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Fu X, Zuo X, Zhao X, Zhang H, Zhang C, Lu W. Characterization and designing of an SAM riboswitch to establish a high-throughput screening platform for SAM overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3622-3637. [PMID: 37691180 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl- l-methionine (SAM) is a high-value compound widely used in the treatment of various diseases. SAM can be produced through fermentation, but further enhancing the microbial production of SAM requires novel high-throughput screening methods for rapid detection and screening of mutant libraries. In this work, an SAM-OFF riboswitch capable of responding to the SAM concentration was obtained and a high-throughput platform for screening SAM overproducers was established. SAM synthase was engineered by semirational design and directed evolution, which resulted in the SAM2S203F,W164R,T251S,Y285F,S365R mutant with almost twice higher catalytic activity than the parental enzyme. The best mutant was then introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, and the resulting strain BSM8 produced a sevenfold higher SAM titer in shake-flask fermentation, reaching 1.25 g L-1 . This work provides a reference for designing biosensors to dynamically detect metabolite concentrations for high-throughput screening and the construction of effective microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoru Zuo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huizhi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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Jiao H, Xu W, Hu Y, Tian R, Wang Z. Citric Acid in Rice Root Exudates Enhanced the Colonization and Plant Growth-Promoting Ability of Bacillus altitudinis LZP02. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0100222. [PMID: 36264248 PMCID: PMC9769925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01002-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploration of the underlying mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions is very important. In the present study, citric acid in the root exudates of rice significantly enhanced the colonization of Bacillus altitudinis LZP02 in the rhizosphere. According to the results of transcriptome and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR or analyses, citric acid increased the expression of several genes involved in bacterial chemotaxis and biofilm formation in B. altitudinis LZP02. In addition, citric acid also increased the expression of several genes associated with S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and metabolism. Interestingly, the secretion of citric acid by rice roots could be increased by inoculation with B. altitudinis LZP02. The result indicated that citric acid might be a vital signal in the interaction between rice and B. altitudinis LZP02. Further verification showed that citric acid enhanced the plant growth-promoting ability of B. altitudinis LZP02. IMPORTANCE In a previous study, the mechanism by which citric acid in rice root exudates enhanced the colonization of Bacillus altitudinis LZP02 was discovered. The present study verified that citric acid increased the recruitment and rice growth-promoting ability of B. altitudinis LZP02. These findings serve as an interesting case for explaining the underlying mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions. Henceforth, citric acid and B. altitudinis LZP02 could be exploited for the development of sustainable agronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Jiao
- School of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
| | - Weihui Xu
- School of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yunlong Hu
- School of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
| | - Renmao Tian
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhigang Wang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
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Xu W, Xu F, Song W, Dong L, Qian J, Huang M. Untargeted Metabolomics Combined with Metabolic Flux Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Sodium Citrate for High S-Adenosyl-Methionine Production by Pichia pastoris. Fermentation 2022; 8:681. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) is crucial for organisms to maintain some physiological functions. However, the inconsistency between high L-methionine feeding rate and yield during SAM production at an industrial scale and its metabolic mechanism have not been elucidated. Here, the cellular metabolic mechanism of feeding sodium citrate to the Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) G12’/AOX-acs2 strain to enhance SAM production was investigated using untargeted metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis. The results indicated that the addition of sodium citrate has a facilitative effect on SAM production. In addition, 25 metabolites, such as citrate, cis-aconitate, and L-glutamine, were significantly up-regulated, and 16 metabolites, such as glutathione, were significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, these significantly differential metabolites were mainly distributed in 13 metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In addition, the metabolic fluxes of the glycolysis pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, and glyoxylate pathway were increased by 20.45–29.32%, respectively, under the condition of feeding sodium citrate compared with the control. Finally, it was speculated that the upregulation of dihydroxyacetone level might increase the activity of alcohol oxidase AOX1 to promote methanol metabolism by combining metabolomics and fluxomics. Meanwhile, acetyl coenzyme A might enhance the activity of citrate synthase through allosteric activation to promote the flux of the TCA cycle and increase the level of intracellular oxidative phosphorylation, thus contributing to SAM production. These new insights into the L-methionine utilization for SAM biosynthesis by systematic biology in P. pastoris provides a novel vision for increasing its industrial production.
