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Zand E, Froehling A, Schoenher C, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Schlueter O, Jaeger H. Potential of Flow Cytometric Approaches for Rapid Microbial Detection and Characterization in the Food Industry-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:3112. [PMID: 34945663 PMCID: PMC8701031 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As microbial contamination is persistent within the food and bioindustries and foodborne infections are still a significant cause of death, the detection, monitoring, and characterization of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms are of great importance. However, the current methods do not meet all relevant criteria. They either show (i) inadequate sensitivity, rapidity, and effectiveness; (ii) a high workload and time requirement; or (iii) difficulties in differentiating between viable and non-viable cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) represents an approach to overcome such limitations. Thus, this comprehensive literature review focuses on the potential of FCM and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for food and bioindustry applications. First, the principles of FCM and FISH and basic staining methods are discussed, and critical areas for microbial contamination, including abiotic and biotic surfaces, water, and air, are characterized. State-of-the-art non-specific FCM and specific FISH approaches are described, and their limitations are highlighted. One such limitation is the use of toxic and mutagenic fluorochromes and probes. Alternative staining and hybridization approaches are presented, along with other strategies to overcome the current challenges. Further research needs are outlined in order to make FCM and FISH even more suitable monitoring and detection tools for food quality and safety and environmental and clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Antje Froehling
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.F.); (O.S.)
| | - Christoph Schoenher
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - Marija Zunabovic-Pichler
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - Oliver Schlueter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.F.); (O.S.)
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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Development of Leuconostoc lactis–Specific Quantitative PCR and its Application for Identification and Enumeration in Fermented Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Frantzen CA, Kot W, Pedersen TB, Ardö YM, Broadbent JR, Neve H, Hansen LH, Dal Bello F, Østlie HM, Kleppen HP, Vogensen FK, Holo H. Genomic Characterization of Dairy Associated Leuconostoc Species and Diversity of Leuconostocs in Undefined Mixed Mesophilic Starter Cultures. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28217118 PMCID: PMC5289962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undefined mesophilic mixed (DL-type) starter cultures are composed of predominantly Lactococcus lactis subspecies and 1-10% Leuconostoc spp. The composition of the Leuconostoc population in the starter culture ultimately affects the characteristics and the quality of the final product. The scientific basis for the taxonomy of dairy relevant leuconostocs can be traced back 50 years, and no documentation on the genomic diversity of leuconostocs in starter cultures exists. We present data on the Leuconostoc population in five DL-type starter cultures commonly used by the dairy industry. The analyses were performed using traditional cultivation methods, and further augmented by next-generation DNA sequencing methods. Bacterial counts for starter cultures cultivated on two different media, MRS and MPCA, revealed large differences in the relative abundance of leuconostocs. Most of the leuconostocs in two of the starter cultures were unable to grow on MRS, emphasizing the limitations of culture-based methods and the importance of careful media selection or use of culture independent methods. Pan-genomic analysis of 59 Leuconostoc genomes enabled differentiation into twelve robust lineages. The genomic analyses show that the dairy-associated leuconostocs are highly adapted to their environment, characterized by the acquisition of genotype traits, such as the ability to metabolize citrate. In particular, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris display telltale signs of a degenerative evolution, likely resulting from a long period of growth in milk in association with lactococci. Great differences in the metabolic potential between Leuconostoc species and subspecies were revealed. Using targeted amplicon sequencing, the composition of the Leuconostoc population in the five commercial starter cultures was shown to be significantly different. Three of the cultures were dominated by Ln. mesenteroides subspecies cremoris. Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides dominated in two of the cultures while Leuconostoc lactis, reported to be a major constituent in fermented dairy products, was only present in low amounts in one of the cultures. This is the first in-depth study of Leuconostoc genomics and diversity in dairy starter cultures. The results and the techniques presented may be of great value for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril A. Frantzen
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Ylva M. Ardö
- Department of Food Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeff R. Broadbent
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State UniversityLogan, UT, USA
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-InstitutKiel, Germany
| | - Lars H. Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Hilde M. Østlie
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Hans P. Kleppen
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
- ACD Pharmaceuticals ASLeknes, Norway
| | - Finn K. Vogensen
- Department of Food Science, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helge Holo
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology and Food Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
- TINE SAOslo, Norway
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Wang D, Liu W, Ren Y, De L, Zhang D, Yang Y, Bao Q, Zhang H, Menghe B. Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Traditional Dairy Products in Baotou and Bayannur of Midwestern Inner Mongolia and q-PCR Analysis of Predominant Species. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:499-507. [PMID: 27621691 PMCID: PMC5018510 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, traditional culture method and 16S rRNA gene analysis were applied to reveal the composition and diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of fermented cow milk, huruud and urum from Baotou and Bayannur of midwestern Inner Mongolia. Also, the quantitative results of dominant LAB species in three different types of dairy products from Baotou and Bayannur were gained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) technology. Two hundred and two LAB strains isolated from sixty-six samples were identified and classified into four genera, namely Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and twenty-one species and subspecies. From these isolates, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (32.18%), Lactobacillus plantarum (12.38%) and Leuconosto mesenteroides (11.39%) were considered as the dominated LAB species under the condition of cultivating in MRS and M17 medium. And the q-PCR results revealed that the number of dominant species varied from samples to samples and from region to region. This study clearly shows the composition and diversity of LAB existing in fermented cow milk, huruud and urum, which could be considered as valuable resources for LAB isolation and further probiotic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang De
