, Stewart A. Yield and cold storage of Trichoderma conidia is influenced by substrate pH and storage temperature. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:419-427. [PMID: 28211948 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the influence of the ambient pH during morphogenesis on conidial yield of Trichoderma sp. "atroviride B" LU132 and T. hamatum LU593 and storage at low temperatures. The ambient pH of the growth media had a dramatic influence on the level of Trichoderma conidiation and this was dependent on the strain and growth media. On malt-extract agar, LU593 yield decreased with increasing pH (3-6), whereas yield increased with increasing pH for LU132. During solid substrate production the reverse was true for LU132 whereby yield decreased with increasing pH. The germination potential of the conidia decreased significantly over time in cold storage and the rate of decline was a factor of the strain, pH during morphogenesis, growth media, and storage temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amanda J Hay
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - Mark Braithwaite
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand.,Plant Diagnostics Ltd., Templeton, New Zealand
| | - Alison Stewart
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand.,Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Racić G, Körmöczi P, Kredics L, Raičević V, Mutavdžić B, Vrvić MM, Panković D. Effect of the edaphic factors and metal content in soil on the diversity of Trichoderma spp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3375-3386. [PMID: 27866360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Influence of edaphic factors and metal content on diversity of Trichoderma species at 14 different soil sampling locations, on two depths, was examined. Forty-one Trichoderma isolates from 14 sampling sites were determined as nine species based on their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Our results indicate that weakly alkaline soils are rich sources of Trichoderma strains. Also, higher contents of available K and P are connected with higher Trichoderma diversity. Increased metal content in soil was not inhibiting factor for Trichoderma species occurrence. Relationship between these factors was confirmed by locally weighted sequential smoothing (LOESS) nonparametric smoothing analysis. Trichoderma strain (Szeged Microbiology Collection (SZMC) 22669) from soil with concentrations of Cr and Ni above remediation values should be tested for its potential for bioremediation of these metals in polluted soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Racić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia.
| | - Péter Körmöczi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vera Raičević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Beba Mutavdžić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Dejana Panković
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schubert M, Mourad S, Schwarze FWMR. Statistical approach to determine the effect of combined environmental parameters on conidial development of Trichoderma atroviride
(T-15603.1). J Basic Microbiol 2010; 50:570-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Steyaert JM, Weld RJ, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Stewart A. Reproduction without sex: conidiation in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:2887-2900. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.041715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. have served as models for asexual reproduction in filamentous fungi for over 50 years. Physical stimuli, such as light exposure and mechanical injury to the mycelium, trigger conidiation; however, conidiogenesis itself is a holistic response determined by the cell's metabolic state, as influenced by the environment and endogenous biological rhythms. Key environmental parameters are the carbon and nitrogen status and the C : N ratio, the ambient pH and the level of calcium ions. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of this fungus have revealed a conserved mechanism of environmental perception through the White Collar orthologues BLR-1 and BLR-2. Also implicated in the molecular regulation are the PacC pathways and the conidial regulator VELVET. Signal transduction cascades which link environmental signals to physiological outputs have also been revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Steyaert
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Weld
- Lincoln Ventures Limited, PO Box 133, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | | | - Alison Stewart
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Steyaert JM, Weld RJ, Stewart A. Ambient pH intrinsically influences Trichoderma conidiation and colony morphology. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Isolate-specific conidiation in Trichoderma in response to different nitrogen sources. Fungal Biol 2009; 114:179-88. [PMID: 20943128 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of Trichoderma is the production of concentric rings of conidia in response to alternating light/dark conditions and a single ring of conidia in response to a single burst of light. In this study, conidiation was investigated in four biocontrol isolates (T. hamatum, T. atroviride, T. asperellum, T. virens) and one isolate from the mushroom pathogen species, T. pleuroticola. All five isolates produced concentric conidial rings under alternating light/dark conditions on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), however, in response to a 15min burst of blue light, only T. asperellum and T. virens produced a clearly defined conidial ring. Both T. pleuroticola and T. hamatum photoconidiated in a disk-like fashion and T. atroviride produced a broken ring with a partially filled in appearance. In the presence of primary nitrogen, T. asperellum and T. pleuroticola conidiated in a disk, whereas, when grown in the presence of secondary nitrogen, a ring of conidia was produced. Primary nitrogen promoted photoconidiation and competency to conidiate in response to light appeared dependent on the nitrogen catabolite repression state of the cell. Mycelial injury was also investigated in the same five isolates of Trichoderma on PDA and under different nitrogen statuses. For the first time, we report that conidiation in response to injury is differentially regulated in different isolates/species of Trichoderma.