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Gosling RJ, Mueller-Doblies D, Martelli F, Nunez-Garcia J, Kell N, Rabie A, Wales AD, Davies RH. Observations on the distribution and persistence of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium on infected pig and cattle farms. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:90-96. [PMID: 30473358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following a rapid rise in cases of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium DT193 (mST) in humans and pigs since 2007 a detailed study of the prevalence and persistence of mST on pig and cattle farms in Great Britain (GB) was undertaken. Thirteen commercial pig farms and twelve cattle farms, identified as mST-positive from surveillance data, were intensively sampled over a three year period. Five indoor and eight outdoor pig farms and four beef and eight dairy farms were included. Individual and pooled faecal samples were collected from each epidemiological group and environmental samples throughout each farm and the antimicrobial resistance profile determined for a selection of mST-positive isolates. Indoor pig farms had a higher mST prevalence than outdoor pig farms, and across both cattle and pig farms the juvenile animals had a higher mST prevalence than the adult animals. Overall, mST prevalence decreased with time across all pig farms, from 25% to less than 15% of environmental samples and 22% to 15% of pooled faecal samples; only one organic outdoor breeding farm was Salmonella-negative at the end of the study. Across the cattle farms no mST was detected by the end of the study, apart from one persistent farm. Clearance time of mST was between seven and twenty-five months. Farms were selected based on having the antimicrobial resistance profile ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline (A, S, SU, T), although resistance to trimethoprim-potentiated sulphamethoxazole was also identified on five pig farms sampled. This study provided a detailed insight into the distribution and persistence of mST on individual pig and cattle farms in GB. It has identified variation in mST shedding of individual animals, and the data can be applied to the wider livestock industry when considering the distribution of mST once identified on an individual farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Gosling
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | | | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Nick Kell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Andre Rabie
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Andy D Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Morales-Partera A, Cardoso-Toset F, Luque I, Astorga R, Maldonado A, Herrera-León S, Hernández M, Gómez-Laguna J, Tarradas C. Prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in two free-range pig slaughterhouses. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Colello R, Ruiz MJ, Padín VM, Rogé AD, Leotta G, Padola NL, Etcheverría AI. Detection and Characterization of Salmonella Serotypes in the Production Chain of Two Pig Farms in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1370. [PMID: 30002649 PMCID: PMC6031755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the pork production chain and to characterize Salmonella isolates. From 764 samples, 35 (4.6%) were positive for Salmonella spp., as determined by biochemical tests and the presence of the invA gene. From these, 2.6, 2.0, 8.8, and 8.0% corresponded to samples collected from farms, slaughterhouses, boning rooms and retail markets, respectively. Salmonella strains were classified into five serotypes and distributed as follows: S. Typhimurium in the pork production chain, S. Kentucky in farms and slaughterhouses, S. Brandenburg in slaughterhouses, S. Livingstone in farms and S. Agona in boning rooms and retail markets. Interestingly, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that all 35 Salmonella spp.-positive isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 30 were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis showed clonal relatedness among strains isolated from farms, boning rooms and retail markets. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in food poses a potential health hazard to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María J Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Valeria M Padín
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel D Rogé
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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4
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Longitudinal study of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- shedding in five Australian pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 136:19-28. [PMID: 28010904 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The shedding patterns of Salmonella spp. and MLVA profiles of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (I) serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- were monitored in a 12-month longitudinal observational study of five pig herds to inform management; provide indications of potential hazard load at slaughter; and assist evaluation of MLVA for use by animal and public health practitioners. Twenty pooled faecal samples, stratified by age group, were collected quarterly. When Salmonella was cultured, multiple colonies were characterized by serotyping and where S. Typhimurium-like serovars were confirmed, isolates were further characterized by phage typing and multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Salmonella was detected in 43% of samples. Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i- was one of several serovars that persisted within the herds and was found among colonies from each production stage. Virtually all Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates were phage type 193, but exhibited 12 different, closely-related MLVA profiles. Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- diversity within herds was low and MLVA profiles were stable indicating colonization throughout the herds and suggesting each farm had an endemic strain. High prevalence of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- specific shedding among terminal animals indicated high hazard load at slaughter, suggesting that primary production may be an important pathway of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- into the human food chain, this has implications for on-farm management and the application and targeting control measures and further evidence of the need for effective process control procedures to be in place during slaughter and in pork boning rooms. These findings have implications for animal health and food safety risk mitigation and risk management.
