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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW : Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH), defined by concurrently elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, has long been investigated to characterize its genetic basis. Despite almost half a century of searching, a single gene cause for the phenotype has not yet been identified. RECENT FINDINGS : Recent studies using next-generation genetic analytic methods confirm that FCH has a polygenic basis, with a clear large contribution from the accumulation of small-to-moderate effect common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the genome that is associated with raising TG, and probably also those raising LDL cholesterol. On the other hand, rare monogenic variants, such as those causing familial hypercholesterolemia, play a negligible role, if any. Genetic profiling suggests that patients with FCH and hypertriglyceridemia share a strong polygenic basis and show a similar profile of multiple TG-raising common SNPs. SUMMARY : Recent progress in genomics has shown that most if not all of the genetic susceptibility to FCH is polygenic in nature. Future research should include larger cohort studies, with wider ancestral diversity, ancestry-specific polygenic scores, and investigation of epigenetic and lifestyle factors to help further elucidate the causative agents at play in cases where the genetic etiology remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Vattimo ACA, Fonseca FAH, Morais DC, Generoso LF, Herrera R, Barbosa CM, de Oliveira Izar MC, Cardoso RA, Zung S. Efficacy and Tolerability of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe Compared with a Fixed-Dose Combination of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Brazilian Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia or Mixed Dyslipidemia: A Multicenter, Randomized Trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2020; 93:100595. [PMID: 32904162 PMCID: PMC7451794 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy has been reported to result in increased efficacy for reduction of LDL-C levels and achievement of lipid targets, compared with monotherapy. Objective: This study was designed to demonstrate the noninferiority of therapy with fixed-dose rosuvastatin plus ezetimibe formulations versus fixed dose simvastatin and ezetimibe formulations for reduction of LDL-C levels in Brazilian patients with hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. Methods: Phase III, multicenter, randomized, parallel, open-label, noninferiority study that included male and female participants (aged 21–80 years) with hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. After a 1-week screening period with washout of lipid-lowering medications when needed, patients were treated with simvastatin 20 mg/d for 5 weeks. Participants with LDL-C levels ≥100 mg/dL after the initial treatment were submitted to a 1-week washout period, and then randomized 1:1 to receive either combined rosuvastatin 10 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg (R/E) or simvastatin 20 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg (S/E) for 4 weeks and, if they still did not achieve the stipulated target, doses were readjusted to rosuvastatin 20 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg or simvastatin 40 mg + ezetimibe 10 mg, respectively, for 4 weeks. Results: One hundred twenty-nine participants were enrolled, including 66 in R/E and 63 in S/E. At the end of simvastatin 20 mg treatment period, mean LDL-C values were 124.79 mg/dL and 121.27 mg/dL for participants randomized to R/E and S/E arms, respectively. After 4 weeks of R/E 10 mg + 10 mg or S/E 20 mg + 10 mg combined treatments, adjusted mean LDL-C values were 74.21 mg/dL and 85.58 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.0005), and after 9 weeks, with dose adjustment to R/E 20 mg + 10 mg in 6 patients and to S/E 40 mg +10 mg in 19 patients, LDL-C adjusted mean values were 75.29 mg/dL and 86.62 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.0006). There was a statistically significant difference between the association R/E and S/E (P = 0.0013) in percentage change of LDL-C after 9 weeks of combined treatments. The adjusted mean difference was estimated at –10.32% (95% CI, –16.94% to –3.70%). The LDL-C <100 mg/dL target was achieved in a significantly greater proportion of participants at week 4 in the R/E compared with the S/E arm (84.8% vs 68.2%; P = .0257), and at week 9, the proportion was 81.2% versus 73.0%, respectively (P = 0.23). LDLC <70 mg/dL was achieved at a significantly greater proportion in the R/E arm, both at week 4 (45.4% vs 15.9%; P = 0.003) and week 9 (40.9% vs 15.9%; P = 0.0017). A statistically significant difference at week 9 (P = 0.0106) was observed in fasting blood glucose in the R/E arm, but the overall incidence of adverse events was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: Rosuvastatin and ezetimibe fixed dose combination in both 10 mg/10 mg and 20 mg/10 mg doses, respectively, provided significantly lower levels of LDL-C compared with simvastatin and ezetimibe in doses of 20 mg/10 mg and 40 mg/10 mg, respectively. The fixed-dose combinations were both effective and well tolerated in this Brazilian study population. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01420549. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX–XXX)
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Amedeo Vattimo
- Departamento Médico Científico, Núcleo de Inovação, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Douglas Costa Morais
- Departamento Médico Científico, Núcleo de Inovação, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Larissa Fontes Generoso
- Departamento Médico Científico, Núcleo de Inovação, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Herrera
- Departamento Médico Científico, Núcleo de Inovação, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Moraes Barbosa
- Departamento Médico Científico, Núcleo de Inovação, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Stevin Zung
- Departamento Médico Científico, Núcleo de Inovação, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil
