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Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Nauwynck HJ, Dantas-Lima JJ. Experimental Infection Models and Their Usefulness for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Research in Shrimp. Viruses 2024; 16:813. [PMID: 38793694 PMCID: PMC11125927 DOI: 10.3390/v16050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is marked as one of the most economically devastating pathogens in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Infection of cultured shrimp can lead to mass mortality (up to 100%). Although progress has been made, our understanding of WSSV's infection process and the virus-host-environment interaction is far from complete. This in turn hinders the development of effective mitigation strategies against WSSV. Infection models occupy a crucial first step in the research flow that tries to elucidate the infectious disease process to develop new antiviral treatments. Moreover, since the establishment of continuous shrimp cell lines is a work in progress, the development and use of standardized in vivo infection models that reflect the host-pathogen interaction in shrimp is a necessity. This review critically examines key aspects of in vivo WSSV infection model development that are often overlooked, such as standardization, (post)larval quality, inoculum type and choice of inoculation procedure, housing conditions, and shrimp welfare considerations. Furthermore, the usefulness of experimental infection models for different lines of WSSV research will be discussed with the aim to aid researchers when choosing a suitable model for their research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Cox
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathias Corteel
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout D, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Smith CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Arzul I, Dharmaveer S, Olesen NJ, Schiøtt M, Sindre H, Stone D, Vendramin N, Alemu S, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Barizzone F, Dhollander S, Gnocchi M, Karagianni AE, Kero LL, Munoz Guajardo IP, Roberts H. Species which may act as vectors or reservoirs of diseases covered by the Animal Health Law: Listed pathogens of crustaceans. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08172. [PMID: 37533749 PMCID: PMC10392595 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector or reservoir species of three diseases of crustaceans listed in the Animal Health Law were identified based on evidence generated through an extensive literature review, to support a possible updating of Regulation (EU) 2018/1882. Crustacean species on or in which Taura syndrome virus (TSV), Yellow head virus (YHV) or White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were identified, in the field or during experiments, were classified as reservoir species with different levels of certainty depending on the diagnostic tests used. Where experimental evidence indicated transmission of the pathogen from a studied species to another known susceptible species, the studied species was classified as vector species. Although the quantification of the risk of spread of the pathogens by the vectors or reservoir species was not part of the terms of reference, such risks do exist for the vector species, since transmission from infected vector species to susceptible species was proven. Where evidence for transmission from infected crustaceans was not found, these were defined as reservoirs. Nonetheless, the risk of the spread of the pathogens from infected reservoir species cannot be excluded. Evidence identifying conditions that may prevent transmission by vectors during transport was collected from scientific literature. It was concluded that it is very likely to almost certain (90-100%) that WSSV, TSV and YHV will remain infective at any possible transport condition. Therefore, vector or reservoir species that may have been exposed to these pathogens in an affected area in the wild or aquaculture establishments or by water supply can possibly transmit WSSV, TSV and YHV.