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
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Pogačić T, Chuat V, Madec MN, Samaržija D, Lortal S, Valence F. Phenotypic traits of genetically closely related Leuconostoc spp. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kot W, Hansen LH, Neve H, Hammer K, Jacobsen S, Pedersen PD, Sørensen SJ, Heller KJ, Vogensen FK. Sequence and comparative analysis of Leuconostoc dairy bacteriophages. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 176:29-37. [PMID: 24561391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages attacking Leuconostoc species may significantly influence the quality of the final product. There is however limited knowledge of this group of phages in the literature. We have determined the complete genome sequences of nine Leuconostoc bacteriophages virulent to either Leuconostoc mesenteroides or Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides strains. The phages have dsDNA genomes with sizes ranging from 25.7 to 28.4 kb. Comparative genomics analysis helped classify the 9 phages into two classes, which correlates with the host species. High percentage of similarity within the classes on both nucleotide and protein levels was observed. Genome comparison also revealed very high conservation of the overall genomic organization between the classes. The genes were organized in functional modules responsible for replication, packaging, head and tail morphogenesis, cell lysis and regulation and modification, respectively. No lysogeny modules were detected. To our knowledge this report provides the first comparative genomic work done on Leuconostoc dairy phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kot
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars H Hansen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej, 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Hammer
- Center for Systems Microbiology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Jacobsen
- Center for Systems Microbiology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per D Pedersen
- Clerici-Sacco Group, Via Manzoni 29, I-22071 Cadorago, Italy
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Knut J Heller
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Finn K Vogensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Pedersen T, Ristagno D, McSweeney P, Vogensen F, Ardö Y. Potential impact on cheese flavour of heterofermentative bacteria from starter cultures. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Potential and limitations of MALDI-TOF MS for discrimination within the species Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-013-0826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Classification of lytic bacteriophages attacking dairy Leuconostoc starter strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3628-36. [PMID: 23563949 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00076-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 83 lytic dairy bacteriophages (phages) infecting flavor-producing mesophilic starter strains of the Leuconostoc genus was characterized, and the first in-depth taxonomic scheme was established for this phage group. Phages were obtained from different sources, i.e., from dairy samples originating from 11 German dairies (50 Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides [Ln. pseudomesenteroides] phages, 4 Ln. mesenteroides phages) and from 3 external phage collections (17 Ln. pseudomesenteroides phages, 12 Ln. mesenteroides phages). All phages belonged to the Siphoviridae family of phages with isometric heads (diameter, 55 nm) and noncontractile tails (length, 140 nm). With the exception of one phage (i.e., phage ΦLN25), all Ln. mesenteroides phages lysed the same host strains and revealed characteristic globular baseplate appendages. Phage ΦLN25, with different Y-shaped appendages, had a unique host range. Apart from two phages (i.e., phages P792 and P793), all Ln. pseudomesenteroides phages shared the same host range and had plain baseplates without distinguishable appendages. They were further characterized by the presence or absence of a collar below the phage head or by unique tails with straight striations. Phages P792 and P793 with characteristic fluffy baseplate appendages could propagate only on other specific hosts. All Ln. mesenteroides and all Ln. pseudomesenteroides phages were members of two (host species-specific) distinct genotypes but shared a limited conserved DNA region specifying their structural genes. A PCR detection system was established and was shown to be reliable for the detection of all Leuconostoc phage types.
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Characterization of a Leuconostoc bacteriophage infecting flavor producers of cheese starter cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6769-72. [PMID: 22798359 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00562-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy siphovirus φLmd1, which infects starter culture isolate Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum A1, showed resistance to pasteurization and was able to grow on 3 of the 4 commercial starter cultures tested. Its 26,201-bp genome was similar to that of Leuconostoc phage of vegetable origin but not to those of dairy phages infecting Lactococcus.
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Angelidis AS, Tirodimos I, Bobos M, Kalamaki MS, Papageorgiou DK, Arvanitidou M. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in raw bovine milk by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:252-6. [PMID: 21974980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transmission pathways of Helicobacter pylori in humans have not been fully elucidated. Research in the last decade has proposed that foodborne transmission, among others, may be a plausible route of human infection. Owing to the organism's fastidious growth characteristics and its ability to convert to viable, yet unculturable states upon exposure to stress conditions, the detection of H. pylori in foods via culture-dependent methods has been proven to be laborious, difficult and in most cases unsuccessful. Hence, nucleic acid-based methods have been proposed as alternative methods but, to date, only PCR-based methods have been reported in the literature. In the current study, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used for the detection of H. pylori in raw, bulk-tank bovine milk. After repeated milk centrifugation and washing steps, the bacterial flora of raw milk was subjected to fixation and permeabilization and H. pylori detection was conducted by FISH after hybridization with an H. pylori-specific 16S rRNA-directed fluorescent oligonucleotide probe. Using this protocol, H. pylori was detected in four out of the twenty (20%) raw milk samples examined. The data presented in this manuscript indicate that FISH can serve as an alternative molecular method for screening raw bovine milk for the presence of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Applications of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Diagnostic Microbiology. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fornasari ME, Rossetti L, Remagni C, Giraffa G. Quantification of Enterococcus italicus in traditional Italian cheeses by fluorescence whole-cell hybridization. Syst Appl Microbiol 2008; 31:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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