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Weng C, Mi Z, Li M, Qin H, Hu Z, Liu Z, Zheng Y, Wang Y. Improvement of S-adenosyl-L-methionine production in S accharomyces cerevisiae by atmospheric and room temperature plasma-ultraviolet compound mutagenesis and droplet microfluidic adaptive evolution. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:223. [PMID: 35975026 PMCID: PMC9375785 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (a compound with important physiological functions, SAM) production, atmospheric and room temperature plasma and ultraviolet-LiCl mutagenesis were carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ZY 1-5. The mutants were screened with ethionine, L-methionine, nystatin and cordycepin as screening agents. Adaptive evolution of a positive mutant UV6-69 was further performed by droplet microfluidics cultivation with ethionine as screening pressure. After adaptation, mutant T11-1 was obtained. Its SAM titer in shake flask fermentation reached 1.31 g/L, which was 191% higher than that of strain ZY 1-5. Under optimal conditions, the SAM titer and biomass of mutant T11-1 in 5 L bioreactor reached 10.72 g/L and 105.9 g dcw/L (142.86% and 34.22% higher than those of strain ZY 1-5), respectively. Comparative transcriptome analysis between strain ZY 1-5 and mutant T11-1 revealed the enhancements in TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis/glycolysis pathways as well as the inhibitions in serine and ergosterol synthesis of mutant T11-1. The elevated SAM synthesis of mutant T11-1 may attribute to the above changes. Taken together, this study is helpful for industrial production of SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Weng
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheyan Mi
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijing Li
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Qin
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongce Hu
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanshan Wang
- The National and LocalJoint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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Chen H, Chai X, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhou G, Wei P, Song Y, Ma L. The multiple effects of REG1 deletion and SNF1 overexpression improved the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:174. [PMID: 36030199 PMCID: PMC9419380 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae is often used as a cell factory for the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) for diverse pharmaceutical applications. However, SAM production by S. cerevisiae is negatively influenced by glucose repression, which is regulated by a serine/threonine kinase SNF1 complex. Here, a strategy of alleviating glucose repression by deleting REG1 (encodes the regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1) and overexpressing SNF1 (encodes the catalytic subunit of the SNF1 complex) was applied to improve SAM production in S. cerevisiae. SAM production, growth conditions, glucose consumption, ethanol accumulation, lifespan, glycolysis and amino acid metabolism were analyzed in the mutant strains. RESULTS The results showed that the multiple effects of REG1 deletion and/or SNF1 overexpression exhibited a great potential for improving the SAM production in yeast. Enhanced the expression levels of genes involved in glucose transport and glycolysis, which improved the glucose utilization and then elevated the levels of glycolytic intermediates. The expression levels of ACS1 (encoding acetyl-CoA synthase I) and ALD6 (encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase), and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2) were enhanced especially in the presence of excessive glucose levels, which probably promoted the conversion of ethanol in fermentation broth into acetyl-CoA. The gene expressions involved in sulfur-containing amino acids were also enhanced for the precursor amino acid biosynthesis. In addition, the lifespan of yeast was extended by REG1 deletion and/or SNF1 overexpression. As expected, the final SAM yield of the mutant YREG1ΔPSNF1 reached 8.28 g/L in a 10-L fermenter, which was 51.6% higher than the yield of the parent strain S. cerevisiae CGMCC 2842. CONCLUSION This study showed that the multiple effects of REG1 deletion and SNF1 overexpression improved SAM production in S. cerevisiae, providing new insight into the application of the SNF1 complex to abolish glucose repression and redirect carbon flux to nonethanol products in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghe Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 93 Ji Chuan Road, 225300, Taizhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingman Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Chen R, Gao J, Yu W, Chen X, Zhai X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhou YJ. Engineering cofactor supply and recycling to drive phenolic acid biosynthesis in yeast. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:520-9. [PMID: 35484257 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology enable microbial hosts to synthesize valuable natural products in an efficient, cost-competitive and safe manner. However, current engineering endeavors focus mainly on enzyme engineering and pathway optimization, leaving the role of cofactors in microbial production of natural products and cofactor engineering largely ignored. Here we systematically engineered the supply and recycling of three cofactors (FADH2, S-adenosyl-L-methion and NADPH) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for high-level production of the phenolic acids caffeic acid and ferulic acid, the precursors of many pharmaceutical molecules. Tailored engineering strategies were developed for rewiring biosynthesis, compartmentalization and recycling of the cofactors, which enabled the highest production of caffeic acid (5.5 ± 0.2 g l-1) and ferulic acid (3.8 ± 0.3 g l-1) in microbial cell factories. These results demonstrate that cofactors play an essential role in driving natural product biosynthesis and the engineering strategies described here can be easily adopted for regulating the metabolism of other cofactors.