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Keawthong C, Bunnoy A, Chuchird N, Srisapoome P. Immune responses and histopathological analyses of giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, De Man 1879) challenged with a sub-lethal dose of decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) and chemical control investigation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108792. [PMID: 37141959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a lethal virus that has a significant influence on the shrimp and prawn culture industries. The mechanism through which infected prawns respond to the DIV1 virus is currently unknown. Here, we examined in detail the clinical signs, histopathology, and humoral, cellular, and immune-related gene responses after a sub-lethal dose of DIV1 during the acute infection period of 0-120 hours post infection (hpi). Interestingly, at the end of the experiment, DIV1-infected prawns had black lesions on several external regions. The DIV1-infected prawns also exhibited few karyopyknotic nuclei in the gills and intestine tissues and exhibited increasing immunological responses, as revealed by significant increases in all examined parameters, including total hemocytes, phagocytosis, lysozyme, and overall bactericidal activity, from 6 to 48 hpi. In addition, between 72 and 120 hpi, all immune response activities of DIV1-infected prawn were impaired compared with those of normal prawns, indicating negative impacts on immunological parameters. A viral load analysis of various tissues by qPCR indicated that hemocytes were the dominant initial viral target tissues, followed by the gills and hepatopancreas. An expression analysis of crucial immune-related genes by qRT‒PCR revealed various expression patterns in response to DIV1 infection; in particular, fold changes in the relative expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs), prophenoloxidase (proPO), lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) were observed. Additionally, five common chemicals, calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] at 16.25-130 ppm, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 8.75-70 ppm, povidone iodine (PVP-I) at 3-24 ppm, benzalkonium chloride (BKC) at 20-160 ppm, and formalin at 25-200 ppm, had a significant effect on the killing of DIV1 particles in vitro within 24 h after exposure. These data will be helpful for determining the health status and immune defense mechanisms of giant river prawns during DIV1 infection periods. The study performed the first application of very common disinfectants, and the obtained information will be useful for implementing effective strategies to prevent and control DIV1 infection in both hatchery and grow-out ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalinda Keawthong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Anurak Bunnoy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Niti Chuchird
- Aquaculture Business Research Center, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ding Z. Current Disease Threats for Cultivated Crab Eriocheir sinensis in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3305963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is a commercially important crustacean in China due to its great commercial value and compatibility in a variety of aquaculture systems. However, increases in its production have been accompanied by the emergence of various diseases affecting yield, profit, and trading potential. In this study, we review the pathogenic agents associated with E. sinensis since the start of its commercial culture. The history of crab cultivation implies that increased pathogen transfer can occur as E. sinensis aquaculture grows because polyculture of E. sinensis with other aquaculture species is a prevalent practice. With this in mind, a special focus of this review is placed on pathogens that were initially discovered in other crustacean species but have since been demonstrated to infect and cause disease in E. sinensis. We expect that this review will not only offer recommendations for disease management in the E. sinensis aquaculture sector but will also advance other crustacean cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Ding
- Institute of Aquatic Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biofunctional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, 77 West Beijing Road, Nanjing 210013, China
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Mondal H, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A, Thomas J. Viral infections in cultured fish and shrimps: current status and treatment methods. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL 2022; 30:227-262. [DOI: 10.1007/s10499-021-00795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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Lee PT, Huang J, Huang CY, Liu ZX, Yeh HY, Huang HT, Chen LL, Nan FH, Lee MC. Phycoerythrin from Colaconema sp. Has Immunostimulatory Effects on the Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Increases Resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and White Spot Syndrome Virus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082371. [PMID: 34438826 PMCID: PMC8388644 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we found that phycoerythrin from Colaconema sp. can differentially stimulate the immune response of whiteleg shrimp in vitro and in vivo and could potentially be used as an immunomodulator in shrimp culture. Abstract We investigated whether phycoerythrin (PE), a pigment sourced from marine algae, could act as an immunomodulatory agent in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). To this end, PE was extracted and purified from a PE-rich macroalgae, Colaconema sp. Our in vitro analysis demonstrated that PE enhanced prophenoloxidase and phagocytosis activity but inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species in