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de Souza RV, Moresco V, Miotto M, Souza DSM, de Campos CJA. Prevalence, distribution and environmental effects on faecal indicator bacteria and pathogens of concern in commercial shellfish production areas in a subtropical region of a developing country (Santa Catarina, Brazil). Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:286. [PMID: 35303750 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent literature on the abundance and distribution of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogens in shellfish production areas in the state of Santa Catarina, on the subtropical coast of Brazil. This state supplies > 95% of the national production of shellfish. Microbiological monitoring data were mapped using GIS and the results compared with those from other countries. Coastal human population is the main predictive parameter for faecal bacteria in the production areas. Temporal variations of the bacteria can also be predicted by solar radiation and rainfall. The prevalence of pathogens such as hepatitis A virus, human norovirus, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. does not differ substantially from that in developed countries. The information reported here can be used to inform development of microbiological risk profiles for shellfish production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Ventura de Souza
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1.188, Itacorubi, Caixa Postal 502, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88034-901, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521-0001, USA
| | - Marilia Miotto
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88034-001, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88034-001, Brazil
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Johnstone C, Pérez M, Arizcun M, García-Ruiz C, Chaves-Pozo E. Reservoirs of Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus (RGNNV) in Squid and Shrimp Species of Northern Alboran Sea. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020328. [PMID: 35215924 PMCID: PMC8880106 DOI: 10.3390/v14020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of the aquaculture industry has increased to be equal to that of the world fisheries in recent years. However, aquaculture production faces threats such as infectious diseases. Betanodaviruses induce a neurological disease that affects fish species worldwide and is caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV). NNV has a nude capsid protecting a bipartite RNA genome that consists of molecules RNA1 and RNA2. Four NNV strains distributed worldwide are discriminated according to sequence homology of the capsid protein encoded by RNA2. Since its first description over 30 years ago, the virus has expanded and reassortant strains have appeared. Preventive treatments prioritize the RGNNV (red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) strain that has the highest optimum temperature for replication and the broadest range of susceptible species. There is strong concern about the spreading of NNV in the mariculture industry through contaminated diet. To surveil natural reservoirs of NNV in the western Mediterranean Sea, we collected invertebrate species in 2015 in the Alboran Sea. We report the detection of the RGNNV strain in two species of cephalopod mollusks (Alloteuthis media and Abralia veranyi), and in one decapod crustacean (Plesionika heterocarpus). According to RNA2 sequences obtained from invertebrate species and reported to date in the Mediterranean Sea, the strain RGNNV is predominant in this semienclosed sea. Neither an ecosystem- nor host-driven distribution of RGNNV were observed in the Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Johnstone
- Oceanographic Center of Málaga, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Puerto Pesquero s/n, Fuengirola, 29640 Málaga, Spain; (C.J.); (C.G.-R.)
| | - Montse Pérez
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Cristina García-Ruiz
- Oceanographic Center of Málaga, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Puerto Pesquero s/n, Fuengirola, 29640 Málaga, Spain; (C.J.); (C.G.-R.)
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968153339; Fax: +34-968153934
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Rupnik A, Doré W, Devilly L, Fahy J, Fitzpatrick A, Schmidt W, Hunt K, Butler F, Keaveney S. Evaluation of Norovirus Reduction in Environmentally Contaminated Pacific Oysters During Laboratory Controlled and Commercial Depuration. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:229-240. [PMID: 33649884 PMCID: PMC8116253 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus contamination of oysters is the lead cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and a significant food safety concern for the oyster industry. Here, norovirus reduction from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), contaminated in the marine environment, was studied in laboratory depuration trials and in two commercial settings. Norovirus concentrations were measured in oyster digestive tissue before, during and post-depuration using the ISO 15216-1 quantitative real-time RT-PCR method. Results of the laboratory-based studies demonstrate that statistically significant reductions of up to 74% of the initial norovirus GII concentration was achieved after 3 days at 17-21 °C and after 4 days at 11-15 °C, compared to 44% reduction at 7-9 °C. In many trials norovirus GII concentrations were reduced to levels below 100 genome copies per gram (gcg-1; limit of quantitation; LOQ). Virus reduction was also assessed in commercial depuration systems, routinely used by two Irish oyster producers. Up to 68% reduction was recorded for norovirus GI and up to 90% for norovirus GII reducing the geometric mean virus concentration close to or below the LOQ. In both commercial settings there was a significant difference between the levels of reduction of norovirus GI compared to GII (p < 0.05). Additionally, the ability to reduce the norovirus concentration in oysters to < LOQ differed when contaminated with concentrations below and above 1000 gcg-1. These results indicate that depuration, carried out at elevated (> 11 °C) water temperatures for at least 3 days, can reduce the concentration of norovirus in oysters and therefore consumer exposure providing a practical risk management tool for the shellfish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Fahy
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Ireland
| | | | | | - Kevin Hunt
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Torok VA, Hodgson KR, Jolley J, Turnbull A. Investigation of F-RNA Bacteriophage as a Tool in Re-Opening Australian Oyster Growing Areas Following Sewage Spills. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:203-217. [PMID: 33548027 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oysters contaminated with human enteric viruses from sewage are implicated in foodborne outbreaks globally. Bacteriophages have been identified as potential indicators for these viruses, but have not been used in shellfish management outside of the USA. This study aimed to determine the background levels of F-RNA phage in five Australian oyster growing areas with a history of sewage spills and closures, over an 18-month period. In addition, oysters from five growing areas impacted by adverse sewage events were investigated for F-RNA phage, Escherichia coli, norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). F-RNA phage ≤ 60 pfu/100 gm shellfish flesh were found to represent a conservative background level in the surveyed areas. Following two of the five sewage spills, elevated phage levels were observed in most sample sites less than 4 days post spill. By 7 days, most sites from all events had phage < 30 pfu/100 gm. NoV was detected in day 1 and day 6 samples from one event when all phage were ≤ 30 pfu/100 gm. NoV was also detected in a day 3 sample from another event with < 30 phage pfu/100 gm, however, multiple replicate samples had elevated phage levels. The results of this study add evidence on the potential use of F-RNA phage as a tool in early re-opening of oyster harvest areas post sewage spills. However, it also highlights the need to better understand situations where phage testing may be ineffectual, and the importance of sampling at multiple sites and over multiple time points, to effectively capture evidence of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Torok
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Kate R Hodgson
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Jolley
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Turnbull
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Food Sciences, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Upfold NS, Luke GA, Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:1-31. [PMID: 33501612 PMCID: PMC7837882 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a diverse group of human pathogens which are primarily transmitted by the faecal-oral route and are a major cause of non-bacterial diarrhoeal disease in both developed and developing countries. Because they are shed in high numbers by infected individuals and can persist for a long time in the environment, they pose a serious threat to human health globally. Enteric viruses end up in the environment mainly through discharge or leakage of raw or inadequately treated sewage into water sources such as springs, rivers, dams, or marine estuaries. Human exposure then follows when contaminated water is used for drinking, cooking, or recreation and, importantly, when filter-feeding bivalve shellfish are consumed. The human health hazard posed by enteric viruses is particularly serious in Africa where rapid urbanisation in a relatively short period of time has led to the expansion of informal settlements with poor sanitation and failing or non-existent wastewater treatment infrastructure, and where rural communities with limited or no access to municipal water are dependent on nearby open water sources for their subsistence. The role of sewage-contaminated water and bivalve shellfish as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses is well documented but, to our knowledge, has not been comprehensively reviewed in the African context. Here we provide an overview of enteric viruses and then review the growing body of research where these viruses have been detected in association with sewage-contaminated water or food in several African countries. These studies highlight the need for more research into the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and circulation of these viruses in Africa, as well as for development and application of innovative wastewater treatment approaches to reduce environmental pollution and its impact on human health on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Le Guyader FS, Farnir F, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Optimisation of a PMAxx™-RT-qPCR Assay and the Preceding Extraction Method to Selectively Detect Infectious Murine Norovirus Particles in Mussels. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:93-106. [PMID: 33389671 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a major cause for gastroenteritis outbreaks. Filter-feeding bivalve molluscs, which accumulate noroviruses in their digestive tissues, are a typical vector for human infection. RT-qPCR, the established method for human norovirus detection in food, does not allow discrimination between infectious and non-infectious viruses and can overestimate potentially infectious viral loads. To develop a more accurate method of infectious norovirus load estimation, we combined intercalating agent propidium monoazide (PMAxx™)-pre-treatment with RT-qPCR assay using in vitro-cultivable murine norovirus. Three primer sets targeting different genome regions and diverse amplicon sizes were used to compare one-step amplification of a short genome fragment to three two-step long-range RT-qPCRs (7 kbp, 3.6 kbp and 2.3 kbp amplicons). Following initial assays performed on untreated infectious, heat-, or ultraviolet-inactivated murine noroviruses in PBS suspension, PMAxx™ RT-qPCRs were implemented to detect murine noroviruses subsequent to their extraction from mussel digestive tissues; virus extraction via anionic polymer-coated magnetic beads was compared with the proteinase K-dependent ISO norm. The long-range RT-qPCR process detecting fragments of more than 2.3 kbp allowed accurate estimation of the infectivity of UV-damaged murine noroviruses. While proteinase K extraction limited later estimation of PMAxx™ pre-treatment effects and was found to be unsuited to the assay, magnetic bead-captured murine noroviruses retained their infectivity. Genome copies of heat-inactivated murine noroviruses differed by 2.3 log10 between RT-qPCR and PMAxx™-RT-qPCR analysis in bivalve molluscs, the PMAxx™ pre-treatment allowing a closer approximation of infectious titres. The combination of bead-based virus extraction and PMAxx™ RT-qPCR thus provides a more accurate model for the estimation of noroviral bivalve mollusc contamination than the conjunction of proteinase K extraction and RT-qPCR and has the potential (once validated utilising infectious human norovirus) to provide an added measure of security to food safety authorities in the hazard assessment of potential bivalve mollusc contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Frédéric Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied To Veterinary Science, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bld du Jardin Botanique 55, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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La Rosa G, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Veneri C, Paradiso R, De Medici D, Vicenza T, Proroga YTR, Di Maro O, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Equestre M, Taffon S, Costantino A, Della Rotonda M, Suffredini E. Hepatitis A Virus Strains Circulating in the Campania Region (2015-2018) Assessed through Bivalve Biomonitoring and Environmental Surveillance. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010016. [PMID: 33374859 PMCID: PMC7824067 DOI: 10.3390/v13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) circulating in the Campania Region in years 2015–2018 was investigated through the monitoring of sentinel bivalve shellfish and water matrices. Overall, 463 water samples (71 sewage samples, 353 coastal discharge waters, and 39 seawaters samples), and 746 bivalve shellfish samples were analyzed. Positivity for HAV was detected in 20/71 sewage samples, 14/353 coastal discharge waters, 5/39 seawaters, and 102/746 bivalve shellfish. Sixty-one of the positive samples were successfully sequenced and were characterized as genotype IA (n = 50) and IB (n = 11). The prevalent strain circulating in 2015 in both bivalves and waters was the IA strain responsible for the outbreak occurring around the same time in the Naples area. This variant was no longer identified in subsequent years (2017–2018) when, instead, appeared two of the IA variants of the multistate outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM), VRD_521_2016, and RIVM-HAV16–090, with the former prevailing in both shellfish and water environments. HAV IB isolates were detected over the years in shellfish and in water matrices, but not in clinical samples, suggesting that this genotype had been circulating silently. An integrated surveillance system (environment/food/clinical cases) can be a useful tool to monitor changes in viral variants in the population, as well as an early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosa Paradiso
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Orlandina Di Maro
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Della Rotonda
- Executive Task Force Prevention and Veterinary Public Health, Region Campania, 80132 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2477
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Desdouits M, Wacrenier C, Ollivier J, Schaeffer J, Le Guyader FS. A Targeted Metagenomics Approach to Study the Diversity of Norovirus GII in Shellfish Implicated in Outbreaks. Viruses 2020; 12:E978. [PMID: 32899445 PMCID: PMC7552006 DOI: 10.3390/v12090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoV) cause epidemics of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide and can be transmitted through consumption of contaminated foods. Fresh products such as shellfish can be contaminated by human sewage during production, which results in the presence of multiple virus strains, at very low concentrations. Here, we tested a targeted metagenomics approach by deep-sequencing PCR amplicons of the capsid (VP1) and polymerase (RdRp) viral genes, on a set of artificial samples and on shellfish samples associated to AGE outbreaks, to evaluate its advantages and limitations in the identification of strains from the NoV genogroup (G) II. Using artificial samples, the method allowed the sequencing of most strains, but not all, and displayed variability between replicates especially with lower viral concentrations. Using shellfish samples, targeted metagenomics was compared to Sanger-sequencing of cloned amplicons and was able to identify a higher diversity of NoV GII and GIV strains. It allowed phylogenetic analyses of VP1 sequences and the identification, in most samples, of GII.17[P17] strains, also identified in related clinical samples. Despite several limitations, combining RdRp- and VP1-targeted metagenomics is a sensitive approach allowing the study NoV diversity in low-contaminated foods and the identification of NoV strains implicated in outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Desdouits
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie (LSEM), Ifremer, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, B.P. 21105, CEDEX 03, 44311 Nantes, France; (C.W.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (F.S.L.G.)
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Bonny P, Desdouits M, Schaeffer J, Garry P, Essia Ngang JJ, Le Guyader FS. Contamination of Clams with Human Norovirus and a Novel Hepatitis A Virus in Cameroon. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:274-277. [PMID: 32594312 PMCID: PMC7423853 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish constitute an important protein source but may be contaminated by viruses from various origins. A study performed on clams collected in Cameroon showed a high prevalence of norovirus and hepatitis A virus. After sequencing, the hepatitis A virus showed similarities with the genotype V simian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bonny
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, IFREMER, 44300, Nantes, France
- Département de Microbiologie, Université de Yaoundé I, B.P. 812, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Centre de Recherche en Alimentation et Nutrition, IMPM, B.P. 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Marion Desdouits
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, IFREMER, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, IFREMER, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Garry
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, IFREMER, 44300, Nantes, France
| | | | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, IFREMER, 44300, Nantes, France.
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM/SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Abstract
The growth of aquaculture over the past 50 years has been accompanied by the emergence of aquatic animal diseases, many of which have spread to become pandemic in countries or continents. An analysis of 400 emerging disease events in aquatic animals that were logged by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science between 2002 and 2017 revealed that more than half were caused by viruses. However, in molluscs, most events were parasitic. Categorising these events indicated that the key processes underpinning emergence were the movement of live animals and host switching. Profiles of key pathogens further illustrate the importance of wild aquatic animals as the source of new infections in farmed animals. It is also clear that the spread of new diseases through the largescale movement of aquatic animals for farming, for food and for the ornamental trade has allowed many to achieve pandemic status. Many viral pathogens of fish (e.g. infectious salmon anaemia, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia) and shrimp (e.g. white spot syndrome virus) affect a large proportion of the global production of key susceptible species. Wild aquatic animal populations have also been severely affected by pandemic diseases, best exemplified by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungal infection of amphibians, whose emergence and spread were driven by the movement of animals for the ornamental trade. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is now widespread in the tropics and subtropics and has caused local extinctions of susceptible amphibian hosts. Given the rising demand for seafood, aquacultural production will continue to grow and diseases will continue to emerge. Some will inevitably achieve pandemic status, having significant impacts on production and trade, unless there are considerable changes in global monitoring and the response to aquatic animal diseases.