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Marier E, Piers Smith R, Ellis-Iversen J, Watson E, Armstrong D, Hogeveen H, Cook AJ. Changes in perceptions and motivators that influence the implementation of on-farm Salmonella control measures by pig farmers in England. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tessier C, Parama Atiana L, Lagadec E, Le Minter G, Denis M, Cardinale E. Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms. Acta Trop 2016; 158:6-12. [PMID: 26829358 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is an economic burden to the livestock industry in Reunion Island. In this study, we wanted to improve our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology by studying the wild fauna of Reunion Island. We assessed Salmonella diversity in small non-flying mammals, birds and cockroaches in order to evaluate their potential role in the epidemiology of Salmonella. A total of 268 samples were collected from cockroaches, small mammals and birds. The bacteriological analyses revealed that 11.7% of non-flying mammals and 25% of cockroaches tested were Salmonella infected; two wild bird species were also detected positive. The 128 Salmonella isolates were distributed in fifteen serotypes and the most predominant were S. 4,[5],12:i:- (21.9% of positive samples) followed by S. Enteritidis (15.6%), S. Typhimurium (15.6%), S. Infantis (12.5%) and S. Weltevreden (12.5%). A total of 27 XbaI profiles were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Comparison of these Salmonella strains with our collection of Salmonella isolated from pigs and pig farm environments at the same period revealed 14 strains in common between wild fauna and pigs, especially for cockroaches. Our results suggest that wild fauna of Reunion Island could be infected by strains of Salmonella also isolated from pigs or pig environment. They may play a role in both persistence and spreading of Salmonella and therefore, could be a source of infection in pig farms. Pest control against cockroaches could be a helpful tool in the reduction of Salmonella infection of pigs, limiting contacts between wild fauna and both pigs and pig environment. Special attention should be paid to S. 4,[5],12:i:- since it was predominant in Reunion Island's wild fauna and pigs and was the third most frequently reported serotype in human salmonellosis in Europe.
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Niemann J, Tietze E, Ruddat I, Fruth A, Prager R, Rabsch W, Blaha T, Münchhausen C, Merle R, Kreienbrock L. Epidemiological analysis of the dynamic and diversity of Salmonella spp. in five German pig production clusters using pheno- and genotyping methods: An exploratory study. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:190-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Yan H, Li J, Shi L. Isolation and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains from pork and environmental samples in Xiamen, China. J Food Prot 2015; 78:78-88. [PMID: 25581181 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae isolated from swine meat and the breeding environment. A total of 102 MDR Enterobacteriaceae strains belonging to five genera were obtained from 210 samples collected from a large-scale swine farm from March 2012 to June 2013 in Xiamen, People's Republic of China. Among these MDR isolates, Escherichia coli strains were found most frequently in both meat and environmental samples, followed by Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree indicated that 70.3 % of Escherichia and 50 % of Citrobacter isolates from meat samples shared 100 % homology with relevant isolates from environmental samples. Resistance was most frequently observed to sulfonamide, trimethoprim, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol, β-lactam, and tetracycline. Close correlation was noted between antibiotic resistance phenotype and the genes responsible for resistance to sulfonamide (sulI), trimethoprim (dhfrI), aminoglycoside (aadA, aac(3)-I, aphA-1, and aac(3)-IV), chloramphenicol (catI and cmlA), β-lactam (blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaTEM), florfenicol (floR), and tetracycline (tet(A) and tet(B)), which were widely distributed with prevalences of 72.5, 6.9, 62.7, 14.7, 78.4, 11.8, 25.5, 42.2, 12.7, 14.7, 39.2, 87.2, 68.6, and 34.3 % , respectively. Class 1 integrons carrying aadA22, dfrA17-aadA5, or dfrA12-aadA2 cassette arrays were commonly found in isolates from all samples. The gene cassette aac(6')-Ib-cr-arr-3-dfrA27-aadA16 was first found in an Enterobacter amnigenus isolate. Conjugation experiments revealed the plasmid-mediated transfer of class 1 integrons. Our results indicate that swine meat and the farming environment can be sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which could be potentially transmitted to humans via the meat products industry chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbao Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361100, People's Republic of China
| | - He Yan
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Food Safety Key Lab of Liaoning Province, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361100, People's Republic of China.