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Abstract
Regardless of bacteria or eukaryotic microorganism hosts, improving their ability to express heterologous proteins is always a goal worthy of elaborate study. In addition to traditional methods including intracellular synthesis process regulation and extracellular environment optimization, some special or extreme conditions can also be employed to create an enhancing effect on heterologous protein production. In this review, we summarize some extreme environmental factors used for the improvement of heterologous protein expression, including low temperature, hypoxia, microgravity and high osmolality. The applications of these strategies are elaborated with examples of well-documented studies. We also demonstrated the confirmed or hypothetical mechanisms of environment stress affecting the host behaviors. In addition, multi-omics techniques driving the stress-responsive research for construction of efficient microbial cell factories are also prospected at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Chen H, Zhu N, Wang Y, Gao X, Song Y, Zheng J, Peng J, Zhang X. Increasing glycolysis by deletion of kcs1 and arg82 improved S-adenosyl-L-methionine production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AMB Express 2021; 11:20. [PMID: 33464427 PMCID: PMC7815874 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming glycolysis for directing glycolytic metabolites to a specific metabolic pathway is expected to be useful for increasing microbial production of certain metabolites, such as amino acids, lipids or considerable secondary metabolites. In this report, a strategy of increasing glycolysis by altering the metabolism of inositol pyrophosphates (IPs) for improving the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) for diverse pharmaceutical applications in yeast is presented. The genes associated with the metabolism of IPs, arg82, ipk1 and kcs1, were deleted, respectively, in the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae CGMCC 2842. It was observed that the deletions of kcs1 and arg82 increased SAM by 83.3 % and 31.8 %, respectively, compared to that of the control. In addition to the improved transcription levels of various glycolytic genes and activities of the relative enzymes, the levels of glycolytic intermediates and ATP were also enhanced. To further confirm the feasibility, the kcs1 was deleted in the high SAM-producing strain Ymls1ΔGAPmK which was deleted malate synthase gene mls1 and co-expressed the Acetyl-CoA synthase gene acs2 and the SAM synthase gene metK1 from Leishmania infantum, to obtain the recombinant strain Ymls1Δkcs1ΔGAPmK. The level of SAM in Ymls1Δkcs1ΔGAPmK reached 2.89 g L-1 in a 250-mL flask and 8.86 g L-1 in a 10-L fermentation tank, increasing 30.2 % and 46.2 %, respectively, compared to those levels in Ymls1ΔGAPmK. The strategy of increasing glycolysis by deletion of kcs1 and arg82 improved SAM production in yeast.