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Amoroso MG, Langellotti AL, Russo V, Martello A, Monini M, Di Bartolo I, Ianiro G, Di Concilio D, Galiero G, Fusco G. Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:48-57. [PMID: 31691900 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks as filter-feeders concentrate in their digestive tissue microorganisms likely present in the harvesting water, thus becoming risky food especially if consumed raw or poorly cooked. To eliminate bacteria and viruses eventually accumulated, they must undergo a depuration process which efficacy on viruses is on debate. To better clarify the worth of the depuration process on virus elimination from mussels, in this study we investigated rotavirus kinetics of accumulation and depuration in Mytilus galloprovincialis experimentally contaminated. Depuration process was monitored for 9 days and virus residual presence and infectivity were evaluated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell culture and electron microscopy at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 of depuration. Variables like presence of ozone and of microalgae feeding were also analyzed as possible depuration enhancers. Results showed a two-phase virus removal kinetic with a high decrease in the first 24 h of depuration and 5 days necessary to completely remove rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Antonio Luca Langellotti
- Aquaculture Division, CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Salute, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 2, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Martello
- Aquaculture Division, CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Salute, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Di Concilio
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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12
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Onosi O, Upfold NS, Jukes MD, Luke GA, Knox C. The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:84-88. [PMID: 31786741 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has a global distribution and is associated with respiratory and enteric infections, particularly in the paediatric population. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analysed for the presence of HBoV using nested PCR with primers targeting the VP1/VP2 junction. Amplification and sequencing of the 382 bp region followed by phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of HBoV 2 in mussel samples and HBoV 3 in sewage samples. This is the first report describing the presence of enteric-associated HBoV in environmental samples from South Africa and in mussel samples from the African continent. The results signify the need for further studies examining the potential risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and highlight the importance of continued screening to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of HBoV in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oikwathaile Onosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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13
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Cantrell DL, Groner ML, Ben-Horin T, Grant J, Revie CW. Modeling Pathogen Dispersal in Marine Fish and Shellfish. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:239-249. [PMID: 32037136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In marine ecosystems, oceanographic processes often govern host contacts with infectious agents. Consequently, many approaches developed to quantify pathogen dispersal in terrestrial ecosystems have limited use in the marine context. Recent applications in marine disease modeling demonstrate that physical oceanographic models coupled with biological models of infectious agents can characterize dispersal networks of pathogens in marine ecosystems. Biophysical modeling has been used over the past two decades to model larval dispersion but has only recently been utilized in marine epidemiology. In this review, we describe how biophysical models function and how they can be used to measure connectivity of infectious agents between sites, test hypotheses regarding pathogen dispersal, and quantify patterns of pathogen spread, focusing on fish and shellfish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Cantrell
- Health Management Department, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Maya L Groner
- Prince William Sound Science Center, Cordova, AK, USA; Affiliate, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tal Ben-Horin
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, College of the Environment and Life Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Center for Marine Science and Technology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Jon Grant
- Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Health Management Department, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Yang F, Li X, Li S, Xiang J, Li F. A novel cuticle protein involved in WSSV infection to the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 102:103491. [PMID: 31494218 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the most productive crustacean species in aquaculture, Litopenaeus vannamei is seriously threatened by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which has caused huge economic damage in the past decades. Shrimp cuticle proteins are the important components in the frontier target tissues, including cuticle and the chitinous lining of the digestive tract. In present study, a novel cuticle protein gene, named LvCPAP1, was isolated and demonstrated to play an important role in WSSV infection. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvCPAP1 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 2 (ChBD2). Tissue distribution analysis revealed that LvCPAP1 was predominantly expressed in epidermis and stomach. The transcription levels of LvCPAP1 in epidermis and stomach were significantly regulated upon WSSV challenge. DsRNA silencing of LvCPAP1 decreased the in vivo WSSV copy numbers and the death rate of shrimp after WSSV infection, indicating that LvCPAP1 might facilitate WSSV invasion. In addition, the interaction between LvCPAP1 and the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV was revealed by yeast two-hybrid system and further confirmed by dot blot and pull-down assays. The present study implied that cuticle protein LvCPAP1 might favor the entry process of WSSV, which provided new clues for understanding the role of cuticle proteins during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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15
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Tunyakittaveeward T, Rupprom K, Pombubpa K, Howteerakul N, Kittigul L. Norovirus Monitoring in Oysters Using Two Different Extraction Methods. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:374-382. [PMID: 31342414 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of noroviruses in bivalve shellfish is difficult because of the low concentration of norovirus and the presence of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR inhibitors. This study aimed to assess the presence of noroviruses in oysters extracted using a proteinase K extraction (ISO 15216 method) and an adsorption-elution method. Seventy oyster samples were extracted using the two extraction methods and evaluated using RT-nested PCR. The results showed norovirus detection rates at an equal frequency of 28.6%, of which a total of 48 (68.6%) samples had corresponding positive or negative results, while there were 22 (31.4%) samples with discrepant results. Norovirus genogroup (G)I, GII, and mixed GI and GII were detected in 20%, 4.3%, and 4.3% of samples, respectively, by the proteinase K extraction method, which comprised of GI.2, GI.5b, GI.6b, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes. With the adsorption-elution method noroviruses were detected in 17.1%, 8.6%, and 2.9% of samples, respectively, which comprised of GI.2, GII.2, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes. All norovirus-positive oyster samples were further estimated for genome copy number using RT-quantitative PCR. The oyster samples processed using the adsorption-elution method contained norovirus GI of 3.36 × 101-1.06 × 105 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues and GII of 1.29 × 103-1.62 × 104 RNA copies/g. Only GII (2.20 × 101 and 7.83 × 101 RNA copies/g) could be quantified in samples prepared using the proteinase K extraction method. The results demonstrate the different performance of the two sample-processing methods, and suggest the use of either extraction method in combination with RT-nested PCR for molecular surveillance of norovirus genotypes in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamapan Tunyakittaveeward
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kitwadee Rupprom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Howteerakul
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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16
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Pilotto MR, Souza DSM, Barardi CRM. Viral uptake and stability in Crassostrea gigas oysters during depuration, storage and steaming. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110524. [PMID: 31543476 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
More stable than bacteria in environmental samples, enteric viruses are generally related to outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of contaminated oysters. This study evaluated: i) the dynamic processes of enteric viral models bioaccumulation by Crassostrea gigas oysters artificially contaminated; ii) the stability of these viruses in oysters in controlled temperature conditions and iii) the effect of UV light in inactivating these viruses in depurated oysters. Plaque assay (PA) was used to assess the infectivity of both viral models. Cell culture coupled with RT-qPCR (ICC-RT-qPCR) was used to measure infectious adenovirus type 2 (HAdV-2) genomes and qPCR to measure genome copies of murine norovirus (MNV-1). The virus uptake through bioaccumulation behave differently: HAdV-2 reached its peak of uptake faster than MNV-1. Both viruses showed high stability in oysters when maintained under 4 °C, but were completely inactivated in steamed oysters. The HAdV-2 was completely inactivated after 12 h of depuration with UV light and after 24 h without UV light. After 72 h of depuration, MNV-1 was still detected in both tanks, probably due to the stronger interaction of this virus with the oyster's tissues. This study demonstrated the importance of a secure depuration time in ensuring a clean and safe product, and that the steaming process is the safest way to prepare oysters for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rangel Pilotto
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centre of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centre of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Monte Barardi
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Centre of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Applied Virology, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-970, Brazil..
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17
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Keller R, Pratte-Santos R, Scarpati K, Martins SA, Loss SM, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Cassini ST. Surveillance of Enteric Viruses and Thermotolerant Coliforms in Surface Water and Bivalves from a Mangrove Estuary in Southeastern Brazil. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:288-296. [PMID: 31154653 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of a mangrove estuary in the Vitória Bay region, Espírito Santo, Brazil. We analyzed the presence and concentration of enteric viruses and thermotolerant coliforms in water, mussels (Mytella charruana and Mytella guyanensis), and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae), collected over a 13-month period. Human adenovirus, rotavirus A (RVA), and norovirus genogroup II were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The highest viral load was found in RVA-positive samples with a concentration of 3.0 × 104 genome copies (GC) L-1 in water samples and 1.3 × 105 GC g-1 in bivalves. RVA was the most prevalent virus in all matrices. Thermotolerant coliforms were quantified as colony-forming units (CFU) by the membrane filtration method. The concentration of these bacteria in water was in accordance with the Brazilian standard for recreational waters (< 250 CFU 100 mL-1) during most of the monitoring period (12 out of 13 months). However, thermotolerant coliform concentrations of 3.0, 3.1, and 2.6 log CFU 100 g-1 were detected in M. charruana, M. guyanensis, and C. rhizophorae, respectively. The presence of human-specific viruses in water and bivalves reflects the strong anthropogenic impact on the mangrove and serves as an early warning of waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks resulting from the consumption of shellfish and the practice of water recreational activities in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Keller
- Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Pratte-Santos
- Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Faculdade PIO XII, Cariacica, ES, Brazil
| | - Karolina Scarpati
- Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Sara Angelino Martins
- Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Suzanne Mariane Loss
- Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Túlio Machado Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérvio Túlio Cassini
- Laboratório de Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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18