hemocytes. Additionally, the PE signal could be detected using an in vivo imaging system after its injection into the ventral sinus of the cephalothorax of whiteleg shrimp. The expression profiles of fourteen immune-related genes were monitored in hemocytes from whiteleg shrimp injected with 0.30 μg of PE per gram of body weight, and crustin, lysozyme, penaiedin 4, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor showed up-regulated post-stimulation. The induction of immune genes and enhancement of innate immune parameters by PE may explain the higher survival rates for shrimp that received different doses of PE prior to being challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus or white spot syndrome virus compared to controls. Combined, these results show that PE from Colaconema sp. can differentially stimulate the immune response of whiteleg shrimp in vitro and in vivo and could potentially be used as an immunomodulator in shrimp culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Chin-Yi Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Zi-Xuan Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Han-Yang Yeh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Huai-Ting Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan; (P.-T.L.); (J.H.); (C.-Y.H.); (Z.-X.L.); (H.-Y.Y.); (H.-T.H.); (F.-H.N.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-22462-2192 (ext. 5239) or +886-978-586-589; Fax: +886-22463-5441
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Afsharnasab M, Kakoolaki S, Mohammadidost M. Immunity enhancement with administration of Gracilaria corticata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to gamma irradiation in expose to WSSV in shrimp, in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei: A comparative study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:21-33. [PMID: 27377028 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the efficacy of Gracilaria corticata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and gamma irradiation WSSV as immunostimulants to white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven hundred and twenty healthy shrimp SPF L. vannamei subadult with average weight of 10 ± 1.02 g were collected and divided into 8 groups. The first group (T1) was fed with commercial pellet, the second group (T2) fed with S. cerevisiae (2 g/kg), the third group (T3) fed with G. corticata powder mixed with shrimp feed (2 g/kg) and, finally, the fourth group (T4) was fed with commercial pellet and injected intramuscularly gamma irradiant WSSV (1 μl/gbw) for 10 days. The shrimps were then injected with WSSV and maintained for 25 days. The positive control group for each treatment was maintained in the same manner but without injection with WSSV. Moreover, survival rate and immune parameters such as total hemocyte count (THC), total protein plasma (TPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and phenoloxidase activity (PO) were determined. Results indicated that the survival rates for groups T4, T3 T2 and T1 were 57.05 ± 3.52%, 22.5 ± 0.5%, 15 ± 1.05% and 00.0 ± 0%, respectively. Ultimately, at the end of the study the shrimp group T4 showed higher hematological data: THC, TPP, SOD, POD and PO. The study concluded that gamma irradiant WSSV is effective immunostimulants in shrimp L. vannamei and the immunity has better performances than those of the G. corticata and S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afsharnasab
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Org.(AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Tehran-Karaj High Way, Sarve Azad Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Shapour Kakoolaki
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Org.(AREEO), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Tehran-Karaj High Way, Sarve Azad Ave., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Mohammadidost
- Department of Health, Aquatic Animal Health and Disease, South Iranian Aquaculture Center, Ahvaz, Iran
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Esquer-Miranda E, Nieves-Soto M, Rivas-Vega ME, Miranda-Baeza A, Piña-Valdez P. Effects of methanolic macroalgae extracts from Caulerpa sertularioides and Ulva lactuca on Litopenaeus vannamei survival in the presence of Vibrio bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:346-350. [PMID: 26915309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae are potentially excellent sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that are useful for the development of new functional ingredients. This study was conducted to determine whether methanolic extracts from Caulerpa sertularioides and Ulva lactuca macroalgae might be possible alternatives for the prevention of shrimp vibriosis, which is caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus. Macroalgae extracts prepared with methanol as the solvent were evaluated for antibacterial activity with the microplate method. The extracts' effects on the mortality of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated at doses of 150 and 300 mg L(-1). Two independent assays for V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus were performed. The methanolic extract of C. sertularioides exhibited activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, and it had minimal inhibitory concentrations of <1000 and < 1500 μg mL(-1), respectively. L. vannamei mortality in the presence of both The methanolic extract of C. sertularioides exhibited activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, and it had minimal inhibitory concentrations of <1000 and <1500 μg mL(-1), respectively. and V. alginolyticus bacteria significantly decreased after treatment with 300 mg L(-1) C. sertularioides methanolic extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martha Elisa Rivas-Vega
- Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Carretera a Huatabampo, km 5, Navojoa, Sonora, 85800, Mexico.