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang YH, Zhou J, Chu J, Qian JC, Zhang SL, Zhuang YP. Production and distribution of beta-glucosidase in a mutant strain Trichoderma viride T 100-14. N Biotechnol 2009; 26:150-6. [PMID: 19643211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of beta-glucosidase's production and distribution in a mutant strain Trichoderma viride T 100-14 at extracellular and intracellular levels were studied in this paper. Three experiment groups were done automatically with pH controlled at 4.8 during fermentation process, with 1mg/ml 2-deoxy-d-glucose addition or without pH control and 2-deoxy-d-glucose addition (control). Activity assay and electron microscopic immunogold labeling experiments were performed at different culture periods (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours). Under constant pH 4.8, high density of immunogold labeling particles, highest intracellular enzyme activity, total enzyme activity and specific activity were observed at 24 hours of fermentation. After 72 hours, the extracellular and total activities fluctuated little and the maximal activity in extracellular fraction was 2.7 times higher than control. By contrast, with 2-deoxy-d-glucose addition, the secreted and total beta-glucosidase activities achieved their maximum at 96 hours of fermentation, and the maximal secreted activity increased 2.05-fold than the control. Additionally, the secretion ratio (maximal secreted beta-glucosidase activity/maximal total activity) with pH control or 2-deoxy-d-glucose addition was elevated profoundly near to a level as the cellulase in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saber W, Abd El-Hai K, Ghoneem K. Synergistic effect of Trichoderma and Rhizobium on Both Biocontrol of Chocolate Spot Disease and Induction of Nodulation, Physiological Activities and Productivity of Vicia faba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2009.286.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
21
|
Rossi-Rodrigues BC, Brochetto-Braga MR, Tauk-Tornisielo SM, Carmona EC, Arruda VM, Chaud Netto J. Comparative growth of trichoderma strains in different nutritional sources, using bioscreen c automated system. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:404-10. [PMID: 24031380 PMCID: PMC3769723 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090002000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is one of the fungi genera that produce important metabolites for industry. The growth of these organisms is a consequence of the nutritional sources used as also of the physical conditions employed to cultivate them. In this work, the automated Bioscreen C system was used to evaluate the influence of different nutritional sources on the growth of Trichoderma strains (T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. longibrachiatum) isolated from the soil in the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (JIES), São Paulo State - Brazil. The cultures were grown in liquid culture media containing different carbon- (2%; w/v) and nitrogen (1%; w/v) sources at 28ºC, pH 6.5, and agitated at 150 rpm for 72 h. The results showed, as expected, that glucose is superior to sucrose as a growth-stimulating carbon source in the Trichoderma strains studied, while yeast extract and tryptone were good growth-stimulating nitrogen sources in the cultivation of T. hamatum and T. harzianum.
Collapse
|
22
|
Longa CMO, Pertot I, Tosi S. Ecophysiological requirements and survival of a Trichoderma atroviride isolate with biocontrol potential. J Basic Microbiol 2008; 48:269-77. [PMID: 18720503 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200700396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma atroviride SC1, isolated from decayed hazelnut wood in northern Italy in 2000, is a promising fungal agent for biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. The objective of this research was to characterize the biology and ecology of this fungus, in order to determine its environmental parameter tolerance levels and its behavior in the phylloplane and soil systems. To better characterize T. atroviride SC1, the influences of pH, temperature, water activity and different nitrogen and carbon sources on its in vitro growth were evaluated. T. atroviride SC1 survival was assessed on strawberry leaves under controlled conditions in a greenhouse and in sterilized and non-sterilized soil samples kept at room temperature. Results showed that isolate SC1 is mesophilic and grows best at 25 degrees C. The fungus tolerates a wide range of pH levels, but growth was reduced on alkaline media (pH >or= 8). The nitrogen and carbon sources peptone, tryptone, nitrate, mannose, galactose and sucrose were associated with the highest mycelial biomass production, as compared with other potential sources of nitrogen and carbon. The fungus survived on strawberry leaves under greenhouse conditions (25 +/- 2 degrees C, RH = 60 +/- 10%) and grew in sterilized soils at room temperature (23 +/- 2 degrees C) for 45 d. However, no increase in mycelial dry weight was observed in non-sterilized soils. T. atroviride SC1 survived under the test conditions, showing a good potential for use in soil and foliar biocontrol applications.