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Lowther JA, Cross L, Stapleton T, Gustar NE, Walker DI, Sills M, Treagus S, Pollington V, Lees DN. Use of F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage to Estimate Infectious Norovirus Levels in Oysters. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:247-258. [PMID: 31115869 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve shellfish, particularly oysters, with norovirus is recognised as a significant food safety risk. Methods for quantification of norovirus in oysters using the quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) are well established, and various studies using RT-qPCR have detected norovirus in a considerable proportion of oyster samples, both in the UK and elsewhere. However, RT-qPCR detects viral genome, and by its nature is unable to discriminate between positive results caused by infectious viruses and those caused by non-infectious remnants including damaged virus particles and naked RNA. As a result, a number of alternative or complementary approaches to RT-qPCR testing have been proposed, including the use of infectious viral indicator organisms, most frequently F-specific RNA bacteriophage (F-RNA phage). In this study, we investigated the relationships between F-RNA phage and norovirus in digestive tissues from two sets of oyster samples, one randomly collected at retail (630 samples), and one linked to suspected norovirus illness outbreaks (nine samples). A positive association and correlation between PCR-detectable levels of genogroup II F-RNA bacteriophage (associated with human faecal contamination) and norovirus was found in both sets of samples, with more samples positive for genogroup II phage, at generally higher levels than norovirus. Levels of both viruses were higher in outbreak-related than retail samples. Infectious F-RNA phage was detected in 47.8% of all retail samples, and for a subset of 224 samples where characterisation of phage was carried out, infectious GII phage was detected in 30.4%. Infectious GII phage was detected in all outbreak-related samples. Determination of infectivity ratios by comparing levels of PCR-detectable (copies/g) and infectious GII phage (pfu/g) revealed that in the majority of cases less than 10% of virus detected by RT-qPCR was infectious. Application of these ratios to estimate infectious norovirus levels indicated that while 77.8% of outbreak-related samples contained > 5 estimated infectious norovirus/g, only 13.7% of retail samples did. Use of a combination of levels of PCR-detectable norovirus and infectious F-RNA phage showed that while only 7.0% of retail samples contained both > 100 copies/g norovirus and > 10 pfu/g F-RNA phage, these combined levels were present in 77.8% of outbreak-related samples, and 75.9% of retail samples with > 5 estimated infectious norovirus/g. We therefore suggest that combining RT-qPCR testing with a test for infectious F-RNA phage has the potential to better estimate health risks, and to better predict the presence of infectious norovirus than RT-qPCR testing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - L Cross
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - T Stapleton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - N E Gustar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - M Sills
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - S Treagus
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - V Pollington
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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19
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Park SY, Ha SD. Synergistic Effects of Combined Chlorine and Vitamin B 1 on the Reduction of Murine Norovirus-1 on the Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Surface. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:205-213. [PMID: 30903597 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the synergistic effects of combined chlorine (200, 500, 700, and 1000 ppm) and vitamin B1 (1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) on the murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1), a human norovirus (NoV) surrogate, on oyster surface. Vitamin B1 slightly reduced MNV-1 (0.04-0.3 log-reduction), whereas chlorine significantly reduced MNV-1 (0.4-1.0 log-reduction). The combined chlorine and vitamin B1 resulted in a 0.52-1.97 log-reduction of MNV-1. The synergistic reduction in the MNV titer was not dependent on the concentrations of chlorine and vitamin B1, and it ranged between 0.08 and 1.03 log10 PFU/mL. The largest synergistic reduction observed was for the combined 700 ppm chlorine and 1000 ppm vitamin B1. The pH and mechanical texture of the oysters were not significantly changed by the combined 0-1000 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B1. The overall sensory acceptability were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in oysters treated with 1000 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B1 than in those treated with 0-700 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B1. This study suggests that the combined 700 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B1 could potentially be used to reduce NoV on oyster surface without causing concomitant changes in the mechanical texture, pH, or sensory qualities of the oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- Department of Seafood and Aquaculture Science, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Ansung, Gyeonggi, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Gyeonggi, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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20
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El Moqri N, El Mellouli F, Hassou N, Benhafid M, Abouchoaib N, Etahiri S. Norovirus Detection at Oualidia Lagoon, a Moroccan Shellfish Harvesting Area, by Reverse Transcription PCR Analysis. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:268-273. [PMID: 30982112 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in the world. These outbreaks are frequently associated with bivalve shellfish consumption, particularly because these products are often eaten raw or only slightly cooked. In Morocco, regulations concerning the acceptable levels of enteric bacteria indicator organisms in these products have been put in place. However, these regulations do not take into account the risk of viral contamination, and many gastroenteritis outbreaks have been linked to the ingestion of bivalve shellfish from areas that comply with the current food safety criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate NoV presence in shellfish samples (n = 104) collected at four sites owcff Oualidia lagoon (Moroccan Atlantic coast) from November 2015 to February 2017. Samples were analysed using real-time RT-PCR in accordance with the ISO 15216-2 method. NoVs of the genogroup II were detected in 7% of samples that were all collected during the winter months. Moreover, 71% of NoV-positive samples were harvested at sites upstream of the lagoon. These results highlight the need of regularly monitoring viral contamination in bivalve shellfish to limit the risk of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N El Moqri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - F El Mellouli
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - N Hassou
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - M Benhafid
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - N Abouchoaib
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - S Etahiri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
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21
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Fusco G, Anastasio A, Kingsley DH, Amoroso MG, Pepe T, Fratamico PM, Cioffi B, Rossi R, La Rosa G, Boccia F. Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Other Enteric Viruses in Shellfish Collected in the Gulf of Naples, Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E2588. [PMID: 31331104 PMCID: PMC6678136 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the quality of shellfish harvest areas, bivalve mollusk samples from three coastal areas of the Campania region in Southwest Italy were evaluated for viruses over a three-year period (2015-2017). Screening of 289 samples from shellfish farms and other locations by qPCR and RT-qPCR identified hepatitis A virus (HAV; 8.9%), norovirus GI (NoVGI; 10.8%) and GII (NoVGII; 39.7%), rotavirus (RV; 9.0%), astrovirus (AsV; 20.8%), sapovirus (SaV; 18.8%), aichivirus-1 (AiV-1; 5.6%), and adenovirus (AdV, 5.6%). Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was never detected. Sequence analysis identified HAV as genotype IA and AdV as type 41. This study demonstrates the presence of different enteric viruses within bivalve mollusks, highlighting the limitations of the current EU classification system for shellfish growing waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Pina M Fratamico
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Barbara Cioffi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Rossi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Boccia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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22
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Rivadulla E, Varela MF, Mesquita JR, Nascimento MSJ, Romalde JL. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Shellfish Harvesting Areas from Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Viruses 2019; 11:v11070618. [PMID: 31284466 PMCID: PMC6669863 DOI: 10.3390/v11070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) affects almost 20 million individuals annually, causing approximately 3.3 million acute liver injuries, 56,600 deaths, and huge healthcare-associated economic losses. Shellfish produced close to urban and livestock areas can bioaccumulate this virus and transmit it to the human population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of HEV in molluscan shellfish, in order to deepen the knowledge about HEV prevalence in Galicia (northwestern Spain), and to investigate this as a possible route of HEV transmission to humans. A total of 168 shellfish samples was obtained from two different Galician rías (Ría de Ares-Betanzos and Ría de Vigo). The samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RT-nested PCR and sequencing were used for further genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of positive samples. HEV was detected in 41 (24.4%) samples, at quantification levels ranging from non-quantifiable (<102 copies of the RNA genome (RNAc)/g tissue) to 1.1 × 105 RNAc/g tissue. Phylogenetic analysis based on the open reading frame (ORF)2 region showed that all sequenced isolates belonged to genotype 3, and were closely related to strains of sub-genotype e, which is of swine origin. The obtained results demonstrate a significant prevalence of HEV in bivalve molluscs from Galician rías, reinforcing the hypothesis that shellfish may be a potential route for HEV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel F Varela
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - João R Mesquita
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria S J Nascimento
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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23
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Kingsley DH, Chen H, Annous BA, Meade GK. Evaluation of a Male-Specific DNA Coliphage Persistence Within Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:120-125. [PMID: 30919239 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Male-specific coliphages (MSCs) are currently used to assess the virologic quality of shellfish-growing waters and to assess the impact of sewage release or adverse weather events on bivalve shellfish. Since MSC can have either DNA or RNA genomes, and most research has been performed exclusively on RNA MSCs, persistence of M13, a DNA MSC, was evaluated for its persistence as a function of time and temperature within Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were individually exposed to seawater containing a total of 1010 to 1012 pfu of M13 for 24 h at 15 °C followed by maintenance in tanks with as many as 21 oysters in continuously UV-sterilized water for up to 6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 22 °C. Two trials for each temperature were performed combining three shucked oysters per time point which were assayed by tenfold serial dilution in triplicate. Initial contamination levels averaged 106.9 and ranged from 106.0 to 107.0 of M13. For oysters held for 3 weeks, log10 reductions were 1.7, 3.8, and 4.2 log10 at 7, 15, and 22 °C, respectively. Oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks showed average reductions of 3.6 and 5.1 log10, respectively, but still retained infectious M13. In total, this work shows that DNA MSC may decline within shellfish in a manner analogous to RNA MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Bassam A Annous
- ARS, ERRC, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Gloria K Meade
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
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24