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Liu W, Tang D, Shi R, Lian J, Huang L, Cai J, Xu Z. Efficient production ofS‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine fromdl‐methionine in metabolic engineeredSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3312-3323. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyCollege of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Center for Synthetic Biology, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Center for Synthetic Biology, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Ren W, Cai D, Hu S, Xia S, Wang Z, Tan T, Zhang Q. S -Adenosyl- l -methionine production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAM 0801 using dl -methionine mixture: From laboratory to pilot scale. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) has important applications in many fields including chemical therapy and pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the recombinant Escherichia coli strain was constructed for effective production of SAM by introducing the SAM synthase gene (metK). This strain produced 34.5 mg/L of SAM in basic medium in shake flask. Yeast extract, pH, and loaded volume had a significant positive effect on the yield of SAM. Their optimal values were 35 g/L, 7.5, and 30 mL, respectively. The final conditions optimized were as follows: glucose 20, g/L; peptone, 40 g/L; yeast extract, 35 g/L; NaCl, 10 g/L; MgSO4, 1.2 g/L; L-methionine, 1 g/L; rotate speed, 220 rpm; loaded volume, 30 mL; inoculation, 1%; temperature, 37°C; and initial medium, pH 7.5. The recombinant strain produced 128.2 mg/L of SAM under the above conditions in shake flask. The production of SAM in a 5 L fermentor was also investigated. The maximal biomass of the recombinant strain was 60.4 g/L after the cells were cultured for 20 hr, and the highest yield of SAM was 300.9 mg/L after induction for 8 hr in a 5 L fermentor. This study provides a good foundation for the future production and use of SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhi Zhu
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Wang Z, Cai H, Zhou C. Progress in the microbial production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:153. [PMID: 27465853 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), which exists in all living organisms, serves as an activated group donor in a range of metabolic reactions, including trans-methylation, trans-sulfuration and trans-propylamine. Compared with its chemical synthesis and enzyme catalysis production, the microbial production of SAM is feasible for industrial applications. The current clinical demand for SAM is constantly increasing. Therefore, vast interest exists in engineering the SAM metabolism in cells for increasing product titers. Here, we provided an overview of updates on SAM microbial productivity improvements with an emphasis on various strategies that have been used to enhance SAM production based on increasing the precursor and co-factor availabilities in microbes. These strategies included the sections of SAM-producing microbes and their mutant screening, optimization of the fermentation process, and the metabolic engineering. The SAM-producing strains that were used extensively were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Candida utilis, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Escherichia coli, in addition to others. The optimization of the fermentation process mainly focused on the enhancement of the methionine, ATP, and other co-factor levels through pulsed feeding as well as the optimization of nitrogen and carbon sources. Various metabolic engineering strategies using precise control of gene expression in engineered strains were also highlighted in the present review. In addition, some prospects on SAM microbial production were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Chen H, Yang Y, Wang Z, Dou J, Wang H, Zhou C. Elevated intracellular acetyl-CoA availability by acs2 overexpression and mls1 deletion combined with metK1 introduction enhanced SAM accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen H, Wang Z, Wang Z, Dou J, Zhou C. Improving methionine and ATP availability by MET6 and SAM2 co-expression combined with sodium citrate feeding enhanced SAM accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:56. [PMID: 26925618 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), biosynthesized from methionine and ATP, exhibited diverse pharmaceutical applications. To enhance SAM accumulation in S. cerevisiae CGMCC 2842 (wild type), improvement of methionine and ATP availability through MET6 and SAM2 co-expression combined with sodium citrate feeding was investigated here. Feeding 6 g/L methionine at 12 h into medium was found to increase SAM accumulation by 38 % in wild type strain. Based on this result, MET6, encoding methionine synthase, was overexpressed, which caused a 59 % increase of SAM. To redirect intracellular methionine into SAM, MET6 and SAM2 (encoding methionine adenosyltransferase) were co-expressed to obtain the recombinant strain YGSPM in which the SAM accumulation was 2.34-fold of wild type strain. The data obtained showed that co-expression of MET6 and SAM2 improved intracellular methionine availability and redirected the methionine to SAM biosynthesis. To elevate intracellular ATP levels, 6 g/L sodium citrate, used as an auxiliary energy substrate, was fed into the batch fermentation medium, and an additional 19 % increase of SAM was observed after sodium citrate addition. Meanwhile, it was found that addition of sodium citrate improved the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity which was associated with the intracellular ATP levels. The results demonstrated that addition of sodium citrate improved intracellular ATP levels which promoted conversion of methionine into SAM. This study presented a feasible approach with considerable potential for developing highly SAM-productive strains based on improving methionine and ATP availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Dou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Han G, Hu X, Qin T, Li Y, Wang X. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 to produce S -adenosyl- l -methionine. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 83:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhao W, Shi F, Hang B, Huang L, Cai J, Xu Z. The Improvement of SAM Accumulation by Integrating the Endogenous Methionine Adenosyltransferase Gene SAM2 in Genome of the Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1263-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Han G, Hu X, Wang X. Overexpression of methionine adenosyltransferase inCorynebacterium glutamicumfor production ofS-adenosyl-l-methionine. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:679-689. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