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Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P. Coenzyme q10 liquid supplementation in dyslipidemic subjects with statin-related clinical symptoms: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3647-3655. [PMID: 31695332 PMCID: PMC6814351 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s223153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Statin-associated myalgia occurs in about 1–3% of patients in the medical literature. Plasma CoQ10 levels are reduced in patients undergoing statin. Objective The primary outcome was the detection of clinical symptoms and the perception of pain evaluated throughout specific questionnaires. The secondary outcome was the variation in lipid profile and the variation in safety parameters. Methods We enrolled 60 Caucasian patients, intolerant to statins. During the run-in period, patients underwent a 1-month wash-out period during which statins were stopped. At the end of the wash-out period, if CPK and/or transaminases returned within an acceptable range, statins were re-introduced at half of the previously taken dose. After one month, patients were randomized to take either a liquid CoQ10 supplement or a placebo for three months at 100 mg/day. Results The Clinical Index Score for myalgia assessment was lower after 3 months with CoQ10, while it did not change with the placebo. The VAS score was lower after 3 months of CoQ10 supplementation, while no variation was recorded with the placebo. In the group treated with the dietary supplement, CoQ10 plasma concentrations were inversely correlated with CPK levels, Clinical Index Score absolute values, and VAS. Conclusion The addition of CoQ10 with half dosage statin in patients with previous intolerance to statins improves the perception of clinical symptoms such as asthenia, myalgia or pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Derosa
- Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center for Prevention, Surveillance, Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela D'Angelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dyslipidaemias are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); in particular, high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have been associated to a higher cardiovascular risk. Reducing LDL-C levels decreases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and the greater the LDL-C reduction, the greater the decrease in cardiovascular risk. Although statins represent the first line lipid-lowering therapy, many patients do not reach the recommended goals or exhibit adverse side effects leading to therapy discontinuation; in addition, a significant percentage of statin-treated patients continue to experience cardiovascular events even in the presence of well controlled LDL-C levels, because of alterations in other lipid/lipoprotein classes, including triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. RECENT FINDINGS These conditions require further therapeutic interventions to achieve the recommended lipid goals. Several drugs have been developed to address these needs. Recent studies have shown that the association of ezetimibe with rosuvastatin or atorvastatin results in a better hypolipidaemic effect; in addition to this, PCSK9 inhibitors significantly reduce LDL-C levels and cardiovascular events. SUMMARY For patients who are intolerant to statins or not able to reach the recommended LDL-C levels, despite maximal tolerated dose of statin, or exhibiting additional lipid alterations, several drugs are available that can be used either in monotherapy or on top of the maximally tolerated dose of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- aCenter for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo bIRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni cDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy dSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia
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Bove M, Fogacci F, Cicero AFG. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of ezetimibe + simvastatin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:1099-1104. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1381085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Bove
- Internal and Surgical Medicine Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Internal and Surgical Medicine Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Internal and Surgical Medicine Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Despite the efficacy of statins in reducing cardiovascular events in both primary and secondary prevention, the adherence to statin therapy is not optimal, mainly due to the occurrence of muscular adverse effects. Several risk factors may concur to the development of statin-induced myotoxicity, including patient-related factors (age, sex, and race), statin properties (dose, lipophilicity, and type of metabolism), and the concomitant administration of other drugs. Thus, the management of patients intolerant to statins, particularly those at high or very high cardiovascular risk, involves alternative therapies, including the switch to another statin or the use of intermittent dosage statin regimens, as well as nonstatin lipid lowering drugs (ezetimibe and fibrates) or new hypolipidemic drugs such as PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, the antisense oligonucleotide against the coding region of human apolipoprotein B mRNA (mipomersen), and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor lomitapide. Ongoing clinical trials will reveal whether the lipid-lowering effects of alternative therapies to statins can also translate into a cardiovascular benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Via M. Gorki 50, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy,
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Ezetimibe and simvastatin modulate gut microbiota and expression of genes related to cholesterol metabolism. Life Sci 2015; 132:77-84. [PMID: 25916803 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypolipidemic drugs are prescribed in the most of cases for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have showed that the gut microbiota is able to regulate the host cholesterol metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of hypolipidemic drugs on the gut microbiota in mice, and to correlate it to the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. MAIN METHODS Male C57Bl/6J mice were divided into four groups fed either a control diet alone (CT), or supplemented with simvastatin (0.1% w/w, Zocor®, MSD), or ezetimibe (0.021% w/w, Ezetrol®, MSD) or a combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe (0.1% and 0.021%, respectively) for one week. KEY FINDINGS The combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin is required to observe a drop in cholesterolemia, linked to a huge activation of hepatic SREBP-2 and the consequent increased expression of genes involved in LDL cholesterol uptake and cholesterol synthesis. The gut microbiota analysis revealed no change in total bacteria, and in major Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, but a selective significant increase in Lactobacillus spp. in mice treated with the ezetimibe and a decrease by the combination. The changes in lactobacilli level observed in ezetimibe or combination treated-mice are negatively correlated to expression of genes related to cholesterol metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE The present study showed that ezetimibe taken alone is able to modify the composition of gut microbiota in favor of Lactobacillus spp. These results suggest that members of the genus Lactobacillus play an important role in cholesterol metabolism, even in normocholesterolemic mouse model.