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Meghnath K, Hasselback P, McCormick R, Prystajecky N, Taylor M, McIntyre L, Man S, Whitfield Y, Warshawsky B, McKinley M, Bitzikos O, Hexemer A, Galanis E. Outbreaks of Norovirus and Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with British Columbia Oysters, 2016-2017. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:138-148. [PMID: 30900141 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two outbreaks of norovirus and acute gastroenteritis took place in Canada between November 2016 and April 2017. Both outbreaks were linked to oysters from British Columbia (BC) coastal waters. This paper describes the multi-agency investigations to identify the source and control the outbreak. Public health officials conducted interviews to determine case exposures. Traceback was conducted by collecting oyster tags from restaurants and analyzing them to determine the most common farms. Oyster samples were collected from case homes, restaurants, and harvest sites and tested for the presence of norovirus. Potential environmental pollution sources were investigated to identify the source of the outbreak. Four hundred and 49 cases were identified as part of the two outbreak waves. The oysters were traced to various geographically dispersed farms in BC coastal waters. Twelve farms were closed as a result of the investigations. No environmental pollution sources could be identified as the cause of the outbreak. Similarities in the timeframe, genotype, and geographic distribution of identified oyster farms indicate that they may have been one continuous event. Genotype data indicate that human sewage contamination was the likely cause of the outbreak, although no pollution source was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashmeera Meghnath
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie Man
- BCCDC Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Bryna Warshawsky
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Qiu L, Chen X, Zhao RH, Li C, Gao W, Zhang QL, Huang J. Description of a Natural Infection with Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 in Farmed Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Viruses 2019; 11:E354. [PMID: 30999644 PMCID: PMC6521035 DOI: 10.3390/v11040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a valuable freshwater prawn in Asian aquaculture. In recent years, a new symptom that was generally called "white head" has caused high mortality in M. rosenbergii farms in China. Samples of M. rosenbergii, M. nipponense, Procambarus clarkii, M. superbum, Penaeus vannamei, and Cladocera from a farm suffering from white head in Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed in this study. Pathogen detection showed that all samples were positive for Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1). Histopathological examination revealed dark eosinophilic inclusions and pyknosis in hematopoietic tissue, hepatopancreas, and gills of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense. Blue signals of in situ digoxigenin-labeled loop-mediated isothermal amplification appeared in hematopoietic tissue, hemocytes, hepatopancreatic sinus, and antennal gland. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections showed a large number of DIV1 particles with a mean diameter about 157.9 nm. The virogenic stromata and budding virions were observed in hematopoietic cells. Quantitative detection with TaqMan probe based real-time PCR of different tissues in naturally infected M. rosenbergii showed that hematopoietic tissue contained the highest DIV1 load with a relative abundance of 25.4 ± 16.9%. Hepatopancreas and muscle contained the lowest DIV1 loads with relative abundances of 2.44 ± 1.24% and 2.44 ± 2.16%, respectively. The above results verified that DIV1 is the pathogen causing white head in M. rosenbergii. M. nipponense and Pr. clarkii are also species susceptible to DIV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xing Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Ruo-Heng Zhao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wen Gao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Qing-Li Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jie Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao); Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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26
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Kim YC, Kwon WJ, Min JG, Kim KI, Jeong HD. Complete genome sequence and pathogenic analysis of a new betanodavirus isolated from shellfish. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:519-531. [PMID: 30694526 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the complete genomic RNA sequence of a new type of betanodavirus Korea shellfish nervous necrosis virus (KSNNV) isolated from shellfish. Compared with other isolates representing four genotypes of betanodaviruses, the identity of the whole nucleotide sequence of the virus was in the range of 76%-83% with the presence of specific genetic motifs and formed a separate new branch in the phylogenetic analysis. In pathogenic analysis by immersion method, KSNNV-KOR1 shows 100% cumulative mortality like SFRG10/2012BGGa1 (RGNNV) in newly hatched sevenband grouper and mandarin fish, which is clearly different from those found in negative control groups. There were no significant differences in increasing rates of mortality and viral intra-tissue concentration of larval fishes infected with KSNNV-KOR1 at both 20 and 25°C water temperature. Histopathological examination of each fish species in the moribund stage revealed the presence of clear vacuoles in both brain and retinal tissues similar to typical histopathology features of RGNNV. In the present study, we first report a new betanodavirus from shellfish as the aetiological agent of viral nervous necrosis disease in fish with complete genomic nucleotide sequence and pathogenic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Woo Ju Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Joon Gyu Min
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Pathology Research Division, Aquaculture Research Department, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Do Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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27
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Amarasiri M, Sano D. Specific Interactions between Human Norovirus and Environmental Matrices: Effects on the Virus Ecology. Viruses 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30841581 PMCID: PMC6466409 DOI: 10.3390/v11030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the major cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis. Human norovirus binds to environmental solids via specific and non-specific interactions, and several specific receptors for human norovirus have been reported. Among them, histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) are the most studied specific receptor. Studies have identified the presence of HBGA-like substances in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of human enteric bacteria present in aquatic environments, gastrointestinal cells, gills, and palps of shellfish, and cell walls, leaves, and veins of lettuce. These HBGA-like substances also interact with human norovirus in a genotype-dependent manner. Specific interactions between human norovirus and environmental matrices can affect norovirus removal, infectivity, inactivation, persistence, and circulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future directions related to the specific interactions between human norovirus and HBGA-like substances in environmental matrices and their possible effects on the fate and circulation of human norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Amarasiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
- Department of Frontier Science for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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28
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Park K, Mok JS, Ryu AR, Kwon JY, Ham IT, Shim KB. Occurrence and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seawater and bivalve shellfish of the Gyeongnam coast, Korea, in 2004-2016. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 137:382-387. [PMID: 30503447 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the abundance and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seawater and bivalves from the Gyeongnam coast in Korea, a major area for the seafood industry, during 2004-2016. V. parahaemolyticus is one of the most common pathogen causing seafood-borne illnesses in Korea, and increases during the summer. Its occurrence in seawater and bivalve samples was seasonally dependent, with high levels during the summer to early autumn. There were more strains in the area of sea continually exposed to inland wastewater. Only 5.1% and 3.5% of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seawater and bivalves, respectively, had the trh gene, and only the bivalve isolates produced the tdh gene at levels below 2%. Continuous monitoring is clearly needed to reduce seafood-borne outbreaks of disease caused by V. parahaemolyticus, and to reveal the occurrence patterns and the presence of toxic genes of the strains in different marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunbawui Park
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Mok
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ra Ryu
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kwon
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - In Tae Ham
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Bo Shim
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Hanley KT, Wuertz S, Schriewer A, Passow U, Smith W, Olin P, Shapiro K. Effects of salinity and transparent exopolymer particles on formation of aquatic aggregates and their association with norovirus. Sci Total Environ 2018; 643:1514-1521. [PMID: 30189567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for 50% of food-related disease outbreaks and are notably associated with shellfish consumption. Despite the detrimental health impacts of human NoV-contaminated seafood to public health, there is a lack of knowledge on the physicochemical conditions that govern NoV transmission in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated the propensity for NoVs to associate with aquatic aggregates, which have been shown to efficiently deliver nano-sized particles to shellfish. Specific physicochemical conditions characteristic of shellfish cultivation waters, specifically salinity and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), were targeted in this study for investigating aggregate formation and NoV association dynamics. Murine norovirus (MNV) was used in aggregation experiments as a model surrogate for NoVs. Results demonstrate increased aggregate formation as a function of increasing salinity and TEP concentrations, as well as greater numbers of MNV genomes incorporated into aggregates under conditions that favor aggregation. As aggregate formation was enhanced in waters representing optimal conditions for shellfish production, specifically saline and high TEP waters, the implications to virus transport and shellfish food safety are profound: more aggregates implies increased scavenging of virus particles from surrounding waters and therefor greater risk for bivalve contamination with nano-sized pathogens. These novel data provide insight into where and when NoVs are most likely to be ingested by shellfish via contaminated aggregates, thereby informing best management and water quality monitoring practices aimed at providing safe seafood to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn T Hanley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alexander Schriewer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Uta Passow
- UCSB Marine Science Institute, University of California, Bldg 520 Rm 4002 Fl 4L, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul Olin
- California Sea Grant, UCSD Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, Dept. 0232, La Jolla, CA 92093-0232, USA
| | - Karen Shapiro
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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30
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Cho K, Lee C, Park S, Kim JH, Choi YS, Kim MS, Koo ES, Yoon HJ, Kang JH, Jeong YS, Choi JD, Ko G. Use of coliphages to investigate norovirus contamination in a shellfish growing area in Republic of Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:30044-30055. [PMID: 30076551 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of severe norovirus outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated shellfish have been reported recently. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of coliphage densities to determine their efficacy as fecal indicators of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in water samples collected from a shellfish growing area in Republic of Korea over a period of approximately 1 year. Male-specific and somatic coliphages in water samples were analyzed using the single agar layer method, and norovirus genogroups I and II, which infect mainly humans, were analyzed using duplex reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Male-specific and somatic coliphages were detected widely throughout the study area. Several environmental parameters, including salinity, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed were significantly correlated with coliphage concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of male-specific coliphages were positively correlated with the presence of human noroviruses (r = 0.443; P < 0.01). The geospatial analysis with coliphage concentrations using a geographic information system revealed that densely populated residential areas were the major source of fecal contamination. Our results indicate that coliphage monitoring in water could be a useful approach to prevent norovirus contamination in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuseon Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, 1 Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seon Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Su Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Seo Koo
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Yoon