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Crabbé A, Nielsen-Preiss SM, Woolley CM, Barrila J, Buchanan K, McCracken J, Inglis DO, Searles SC, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Pierson DL, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Hyman LE, Nickerson CA. Spaceflight enhances cell aggregation and random budding in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80677. [PMID: 24324620 PMCID: PMC3851762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the first global transcriptional profiling and phenotypic characterization of the major human opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, grown in spaceflight conditions. Microarray analysis revealed that C. albicans subjected to short-term spaceflight culture differentially regulated 452 genes compared to synchronous ground controls, which represented 8.3% of the analyzed ORFs. Spaceflight-cultured C. albicans–induced genes involved in cell aggregation (similar to flocculation), which was validated by microscopic and flow cytometry analysis. We also observed enhanced random budding of spaceflight-cultured cells as opposed to bipolar budding patterns for ground samples, in accordance with the gene expression data. Furthermore, genes involved in antifungal agent and stress resistance were differentially regulated in spaceflight, including induction of ABC transporters and members of the major facilitator family, downregulation of ergosterol-encoding genes, and upregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress resistance. Finally, downregulation of genes involved in actin cytoskeleton was observed. Interestingly, the transcriptional regulator Cap1 and over 30% of the Cap1 regulon was differentially expressed in spaceflight-cultured C. albicans. A potential role for Cap1 in the spaceflight response of C. albicans is suggested, as this regulator is involved in random budding, cell aggregation, and oxidative stress resistance; all related to observed spaceflight-associated changes of C. albicans. While culture of C. albicans in microgravity potentiates a global change in gene expression that could induce a virulence-related phenotype, no increased virulence in a murine intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection model was observed under the conditions of this study. Collectively, our data represent an important basis for the assessment of the risk that commensal flora could play during human spaceflight missions. Furthermore, since the low fluid-shear environment of microgravity is relevant to physical forces encountered by pathogens during the infection process, insights gained from this study could identify novel infectious disease mechanisms, with downstream benefits for the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Crabbé
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sheila M. Nielsen-Preiss
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montanta, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Woolley
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montanta, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Barrila
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kent Buchanan
- Department of Biology, Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James McCracken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Diane O. Inglis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Searles
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montanta, United States of America
| | | | - C. Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James W. Wilson
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Duane L. Pierson
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Linda E. Hyman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montanta, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Nickerson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Umeyama T, Okada S, Ito T. Synthetic gene circuit-mediated monitoring of endogenous metabolites: identification of GAL11 as a novel multicopy enhancer of s-adenosylmethionine level in yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2013; 2:425-30. [PMID: 23654281 DOI: 10.1021/sb300115n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring levels of key metabolites in living cells comprises a critical step in various investigations. The simplest approach to this goal is a fluorescent reporter gene using an endogenous promoter responsive to the metabolite. However, such a promoter is often not identified or even present in the species of interest. An alternative can be a synthetic gene circuit based on a heterologous pair consisting of a promoter and a transcription factor known to respond to the metabolite. We exploited the met operator and MetJ repressor of Escherichia coli, the interaction between which depends on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), to construct synthetic gene circuits that report SAM levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a dual-input circuit that outputs selection marker genes in a doxycycline-tunable manner, we screened a genomic library to identify GAL11 as a novel multicopy enhancer of SAM levels. These results demonstrate the potential and utility of synthetic gene circuit-mediated metabolite monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Umeyama
- Department
of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science,
and ‡Department of Computational
Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department
of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science,
and ‡Department of Computational
Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department
of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science,
and ‡Department of Computational
Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
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Chu J, Qian J, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Li Y. Progress in the research of S-adenosyl-l-methionine production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:41-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is an important bioactive sulfur-containing amino acid. Large scale preparation of the amino acid is of great significance. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine can be synthesized from L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate in a reaction catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase. In order to enhance S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis by industrial microbial strains, various strategies have been employed to optimize the process. Genetic manipulation has largely focused on enhancement of expression and activity of methionine adenosyltransferase. This has included its overexpression in Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, molecular evolution, and fine-tuning of expression by promoter engineering. Furthermore, knocking in of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin and knocking out of cystathionine-β-synthase have also been effective strategies. Besides genetic modification, novel bioprocess strategies have also been conducted to improve S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthesis and inhibit its conversion. This has involved the optimization of feeding modes of methanol, glycerol and L-methionine substrates. Taken together considerable improvements have been achieved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine accumulation at both flask and fermenter scales. This review provides a contemporary account of these developments and identifies potential methods for further improvements in the efficiency of S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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