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Ijioma N, Robinson JG. Lipid-lowering effects of ezetimibe and simvastatin in combination. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 9:131-45. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sumarokov AB, Kukharchuk VV. [Hypolipidemic and pleiotropic effects of a combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe in patients with different types of hyperlipidemia]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2014; 86:107-15. [PMID: 25804051 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20148612107-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review considers trials dealing with the efficiency of combination hypolipidemic therapy with simvastatin and ezetimibe. Its synergistic potentiating effect can cause a considerable decrease in the level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein, which are important participants in the atherogenic process. This effect promotes the achievement of hypolipidemic therapeutic goals in many cases when this cannot be attained by high-dose statin monotherapy. The authors consider the results of trials of combination hypolipidemic therapy with simvastatin and ezetimibe performed as basic ones done in both previous and recent years.
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Catapano A, Toth PP, Tomassini JE, Tershakovec AM. The efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with statin therapy in various patient groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kishimoto M, Sugiyama T, Osame K, Takarabe D, Okamoto M, Noda M. Efficacy of ezetimibe as monotherapy or combination therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients with and without diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2011; 58:86-94. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.58.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kishimoto
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Takehiro Sugiyama
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Keiichiro Osame
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Daisuke Takarabe
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Masahide Okamoto
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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Abstract
Ezetimibe, an inhibitor of cholesterol intestinal absorption, is a lipid lowering agent with potential pleiotropic actions. Ezetimibe in combination with a statin is effective in decreasing low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), lowering triglyceride and raising high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Ezetimibe plus statin achieve LDL-C targets in a greater proportion of patients than statin monotherapy. Ezetimibe also seems to improve renal function, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers. These actions are useful in patients with diabetes. Ezetimibe is a well-tolerated and effective (in terms of achieving LDL-C targets) option inpatients with hyperlipidemia with or without diabetes. This editorial will discuss several properties of ezetimibe, with special reference to diabetes.
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Toth PP, Catapano A, Tomassini JE, Tershakovec AM. Update on the efficacy and safety of combination ezetimibe plus statin therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Okada K, Yagyu H, Kotani K, Miyamoto M, Osuga JI, Nagasaka S, Ishibashi S. Lipid-lowering effects of ezetimibe for hypercholesterolemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr J 2010; 57:903-8. [PMID: 20733267 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there are very few clinical reports that have compared the effects of ezetimibe on lipid parameters between hypercholesterolemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, we recruited patients for hypercholesterolemic groups with T2DM (n = 42; men/women = 24/18; HbA1c = 6.7 ± 5.4%) and without T2DM (n = 21; men/women = 7/14; HbA1c = 5.3 ± 0.4%). Patients were prescribed ezetimibe at a dose of 10 mg/daily for the course of the 12-week study. At baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment, several lipid parameters, including serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and cholesterol synthesis/absorption-related markers, were measured. Compared with those at the baseline, the levels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, campesterol, and sitosterol were significantly reduced after 12 weeks of ezetimibe treatment in both groups. After adjusting for confounding factors, such as age, gender, smoking, and BMI, the levels of LDL-C and non-HDL-C displayed significantly greater reductions in the patients with T2DM (-25.1 ± 13.6% in LDL-C, -20.5 ± 11.2% in non-HDL-C) than those without T2DM (-20.5 ± 7.8% in LDL-C, P < 0.05; -17.4 ± 7.6% in non-HDL-C, P < 0.05). The reduction of the level of cholestanol was significantly and positively correlated with those of LDL-C and non-HDL-C in the patients with T2DM. Taken together, these findings indicate that ezetimibe could reduce the levels of atherogenic lipoproteins to a greater extent in hypercholesterolemic patients with T2DM than in those without T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Okada
- Utsunomiya Social Insurance Hospital, Tochigi, Japan.
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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