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyon Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, 1 Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Duck Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Tan DM, Lyu SL, Liu W, Zeng XY, Lan L, Qu C, Zhuge SY, Zhong YX, Xie YH, Li XG. Utility of Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Quantitative Detection of Norovirus in Shellfish, from Production to Consumption in Guangxi, China. Biomed Environ Sci 2018; 31:713-720. [PMID: 30423272 DOI: 10.3967/bes2018.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shellfish are recognized as important vehicles of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. The present study aimed to monitor norovirus contamination in oysters along the farm-to-fork continuum in Guangxi, a major oyster production area in Southwestern China. METHODS Oyster samples were collected monthly from farms, markets, and restaurants, from January to December 2016. Norovirus was detected and quantified by one-step reverse transcription-droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR). RESULTS A total of 480 oyster samples were collected and tested for norovirus genogroups I and II. Norovirus was detected in 20.7% of samples, with genogroup II predominating. No significant difference was observed in norovirus prevalence among different sampling sites. The norovirus levels varied widely, with a geometric mean of 19,300 copies/g in digestive glands. Both norovirus prevalence and viral loads showed obvious seasonality, with a strong winter bias. CONCLUSION This study provides a systematic analysis of norovirus contamination 'from the farm to the fork' in Guangxi. RT-ddPCR can be a useful tool for detection and quantification of low amounts of norovirus in the presence of inhibitors found particularly in foodstuffs. This approach will contribute to the development of strategies for controlling and reducing the risk of human illness resulting from shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Mei Tan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Su Ling Lyu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian Ying Zeng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Lan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Cong Qu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Shi Yang Zhuge
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Xu Zhong
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Hong Xie
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu Gui Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, Guangxi, China
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32
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Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the commonest cause of gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom and in many developed countries, causing diarrhea and vomiting in millions of cases worldwide annually. Transmission is most often mediated from person to person. NoV infection has, however, additionally been associated with the consumption of food, either through the consumption of food contaminated at source such as seafood, berries, and salad, or as a consequence of the foodstuff being contaminated in some way by a food handler during processing or serving. A systematic review of outbreaks attributed to NoV between January 2003 and July 2017 was conducted to assess the contribution of food handlers to the burden of NoV, and to identify foods commonly associated with NoV outbreaks. A total of 3021 articles were screened, of which 27 met the definition of confirmed foodborne outbreaks and 47 met the criteria for definite food-handler NoV outbreaks. Of all food types, shellfish were implicated in the greatest number of definite foodborne outbreaks. Food handlers contributed to definite food-handler outbreaks involving a diverse range of foodstuffs and in a wide variety of settings, including weddings and military establishments. More genotypes of NoV were found in people who were ill than in samples from food and food handlers. The potential for both food products and food handlers to contribute to the burden of NoV infection is demonstrated conclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Hardstaff
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Clough
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vittoria Lutje
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Harris
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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33
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Gyawali P, Croucher D, Hewitt J. Preliminary evaluation of BioFire FilmArray ® Gastrointestinal Panel for the detection of noroviruses and other enteric viruses from wastewater and shellfish. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:27657-27661. [PMID: 30083906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The BioFire FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel was evaluated for the rapid detection of adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus and sapovirus from influent and effluent wastewater and shellfish. The multiplex BioFire FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel compared well to singleplex qPCR/RT-qPCR methods for the detection of adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and sapovirus from influent and effluent wastewater samples. However, the BioFire FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel showed poor performance for the detection of norovirus, significantly underestimating its presence in wastewater and shellfish samples when compared with the singleplex norovirus GI and GII RT-qPCR assays. Therefore, improvement on detection efficiency for norovirus from environmental and food samples is necessary before using results from the FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel to assess associated public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Dawn Croucher
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
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34
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Lowther JA, Gustar NE, Powell AL, O'Brien S, Lees DN. A One-Year Survey of Norovirus in UK Oysters Collected at the Point of Sale. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:278-287. [PMID: 29722006 PMCID: PMC6096945 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve shellfish, particularly oysters, with norovirus is recognised as a food safety risk and a potential contributor to the overall burden of gastroenteritis in the community. The United Kingdom (UK) has comprehensive national baseline data on the prevalence, levels, and seasonality of norovirus in oysters in production areas resulting from a previous two-year study (2009-2011). However, previously, data on final product as sold to the consumer have been lacking. As part of a wider project to establish the overall burden of foodborne norovirus in the UK, this study aimed to address this data gap. A one-year survey of oysters collected from the point-of-sale to the consumer was carried out from March 2015 to March 2016. A total of 630 samples, originating in five different European Union Member States, were collected from 21 regions across the UK using a randomised sampling plan, and tested for norovirus using a method compliant with ISO 15216-1, in addition to Escherichia coli as the statutory indicator of hygiene status. As in the previous production area study, norovirus RNA was detected in a high proportion of samples (68.7%), with a strong winter seasonality noted. Some statistically significant differences in prevalences and levels in oysters from different countries were noted, with samples originating in the Netherlands showing lower prevalences and levels than those from either the UK or Ireland. Overall, levels detected in positive samples were considerably lower than seen previously. Investigation of potential contributing factors to this pattern of results was carried out. Application of normalisation factors to the data from the two studies based on both the numbers of norovirus illness reports received by national surveillance systems, and the national average environmental temperatures during the two study periods resulted in a much closer agreement between the two data sets, with the notably different numbers of illness reports making the major contribution to the differences observed in norovirus levels in oysters. The large majority of samples (76.5%) contained no detectable E. coli; however, in a small number of samples (2.4%) levels above the statutory end product standard (230 MPN/100 g) were detected. This study both revealed the high prevalence of norovirus RNA in oysters directly available to the UK consumer, despite the high level of compliance with the existing E. coli-based health standards, while also highlighting the difficulty in comparing the results of surveys carried out in different time periods, due to variability in risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - N E Gustar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - A L Powell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - S O'Brien
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, UK
| | - D N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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35
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Rupnik A, Keaveney S, Devilly L, Butler F, Doré W. The Impact of Winter Relocation and Depuration on Norovirus Concentrations in Pacific Oysters Harvested from a Commercial Production Site. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:288-296. [PMID: 29725931 PMCID: PMC6096948 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oysters contaminated with norovirus present a significant public health risk when consumed raw. In this study, norovirus genome copy concentrations were determined in Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) harvested from a sewage-impacted production site and then subjected to site-specific management procedures. These procedures consisted of relocation of oysters to an alternative production area during the norovirus high-risk winter periods (November to March) followed by an extended depuration (self-purification) under controlled temperature conditions. Significant differences in norovirus RNA concentrations were demonstrated at each point in the management process. Thirty-one percent of oyster samples from the main harvest area (Site 1) contained norovirus concentrations > 500 genome copies/g and 29% contained norovirus concentrations < 100 genome copies/g. By contrast, no oyster sample from the alternative harvest area (Site 2) or following depuration contained norovirus concentrations > 500 genome copies/g. In addition, 60 and 88% of oysters samples contained norovirus concentrations < 100 genome copies/g in oysters sampled from Site 2 and following depuration, respectively. These data demonstrate that site-specific management processes, supported by norovirus monitoring, can be an effective strategy to reduce, but not eliminate, consumer exposure to norovirus genome copies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Langlet J, Kaas L, Croucher D, Hewitt J. Effect of the Shellfish Proteinase K Digestion Method on Norovirus Capsid Integrity. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:151-158. [PMID: 29417429 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus outbreaks are associated with the consumption of contaminated shellfish, and so efficient methods to recover and detect infectious norovirus in shellfish are important. The Proteinase K digestion method used to recover norovirus from shellfish, as described in the ISO 15216, would be a good candidate but its impact on the virus capsid integrity and thus infectivity was never examined. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the Proteinase K digestion method, and of the heat treatment component of the method alone, on norovirus (genogroups I and II) and MS2 bacteriophage capsid integrity. A slightly modified version of the ISO method was used. RT-qPCR was used for virus detection following digestion of accessible viral RNA using RNases. MS2 phage infectivity was measured using a plaque assay. The effect of shellfish digestive glands (DG) on recovery was evaluated. In the presence of shellfish DG, a reduction in MS2 phage infectivity of about 1 log10 was observed after the Proteinase K digestion method and after heat treatment component alone. For norovirus GII and MS2 phage, there was no significant loss of genome following the Proteinase K digestion method but there was a significant 0.24 log10 loss of norovirus GI. In the absence of shellfish DG, the reduction in MS2 phage infectivity was about 2 log10, with the addition of RNases resulting in a significant loss of genome for all tested viruses following complete Proteinase K digestion method and the heat treatment alone. While some protective effect from the shellfish DG on viruses was observed, the impact on capsid integrity and infectivity suggests that this method, while suitable for norovirus genome detection, may not completely preserve virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Langlet
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Laetitia Kaas
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Croucher
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
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37