| | - Anselmo Miranda-Baeza
- Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Carretera a Huatabampo, km 5, Navojoa, Sonora, 85800, Mexico
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9
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Verbruggen B, Bickley LK, van Aerle R, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Santos EM, Tyler CR. Molecular Mechanisms of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection and Perspectives on Treatments. Viruses 2016; 8:E23. [PMID: 26797629 PMCID: PMC4728583 DOI: 10.3390/v8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the 1990s, White Spot Disease (WSD) has had major economic and societal impact in the crustacean aquaculture sector. Over the years shrimp farming alone has experienced billion dollar losses through WSD. The disease is caused by the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a large dsDNA virus and the only member of the Nimaviridae family. Susceptibility to WSSV in a wide range of crustacean hosts makes it a major risk factor in the translocation of live animals and in commodity products. Currently there are no effective treatments for this disease. Understanding the molecular basis of disease processes has contributed significantly to the treatment of many human and animal pathogens, and with a similar aim considerable efforts have been directed towards understanding host-pathogen molecular interactions for WSD. Work on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in aquatic crustaceans has been restricted by a lack of sequenced and annotated genomes for host species. Nevertheless, some of the key host-pathogen interactions have been established: between viral envelope proteins and host cell receptors at initiation of infection, involvement of various immune system pathways in response to WSSV, and the roles of various host and virus miRNAs in mitigation or progression of disease. Despite these advances, many fundamental knowledge gaps remain; for example, the roles of the majority of WSSV proteins are still unknown. In this review we assess current knowledge of how WSSV infects and replicates in its host, and critique strategies for WSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Verbruggen
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Lisa K Bickley
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4, UK.
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Ding Z, Yao Y, Zhang F, Wan J, Sun M, Liu H, Zhou G, Tang J, Pan J, Xue H, Zhao Z. The first detection of white spot syndrome virus in naturally infected cultured Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis in China. J Virol Methods 2015; 220:49-54. [PMID: 25907468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic with a high mortality rate (80-100%) recently occurred in the cultured Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, which is a very important economic crustacean species in China. Using negative stain, histopathology and nested PCR supplemented by sequencing we identified white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in these crabs. Challenge experiments revealed that the disease was caused by WSSV and confirmed the crab's susceptibility to this virus, which was consistent with previous laboratory-based studies. A cumulative mortality of 100% was observed within 10 days post WSSV injection. This is the first report of WSSV-associated disease outbreaks in the Chinese mitten crab, which is normally reported as an important penaeid-shrimp viral pathogen. Furthermore, this is only the second report to describe a significant pathogen in pond-cultured E. sinensis. These results will enhance the early diagnosis of WSSV in the crab farms and help in monitoring efforts directed at determining the prevalence of the virus in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- Aquaculture Promotion Center of Xinghua City, 68 Changan Road, Xinghua 225700, China
| | - Jinjuan Wan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Mengling Sun
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Jianqing Tang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Jianlin Pan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
| | - Hui Xue
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, 8 Fenghuang East Street, Taizhou 225300, China.