Collapse
|
23
|
Begoude BAD, Lahlali R, Friel D, Tondje PR, Jijakli MH. Response surface methodology study of the combined effects of temperature, pH, and aw on the growth rate of Trichoderma asperellum. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:845-54. [PMID: 17897186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the influence of environmental parameters (water activity aw, temperature, and pH) on the radial growth rate of Trichoderma asperellum (strains PR10, PR11, PR12, and 659-7), an antagonist of Phytophthora megakarya, the causal agent of cocoa black pod disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The radial growth of four strains of T. asperellum was monitored for 30 days on modified PDA medium. Six levels of aw (0.995, 0.980, 0.960, 0.930, 0.910, and 0.880) were combined with three values of pH (4.5, 6.5, and 8.5) and three incubation temperatures (20, 25, and 30 degrees C). Whatever the strain, mycelial growth rate was optimal at aw between 0.995 and 0.980, independently of the temperature and pH. Each strain appeared to be very sensitive to aw reduction. In addition, all four strains were able to grow at all temperatures and pH values (4.5-8.5) tested, highest growth rate being observed at 30 degrees C and at pH 4.5-6.5. The use of response surface methodology to model the combined effects of aw, temperature, and pH on the radial growth rate of the T. asperellum strains confirmed the observed results. In our model, growth of the T. asperellum strains showed a greater dependence on aw than on temperature or pH under in vitro conditions. CONCLUSION aw is a crucial environmental factor. Low aw can prevent growth of T. asperellum strains under some conditions. The observed and predicted radial growth rate of strain PR11 showed its greater capacity to support low aw (0.93) as compared with other tested strains at 20 degrees C. This is in agreement with its better protective level when applied in medium-scale trials on cocoa plantations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study should contribute towards improving the biocontrol efficacy of T. asperellum strains used against P. megakarya. Integrated into a broader study of the impact of environmental factors on the biocontrol agent-pathogen system, this work should help to build a more rational control strategy, possibly involving the use of a compatible adjuvant protecting T. asperellum against desiccation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A D Begoude
- Laboratoire Régional de Lutte Biologique et de Microbiologie Appliquée, Institut de le Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), Nkolbisson, BP 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Donoso EP, Bustamante RO, Carú M, Niemeyer HM. Water deficit as a driver of the mutualistic relationship between the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and two wheat genotypes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1412-7. [PMID: 18192424 PMCID: PMC2258622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02013-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of mutualistic interactions between the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and two wheat genotypes, Triticum aestivum cv. Talhuén and T. turgidum subsp. durum cv. Alifén, and the extent to which water deficit affected these interactions. Two wheat genotypes were cultivated in the presence or absence of T. harzianum and in the presence or absence of water deficit. T. harzianum was in turn cultivated in the presence or absence of wheat plants and in the presence or absence of water deficit. To evaluate the plant-fungus interactions, the root volume, dry biomass, and fecundity of wheat were determined, as was the population growth rate of the fungus. Trichoderma harzianum exerted a positive effect only on plants subjected to water deficit. The population growth rate of T. harzianum was negative in the absence of wheat plants and reached its highest level in the presence of plants under conditions of water deficit. These results confirm the occurrence of a mutualistic interaction between wheat and T. harzianum and show that it is asymmetric and context dependent.
Collapse
|
25
|
Verma M, Brar SK, Tyagi R, Surampalli R, Valéro J. Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Hatvani L, Manczinger L, Kredics L, Szekeres A, Antal Z, Vágvölgyi C. Production of Trichoderma strains with pesticide-polyresistance by mutagenesis and protoplast fusion. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 89:387-93. [PMID: 16779635 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-005-9042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of two cold-tolerant Trichoderma strains belonging to the species T. harzianum and T. atroviride was determined to a series of pesticides widely used in agriculture. From the 16 pesticides tested, seven fungicides: copper sulfate, carbendazim, mancozeb, tebuconazole, imazalil, captan and thiram inhibited colony growth of the test strains significantly with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 300, 0.4, 50, 100, 100, 100 and 50 microg/ml, respectively. Mutants resistant to carbendazim and tebuconazole were produced from both wild type strains by means of UV-mutagenesis. The cross-resistance capabilities and in vitro antagonistic properties of the mutants were determined. Carbendazim-resistant mutants showed total cross-resistance to benomyl and thiabendazole at a concentration of 20 microg/ml. Intraspecific protoplast fusion was carried out between carbendazim- and tebuconazole-resistant mutants of both parental strains, and putative haploid recombinants with stable resistance to both pesticides were produced in the case of T. atroviride. These pesticide-polyresistant progenies are potential candidates for application in an integrated pest management system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Hatvani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kredics L, Antal Z, Szekeres A, Hatvani L, Manczinger L, Vágvölgyi C, Nagy E. Extracellular proteases of Trichoderma species. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2005; 52:169-84. [PMID: 16003937 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.52.2005.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic, xylanolytic, chitinolytic and beta-1,3-glucanolytic enzyme systems of species belonging to the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma have been investigated in details and are well characterised. The ability of Trichoderma strains to produce extracellular proteases has also been known for a long time, however, the proteolytic enzyme system is relatively unknown in this genus. Fortunately, in the recent years more and more attention is focused on the research in this field. The role of Trichoderma proteases in the biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes has been demonstrated, and it is also suspected that they may be important for the competitive saprophytic ability of green mould isolates and may represent potential virulence factors of Trichoderma strains as emerging fungal pathogens of clinical importance. The aim of this review is to summarize the information available about the extracellular proteases of Trichoderma. Numerous studies are available about the extracellular proteolytic enzyme profiles of Trichoderma strains and about the effect of abiotic environmental factors on protease activities. A number of protease enzymes have been purified to homogeneity and some protease encoding genes have been cloned and characterized. These results will be reviewed and the role of Trichoderma proteases in biological control as well as their advantages and disadvantages in biotechnology will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kredics
- Microbiological Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Szekeres A, Kredics LÃ, Antal Z, Kevei F, Manczinger LÃ. Isolation and characterization of protease overproducing mutants ofTrichoderma harzianum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|