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O'Hara Z, Crossan C, Craft J, Scobie L. First Report of the Presence of Hepatitis E Virus in Scottish-Harvested Shellfish Purchased at Retail Level. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:217-221. [PMID: 29442296 PMCID: PMC5951870 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish samples (n = 310) purchased from local supermarkets were analysed for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) by nested RT-PCR and real-time qRT-PCR. Overall, 2.9% of samples tested positive for the presence of HEV. Phylogenetic analysis of HEV sequences revealed all as being genotype 3 HEV. This is the first report of the detection of HEV in commercially sold shellfish in Scotland. These findings may encourage further research that will help address the gaps in the knowledge in respect to foodborne transmission of HEV in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe O'Hara
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Claire Crossan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - John Craft
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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38
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Randazzo W, Piqueras J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Improving efficiency of viability-qPCR for selective detection of infectious HAV in food and water samples. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:958-964. [PMID: 28649706 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve the efficacy of intercalating dyes to distinguishing between infectious and inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) in food. METHODS AND RESULTS Different intercalating dyes were evaluated for the discrimination between infectious and thermally inactivated HAV suspensions combining with the RT-qPCR proposed in the ISO 15216. Among them, PMAxx was the best dye in removing the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Applied to lettuce and spinach, PMAxx-Triton pretreatment resulted in complete removal of the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Likewise, this study demonstrates that this pretreatment is suitable for the discrimination of inactivated HAV in shellfish without further sample dilution. In mussels and oysters, the developed viability RT-qPCR method reduced the signal of inactivated HAV between 1·7 and 2·2 logs at high inoculation level, and signal was completely removed at low inoculation level. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the use of PMAxx is an important improvement to assess HAV infectivity by RT-qPCR. It was shown that PMAxx-Triton pretreatment is suitable for the analysis of infectious HAV in complex food samples such as vegetables and shellfish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PMAxx-Triton pretreatment can be easily incorporated to the ISO norm for infectious virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Piqueras
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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39
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Batule BS, Kim SU, Mun H, Choi C, Shim WB, Kim MG. Colorimetric Detection of Norovirus in Oyster Samples through DNAzyme as a Signaling Probe. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:3003-3008. [PMID: 29381353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, norovirus is one of the most associated causes of acute gastroenteritis, which leads to nearly 50 000 child deaths every year in developing countries. Therefore, there is great demand to develop a rapid, low-cost, and accurate detection assay for the foodborne norovirus infection to reduce mortality caused by norovirus. Considering the importance of norovirus, we have demonstrated a highly sensitive and specific colorimetric detection method for analysis of human norovirus genogroups I and II (HuNoV GI and GII) in oyster samples. This is the first report to employ colorimetric HRPzyme-integrated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for direct norovirus detection from the real shellfish samples. We found that the HRPzyme-integrated PCR method is more sensitive than the gel electrophoresis approach and could detect the HuNoV GI and GII genome up to 1 copy/mL. The specificity of the proposed method was successfully demonstrated for HuNoV GI and GII. Further, we performed testing HuNoVs in the spiked oyster samples, and the HRPzyme-integrated PCR method proved to be an ultrasensitive and selective method for detecting HuNoVs in the real samples. By integration of the proposed method with the portable PCR machine, it would be more reliable to improve food safety by detecting HuNoVs in the different types of shellfish, such as oyster and mussel, at the production field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Gyounggi 17546 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science and Technology , Gyeongsang National University , 900 Gajwa-dong , Jinju , Gyeongnam 660-701 , Republic of Korea
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40
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Abstract
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is becoming a valuable model for investigating antiviral defense in the Lophotrochozoa superphylum. In the past five years, improvements to laboratory-based experimental infection protocols using Ostreid herpesvirus I (OsHV-1) from naturally infected C. gigas combined with next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed that oysters have a complex antiviral response involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways. Experimental evidence indicates C. gigas utilizes an interferon-like response to limit OsHV-1 replication and spread. Oysters injected with a viral mimic (polyI:C) develop resistance to OsHV-1. Improved survival following polyI:C injection was found later in life (within-generational immune priming) and in the next generation (multi-generational immune priming). These studies indicate that the oyster's antiviral defense system exhibits a form of innate immune-memory. An important priority is to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. This knowledge will motivate the development of practical and cost-effective treatments for improving oyster health in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research & Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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41
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Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with shellfish consumption being identified as one potential norovirus entry point into the human population. Minimising shellfish norovirus levels is therefore important for both the consumer’s protection and the shellfish industry’s reputation. One method used to reduce microbiological risks in shellfish is depuration; however, this process also presents additional costs to industry. Providing a mechanism to estimate norovirus levels during depuration would therefore be useful to stakeholders. This paper presents a mathematical model of the depuration process and its impact on norovirus levels found in shellfish. Two fundamental stages of norovirus depuration are considered: (i) the initial distribution of norovirus loads within a shellfish population and (ii) the way in which the initial norovirus loads evolve during depuration. Realistic assumptions are made about the dynamics of norovirus during depuration, and mathematical descriptions of both stages are derived and combined into a single model. Parameters to describe the depuration effect and norovirus load values are derived from existing norovirus data obtained from U.K. harvest sites. However, obtaining population estimates of norovirus variability is time-consuming and expensive; this model addresses the issue by assuming a ‘worst case scenario’ for variability of pathogens, which is independent of mean pathogen levels. The model is then used to predict minimum depuration times required to achieve norovirus levels which fall within possible risk management levels, as well as predictions of minimum depuration times for other water-borne pathogens found in shellfish. Times for Escherichia coli predicted by the model all fall within the minimum 42 hours required for class B harvest sites, whereas minimum depuration times for norovirus and FRNA+ bacteriophage are substantially longer. Thus this study provides relevant information and tools to assist norovirus risk managers with future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McMenemy
- Computing Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology Team, CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Computing Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nick Taylor
- Epidemiology Team, CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom
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42
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Abstract
Male-specific bacteriophages have been proposed as human enteric virus indicators for shellfish. In this study, Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were individually exposed to 5.6 × 1010 PFU of MS-2 for 48 h at 15 °C followed by collective maintenance in continuously UV-sterilized seawater for 0-6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 24 °C. Initial contamination levels of MS-2 were >6 log PFU. Assessment of weekly declines of viable MS-2 indicated that cooler temperatures dramatically enhanced the persistence of MS-2 within oyster tissues. At 3 weeks, the average log PFU reductions for MS-2 within oysters were 2.28, 2.90, and 4.57 for oysters held at 7, 15, and 24 °C, respectively. Fitting temporal survival data with linear and nonlinear Weibull models indicated that the Weibull model best fit the observed reductions. In total, these data can serve as a guideline for regulatory agencies regarding the influence of water temperature on indicator phage after episodic sewage exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, James W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Gloria K Meade
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, James W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
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43
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Brake F, Kiermeier A, Ross T, Holds G, Landinez L, McLeod C. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Norovirus and E. coli in Sydney Rock Oysters Following a Sewage Overflow into an Estuary. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:7-15. [PMID: 28685229 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a study of norovirus (NoV) GII distribution and persistence in Sydney rock oysters (SRO) (Saccostrea glomerata) located in an estuary after a pump station sewage overflow. SRO were strategically placed at six sites spanning the length of the estuary from the pump station to the sea. The spatial and temporal distribution of NoV, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in oysters was mapped after the contamination event. NoV GI and GII, HAV and E. coli were quantified for up to 48 days in oysters placed at six sites ranging from 0.05 to 8.20 km from the sewage overflow. NoV GII was detected up to 5.29 km downstream and persisted in oysters for 42 days at the site closest to the overflow. NoV GII concentrations decreased significantly over time; a reduction rate of 8.5% per day was observed in oysters (p < 0.001). NoV GII concentrations decreased significantly as a function of distance at a rate of 5.8% per km (p < 0.001) and the decline in E. coli concentration with distance was 20.1% per km (p < 0.001). HAV and NoV GI were not detected. A comparison of NoV GII reduction rates from oysters over time, as observed in this study and other published research, collectively suggest that GII reduction rates from oysters may be broadly similar, regardless of environmental conditions, oyster species and genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Brake
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture - School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas Kiermeier
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture - School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Holds
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lina Landinez
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine McLeod
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Seafood Safety Assessment Ltd, Scotland, UK.
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Nguyen GT, Pu J, Miura T, Ito H, Kazama S, Konta Y, Van Le A, Watanabe T. Oyster Contamination with Human Noroviruses Impacted by Urban Drainage and Seasonal Flooding in Vietnam. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:61-71. [PMID: 29230695 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the level of norovirus contamination in oysters collected at a lagoon receiving urban drainage from Hue City for 17 months (August 2015-December 2016). We also investigated the genetic diversity of norovirus GI and GII in oyster and wastewater samples by using pyrosequencing to evaluate the effect of urban drainage on norovirus contamination of oysters. A total of 34 oyster samples were collected at two sampling sites (stations A and B) in a lagoon. Norovirus GI was more frequently detected than GII (positive rate 79 vs. 41%). Maximum concentrations of GI and GII were 2.4 × 105 and 2.3 × 104 copies/g, respectively. Co-contamination with GI and GII was observed in 35% of samples. Norovirus GII concentration was higher at station A in the flood season than in the dry season (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Six genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified in both wastewater and oyster samples, and genetically similar or identical sequences were obtained from the two types of samples. These observations suggest that urban drainage and seasonal flooding contribute to norovirus contamination of oysters in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia Thanh Nguyen
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 530000, Vietnam.
- Institute for Community Health Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 530000, Vietnam.