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Abattoir based survey of Salmonella in finishing pigs in the United Kingdom 2006–2007. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:542-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Paranthaman K, Haroon S, Latif S, Vinnyey N, de Souza V, Welfare W, Tahir M, Cooke E, Stone K, Lane C, Peters T, Puleston R. Emergence of a multidrug-resistant (ASSuTTm) strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT120 in England in 2011 and the use of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis in supporting outbreak investigations. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:850-5. [PMID: 23869962 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In summer 2011, two outbreaks of a unique, multidrug-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type 120 (DT120) occurred mainly in the Midlands, England. The first outbreak occurred among guests attending a wedding in July 2011 ('Wedding outbreak'), followed by a more geographically dispersed outbreak in August and September 2011 ('Midlands outbreak'). Fifty-one cases were confirmed. Detailed epidemiological and environmental health investigations suggested that pork was the most likely source of both outbreaks. All human samples and one pork sample showed the specific multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) profile 3-11-12-NA-0211, with at most two loci variations. Trace-back investigations suggested a link to a butcher's shop and a pig farm in the East Midlands. The investigations highlight the utility of molecular analysis (MLVA) in supporting epidemiological investigations of outbreaks caused by S. Typhimurium DT120. Safe handling and cooking of pork by food business operators and consumers are key interventions to prevent future outbreaks.
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Mueller-Doblies D, Speed K, Davies RH. A retrospective analysis of Salmonella serovars isolated from pigs in Great Britain between 1994 and 2010. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:447-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salmonella prevalence and characterization in a free-range pig processing plant: Tracking in trucks, lairage, slaughter line and quartering. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li R, Lai J, Wang Y, Liu S, Li Y, Liu K, Shen J, Wu C. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella species isolated from pigs, ducks and chickens in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:14-8. [PMID: 23474653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of Salmonella isolated from different parts of the food production chain, and to characterize these isolates. A total of 165 Salmonella enterica isolates were identified from 1382 samples taken from conventional farms, abattoirs and retail markets from 2010 to 2011 in Sichuan, China. The Salmonella isolates were assayed for serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, prevalence of class 1 integrons and β-lactamase genes, and subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Among these isolates, S. enterica serotypes Derby (76 isolates, 46%) and Typhimurium (16 isolates, 10%) were the most prevalent, and high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (77%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43%), nalidixic acid (41%) and spectinomycin (41%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 21% of these isolates, and contained gene cassettes dfrA12-aadA2, dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA1, blaPSE-1 and dfrA1/aadA2. blaOXA-1 was the most commonly identified β-lactamase gene (n=14), followed by blaTEM-1 (n=6), blaPSE-1 (n=4) and blaCMY-2 (n=1). A S. enterica serotype Indiana isolate derived from chicken from a market was positive for both blaOXA-1 and blaCMY-2, and resistant to nine tested antibiotics. The PFGE patterns were diverse. Our findings indicated that most isolates from different sampling sites were phenotypically and genetically diverse, and Salmonella was widespread and may transmit along the food production chain from farm to market. Isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, which are used to fight foodborne Salmonella, pose a serious threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Li
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for public health hazards to be covered by meat inspection of swine. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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