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11
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Syed Musthaq SK, Kwang J. Reprint of "evolution of specific immunity in shrimp - a vaccination perspective against white spot syndrome virus". DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:342-353. [PMID: 25083808 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates lack true adaptive immunity and it solely depends on the primitive immunity called innate immunity. However, various innate immune molecules and mechanisms are identified in shrimp that plays potential role against invading bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Perceiving the shrimp innate immune mechanisms will contribute in developing effective vaccine strategies against major shrimp pathogens. Hence this review intends to explore the innate immune molecules of shrimp with suitable experimental evidences together with the evolution of "specific immune priming" of invertebrates. In addition, we have emphasized on the development of an effective vaccine strategy against major shrimp pathogen, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The baculovirus displayed rVP28 (Bac-VP28), a major envelope protein of WSSV was utilized to study its vaccine efficacy by oral route. A significant advantage of this baculovirus expression cassette is the use of WSSV-immediate early 1 (ie1) promoter that derived the abundant expression of rVP28 protein at the early stage of the infection in insect cell. The orally vaccinated shrimp with Bac-VP28 transduced successfully in the shrimp cells as well as provided highest survival rate. In support to our vaccine efficacy we analysed Pattern Recognition Proteins (PRPs) β-1,3 glucan lipopolysaccharides (LGBP) and STAT gene profiles in the experimental shrimp. Indeed, the vaccination of shrimp with Bac-VP28 demonstrated some degree of specificity with enhanced survival rate when compared to control vaccination with Bac-wt. Hence it is presumed that the concept of "specific immune priming" in relevant to shrimp immunity is possible but may not be common to all shrimp pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Khader Syed Musthaq
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Syed Musthaq SK, Kwang J. Evolution of specific immunity in shrimp - a vaccination perspective against white spot syndrome virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:279-290. [PMID: 24780624 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates lack true adaptive immunity and it solely depends on the primitive immunity called innate immunity. However, various innate immune molecules and mechanisms are identified in shrimp that plays potential role against invading bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Perceiving the shrimp innate immune mechanisms will contribute in developing effective vaccine strategies against major shrimp pathogens. Hence this review intends to explore the innate immune molecules of shrimp with suitable experimental evidences together with the evolution of "specific immune priming" of invertebrates. In addition, we have emphasized on the development of an effective vaccine strategy against major shrimp pathogen, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The baculovirus displayed rVP28 (Bac-VP28), a major envelope protein of WSSV was utilized to study its vaccine efficacy by oral route. A significant advantage of this baculovirus expression cassette is the use of WSSV-immediate early 1 (ie1) promoter that derived the abundant expression of rVP28 protein at the early stage of the infection in insect cell. The orally vaccinated shrimp with Bac-VP28 transduced successfully in the shrimp cells as well as provided highest survival rate. In support to our vaccine efficacy we analysed Pattern Recognition Proteins (PRPs) β-1,3 glucan lipopolysaccharides (LGBP) and STAT gene profiles in the experimental shrimp. Indeed, the vaccination of shrimp with Bac-VP28 demonstrated some degree of specificity with enhanced survival rate when compared to control vaccination with Bac-wt. Hence it is presumed that the concept of "specific immune priming" in relevant to shrimp immunity is possible but may not be common to all shrimp pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Khader Syed Musthaq
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Chakraborty S, Ghosh U, Balasubramanian T, Das P. Screening, isolation and optimization of anti-white spot syndrome virus drug derived from marine plants. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S107-17. [PMID: 25183065 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen, isolate and optimize anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) drug derived from various marine floral ecosystems and to evaluate the efficacy of the same in host-pathogen interaction model. METHODS Thirty species of marine plants were subjected to Soxhlet extraction using water, ethanol, methanol and hexane as solvents. The 120 plant isolates thus obtained were screened for their in vivo anti-WSSV property in Litopenaeus vannamei. By means of chemical processes, the purified anti-WSSV plant isolate, MP07X was derived. The drug was optimized at various concentrations. Viral and immune genes were analysed using reverse transcriptase PCR to confirm the potency of the drug. RESULTS Nine plant isolates exhibited significant survivability in host. The drug MP07X thus formulated showing 85% survivability in host. The surviving shrimps were nested PCR negative at the end of the 15 d experimentation. The lowest concentration of MP07X required intramuscularly for virucidal property was 10 mg/mL. The oral dosage of 1 000 mg/kg body weight/day survived at the rate of 85%. Neither VP28 nor ie 1 was expressed in the test samples at 42nd hour and 84th hour post viral infection. CONCLUSIONS The drug MP07X derived from Rhizophora mucronata is a potent anti-WSSV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Chakraborty