| | - Jian Pu
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11 Akabanedai, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0053, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kazama
- Center for Simulation Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Konta
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - An Van Le
- Department of Microbiology & Carlo Urbani Center, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen Street, Hue City, 530000, Vietnam
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
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La Rosa G, Proroga YTR, De Medici D, Capuano F, Iaconelli M, Della Libera S, Suffredini E. First Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Shellfish and in Seawater from Production Areas in Southern Italy. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:127-131. [PMID: 28956272 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish samples (n = 384) from production areas, water samples from the same areas (n = 39) and from nearby sewage discharge points (n = 29) were analyzed for hepatitis E virus (HEV) by real-time and nested RT-PCR. Ten shellfish samples (2.6%) and five seawater samples (12.8%) tested positive for HEV; all characterized strains were G3 and showed high degree of sequence identity. An integrated surveillance in seafood and waters is relevant to reduce the risk of shellfish-associated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Y T R Proroga
- Department of Food Inspection, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via della Salute 2, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - D De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - F Capuano
- Department of Food Inspection, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via della Salute 2, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Hartard C, Leclerc M, Rivet R, Maul A, Loutreul J, Banas S, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages, Especially Members of Subgroup II, Should Be Reconsidered as Good Indicators of Viral Pollution of Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01866-17. [PMID: 29079627 PMCID: PMC5734038 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01866-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to oyster consumption. In this study, we investigated the potential of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) as indicators of viral contamination in oysters by focusing especially on FRNAPH subgroup II (FRNAPH-II). These viral indicators have been neglected because their behavior is sometimes different from that of NoV in shellfish, especially during the depuration processes usually performed before marketing. However, a significant bias needs to be taken into account. This bias is that, in the absence of routine culture methods, NoV is targeted by genome detection, while the presence of FRNAPH is usually investigated by isolation of infectious particles. In this study, by targeting both viruses using genome detection, a significant correlation between the presence of FRNAPH-II and that of NoV in shellfish collected from various European harvesting areas impacted by fecal pollution was observed. Moreover, during their depuration, while the long period of persistence of NoV was confirmed, a similar or even longer period of persistence of the FRNAPH-II genome, which was over 30 days, was observed. Such a striking genome persistence calls into question the relevance of molecular methods for assessing viral hazards. Targeting the same virus (i.e., FRNAPH-II) by culture and genome detection in specimens from harvesting areas as well as during depuration, we concluded that the presence of genomes in shellfish does not provide any information on the presence of the corresponding infectious particles. In view of these results, infectious FRNAPH detection should be reconsidered as a valuable indicator in oysters, and its potential for use in assessing viral hazard needs to be investigated.IMPORTANCE This work brings new data about the behavior of viruses in shellfish, as well as about the relevance of molecular methods for their detection and evaluation of the viral hazard. First, a strong correlation between the presence of F-specific RNA bacteriophages of subgroup II (FRNAPH-II) and that of norovirus (NoV) in shellfish impacted by fecal contamination has been observed when both viruses are detected using molecular approaches. Second, when reverse transcription-PCR and culture are used to detect FRNAPH-II in shellfish, it appears that the genomes of the viruses present a longer period of persistence than infectious virus, and thus, virus genome detection fails to give information about the concomitant presence of infectious viruses. Finally, this study shows that FRNAPH persist at least as long as NoV does. These data are major arguments to reconsider the potential of FRNAPH as indicators of shellfish viral quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Leclerc
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - R Rivet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Maul
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Metz, France
| | - J Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - S Banas
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - N Boudaud
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Suffredini E, Proroga YTR, Di Pasquale S, Di Maro O, Losardo M, Cozzi L, Capuano F, De Medici D. Occurrence and Trend of Hepatitis A Virus in Bivalve Molluscs Production Areas Following a Contamination Event. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:423-433. [PMID: 28452010 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the trend of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a coastal zone impacted by a contamination event, providing data for the development of management strategies. A total of 352 samples, including four bivalve mollusc species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Solen vagina, Venus gallina and Donax trunculus), were taken over a period of 6 months from 27 production areas of the coast and analysis were performed according to ISO/TS 15216-1:2013. HAV presence was detected in 77 samples from 11 production areas and all positive results were related to samples collected in the first 3 months of the surveillance, during which HAV prevalence was 39.9% and values as high as 5096 genome copies/g were detected. A progressive reduction of viral contamination was evident during the first trimester of the monitoring, with prevalence decreasing from 78.8% in the first month, to 37.8% in the second and 3.9% in the third and quantitative levels reduced from an average value of 672 genome copies/g to 255 genome copies/g over a period of 4 weeks (virus half-life: 21.5 days). A regression analysis showed that, during the decreasing phase of the contamination, the data fitted a reciprocal quadratic model (Ra2 = 0.921) and, based on the model, a residual presence of HAV could be estimated after negativization of the production areas. The statistical analysis of the results per shellfish species and per production area showed that there were limited differences in contamination prevalence and levels among diverse bivalve species, while a statistically significant difference was present in quantitative levels of one production area. These data could be useful for the development of both risk assessment models and code of practice for the management of viral contamination in primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Inspection, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Di Pasquale
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Orlandina Di Maro
- Department of Food Inspection, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Losardo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Cozzi
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Inspection, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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48
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Ilic N, Velebit B, Teodorovic V, Djordjevic V, Karabasil N, Vasilev D, Djuric S, Adzic B, Dimitrijevic M. Influence of Environmental Conditions on Norovirus Presence in Mussels Harvested in Montenegro. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:406-414. [PMID: 28439785 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study comprises the first systematic survey of the occurrence of Norovirus in Mediterranean mussels from harvesting areas in Montenegro coast of Adriatic Sea. Mussels may accumulate contaminants of public health concern, including pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Microbiological monitoring of harvesting areas is based on count of Escherichia coli in bivalve molluscs in the European Union. It is assumed that E. coli does not reflect contamination with enteric viruses. A structured field study was undertaken at six locations in Bay of Kotor, Montenegro, in order to investigate plausible influence of environmental factors on the variability of E. coli and norovirus (NoV). From July 2015 to July 2016, a total of 72 samples of mussels were collected in coastal harvesting areas of the Montenegro. The samples were screened for NoV of genogroups GI and GII using reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR). There were 43% NoV positive samples with higher presence of genogroup GII (74.2%). With regard to influence of environmental conditions on Norovirus presence, we have proved seasonal pattern of virus occurrence i.e., the largest number of positive samples was noticed during winter, while other physico-chemical factors were not of great significance. It was found that count of E. coli did not correlate with Norovirus prevalence. From the aspect of food safety, an upgrade of monitoring plans could lead to obtaining safer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Ilic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branko Velebit
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kacanskog 13, 11040, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vlado Teodorovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Djordjevic
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kacanskog 13, 11040, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Vasilev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Spomenka Djuric
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Adzic
- Specialist Veterinary Laboratory, Bulevar Dzordza Vasingtona bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijevic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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49
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Lowmoung T, Pombubpa K, Duangdee T, Tipayamongkholgul M, Kittigul L. Distribution of Naturally Occurring Norovirus Genogroups I, II, and IV in Oyster Tissues. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:415-422. [PMID: 28550646 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated different tissues of naturally contaminated oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) for the presence of noroviruses. RNA from digestive tissues, gills, and mantle of the oysters was extracted and tested for norovirus genogroup (G) I, GII, and GIV using RT-nested PCR. In spiking experiments with a known norovirus, GII.4, the detection limits were 2.97 × 102 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues, 2.62 × 102 RNA copies/g of gills, and 1.61 × 103 RNA copies/g of mantle. A total of 85 oyster samples were collected from a fresh market in Bangkok, Thailand. Noroviruses were found in the oyster samples (40/85, 47%): GI (29/85, 34.1%), GII (9/85, 10.5%), mixed GI and GII (1/85, 1.2%), and GIV (1/85, 1.2%). All three genogroups were found in the digestive tissues of oysters. Norovirus GI was present in all three tissues with the highest frequency in the mantle, and was additionally detected in multiple tissues in some oysters. GII was also detected in all three tissues, but was not detected in multiple tissues in the same oyster. For genogroup I, only GI.2 could be identified and it was found in all tissues. For genogroup II, three different genotypes were identified, namely GII.4 which was detected in the gills and the mantle, GII.17 which was detected in the digestive tissues, and GII.21 which was detected in the mantle. GIV.1 was identified in the digestive tissues of one oyster. This is the first report on the presence of human GIV.1 in oyster in Thailand, and the results indicate oyster as a possible vehicle for transmission of all norovirus genogroups in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruta Lowmoung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Duangdee
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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50
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Randazzo W, Khezri M, Ollivier J, Le Guyader FS, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Optimization of PMAxx pretreatment to distinguish between human norovirus with intact and altered capsids in shellfish and sewage samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:1-7. [PMID: 29156242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish contamination by human noroviruses (HuNoVs) is a serious health and economic problem. Recently an ISO procedure based on RT-qPCR for the quantitative detection of HuNoVs in shellfish has been issued, but these procedures cannot discriminate between inactivated and potentially infectious viruses. The aim of the present study was to optimize a pretreatment using PMAxx to better discriminate between intact and heat-treated HuNoVs in shellfish and sewage. To this end, the optimal conditions (30min incubation with 100μM of PMAxx and 0.5% of Triton, and double photoactivation) were applied to mussels, oysters and cockles artificially inoculated with thermally-inactivated (99°C for 5min) HuNoV GI and GII. This pretreatment reduced the signal of thermally-inactivated HuNoV GI in cockles and HuNoV GII in mussels by >3 log. Additionally, this pretreatment reduced the signal of thermally-inactivated HuNoV GI and GII between 1 and 1.5 log in oysters. Thermal inactivation of HuNoV GI and GII in PBS, sewage and bioaccumulated oysters was also evaluated by the PMAxx-Triton pretreatment. Results showed significant differences between reductions observed in the control and PMAxx-treated samples in PBS following treatment at 72 and 95°C for 15min. In sewage, the RT-qPCR signal of HuNoV GI was completely removed by the PMAxx pretreatment after heating at 72 and 95°C, while the RT-qPCR signal for HuNoV GII was completely eliminated only at 95°C. Finally, the PMAxx-Triton pretreatment was applied to naturally contaminated sewage and oysters, resulting in most of the HuNoV genomes quantified in sewage and oyster samples (12 out of 17) corresponding to undamaged capsids. Although this procedure may still overestimate infectivity, the PMAxx-Triton pretreatment represents a step forward to better interpret the quantification of intact HuNoVs in complex matrices, such as sewage and shellfish, and it could certainly be included in the procedures based on RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mohammad Khezri
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Joanna Ollivier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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