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Upasana Ghosh
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Punyabrata Das
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ghosh U, Chakraborty S, Balasubramanian T, Das P. Screening, isolation and optimization of anti-white spot syndrome virus drug derived from terrestrial plants. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S118-28. [PMID: 25183066 PMCID: PMC4025350 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen, isolate and optimize anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) drug derived from various terrestrial plants and to evaluate the efficacy of the same in host-pathogen interaction model. METHODS Thirty plants were subjected to Soxhlet extraction using water, ethanol, methanol and hexane as solvents. The 120 plant isolates thus obtained were screened for their in vivo anti-WSSV property in Litopenaeus vannamei. The best anti-WSSV plant isolate, TP22C was isolated and further analyzed. The drug was optimized at various concentrations. Viral and immune genes were analysed using reverse transcriptase PCR to confirm the potency of the drug. RESULTS Seven plant isolates exhibited significant survivability in host. The drug TP22C thus formulated showed 86% survivability in host. The surviving shrimps were nested PCR negative at the end of the 15 d experimentation. The lowest concentration of TP22C required intramuscularly for virucidal property was 10 mg/mL. The oral dosage of 750 mg/kg body weight/day survived at the rate of 86%. Neither VP28 nor ie 1 was expressed in the test samples at 42nd hour and 84th hour post viral infection. CONCLUSIONS The drug TP22C derived from Momordica charantia is a potent anti-white spot syndrome virus drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ghosh
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai–608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Somnath Chakraborty
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai–608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Punyabrata Das
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yasuhara-Bell J, Yang Y, Barlow R, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Lu Y. In vitro evaluation of marine-microorganism extracts for anti-viral activity. Virol J 2010; 7:182. [PMID: 20691099 PMCID: PMC2925373 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral-induced infectious diseases represent a major health threat and their control remains an unachieved goal, due in part to the limited availability of effective anti-viral drugs and measures. The use of natural products in drug manufacturing is an ancient and well-established practice. Marine organisms are known producers of pharmacological and anti-viral agents. In this study, a total of 20 extracts from marine microorganisms were evaluated for their antiviral activity. These extracts were tested against two mammalian viruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), using Vero cells as the cell culture system, and two marine virus counterparts, channel catfish virus (CCV) and snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV), in their respective cell cultures (CCO and EPC). Evaluation of these extracts demonstrated that some possess antiviral potential. In sum, extracts 162M(4), 258M(1), 298M(4), 313(2), 331M(2), 367M(1) and 397(1) appear to be effective broad-spectrum antivirals with potential uses as prophylactic agents to prevent infection, as evident by their highly inhibitive effects against both virus types. Extract 313(2) shows the most potential in that it showed significantly high inhibition across all tested viruses. The samples tested in this study were crude extracts; therefore the development of antiviral application of the few potential extracts is dependent on future studies focused on the isolation of the active elements contained in these extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred Yasuhara-Bell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A, Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Zhu F, Du H, Miao ZG, Quan HZ, Xu ZR. Protection of Procambarus clarkii against white spot syndrome virus using inactivated WSSV. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:685-90. [PMID: 19268545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly pathogenic and prevalent virus infecting shrimp and other crustaceans. The potentiality of binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated WSSV against WSSV in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, was investigated in this study. Efficacy of BEI-inactivated WSSV was tested by vaccination trials followed by challenge of crayfish with WSSV. The crayfish injected with BEI-inactivated WSSV showed a better survival (P<0.05) to WSSV on the 7th and 21st day post-vaccination (dpv) compared to the control. Calculated relative percent survival (RPS) values were 77% and 60% on the 7th and 21st dpv for 2mM BEI-inactivated WSSV, and 63%, 30% on 7th and 21st dpv for 3mM BEI-inactivated WSSV. However, heat-inactivated WSSV did not provide protection from WSSV even on 7th dpv. In the inactivation process WSSV especially their envelope proteins maybe changed as happened to 3mM BEI and heat-inactivated WSSV particles. These results indicate the protective efficacy of BEI-inactivated WSSV lies on the integrity of envelope proteins of WSSV and the possibility of BEI-inactivated WSSV to protect P. clarkii from WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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