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Olmsted ZT, Paredes-Espinosa MB, Paluh JL. Embryonic Spinal Cord Innervation in Human Trunk Organogenesis Gastruloids: Cardiac Versus Enteric Customization and Beyond. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2767:135-159. [PMID: 37284941 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2023_491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trunk-biased human gastruloids provide the ability to couple developmentally relevant spinal neurogenesis and organ morphogenesis via spatiotemporal self-organization events from derivatives of the three germ layers. The multi-lineage nature of gastruloids provides the full complexity of regulatory signaling cues that surpasses directed organoids and lays the foundation for an ex vivo self-evolving system. Here we detail two distinct protocols for trunk-biased gastruloids from an elongated, polarized structure with coordinated organ-specific neural patterning. Following an induction phase to caudalize iPSCs to trunk phenotype, divergent features of organogenesis and end-organ innervation yield separate models of enteric and cardiac nervous system formation. Both protocols are permissive to multi-lineage development and allow the study of neural integration events within a native, embryo-like context. We discuss the customizability of human gastruloids and the optimization of initial and extended conditions that maintain a permissive environment for multi-lineage differentiation and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Olmsted
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nanobioscience, Albany, NY, USA
- University of California Los Angeles, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Belen Paredes-Espinosa
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nanobioscience, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Janet L Paluh
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nanobioscience, Albany, NY, USA
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2
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Kanai SM, Clouthier DE. Endothelin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201786. [PMID: 38078652 PMCID: PMC10753589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin 1 (EDN1) in 1988, the role of endothelin ligands and their receptors in the regulation of blood pressure in normal and disease states has been extensively studied. However, endothelin signaling also plays crucial roles in the development of neural crest cell-derived tissues. Mechanisms of endothelin action during neural crest cell maturation have been deciphered using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches, with these studies elucidating the basis of human syndromes involving developmental differences resulting from altered endothelin signaling. In this Review, we describe the endothelin pathway and its functions during the development of neural crest-derived tissues. We also summarize how dysregulated endothelin signaling causes developmental differences and how this knowledge may lead to potential treatments for individuals with gene variants in the endothelin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Libby TE, Delawalla MLM, Al-Shimari F, MacLennan CA, Vannice KS, Pavlinac PB. Consequences of Shigella infection in young children: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:78-95. [PMID: 36736579 PMCID: PMC10017352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review of the longitudinal consequences of Shigella infection in children to inform the value proposition for an effective vaccine. METHODS We searched PubMed and Embase for studies published from January 01, 1980 to December 12, 2022 and conducted in low- and middle-income countries that included longitudinal follow-up after Shigella detection among children aged <5 years, irrespective of language. We collected data on all outcomes subsequent to Shigella detection, except mortality. RESULTS Of 2627 papers identified, 52 met inclusion criteria. The median sample size of children aged <5 years was 66 (range 5-2172). Data were collected in 20 countries; 56% (n = 29) of the publications included Bangladesh. The most common outcomes related to diarrhea (n = 20), linear growth (n = 14), and the mean total cost of a Shigella episode (n = 4; range: $ 6.22-31.10). Among children with Shigella diarrhea, 2.9-61.1% developed persistent diarrhea (≥14 days); the persistence was significantly more likely among children who were malnourished, had bloody stool, or had multidrug-resistant Shigella. Cumulative Shigella infections over the first 2 years of life contributed to the greatest loss in length-for-age z-score. CONCLUSION We identified evidence that Shigella is associated with persistent diarrhea, linear growth faltering, and economic impact to the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Libby
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | | - Fatima Al-Shimari
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Patricia B Pavlinac
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hille MM, Sillman SJ, Brodersen BW. The Role of Histopathology in Ruminant Diagnostics. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:73-91. [PMID: 36732001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histopathology remains an important tool for ruminant disease diagnostic investigations. Some ruminant diseases require histopathology to make a definitive diagnosis. Clinical history, proper tissue sampling and handling, and proper fixation all increase the efficiency of a histopathologic examination and the likelihood of an accurate diagnosis. This article discusses some of the main organ systems of ruminants and highlights common ruminant diseases encountered by diagnosticians where histopathology is particularly important. Where applicable, correlative gross lesions, special considerations regarding tissue sampling, and histologic report interpretation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hille
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, 115N NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA.
| | - Sarah J Sillman
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, 115N NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA
| | - Bruce W Brodersen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, 115N NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA
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Torok M, White A, Butterfield M, Weiss J, Scallan Walter E, Hewitson I, Jervis R. Barriers to stool specimen collection during foodborne and enteric illness outbreak investigations in Arizona and Colorado. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100012. [PMID: 36916595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stool specimen collection during a foodborne or enteric illness outbreak investigation is essential for determining the outbreak etiology and for advancing the epidemiologic understanding of the pathogens and food vehicles causing illness. However, public health professionals face multifaceted barriers when trying to collect stool specimens from ill person during an outbreak investigation. The Colorado Integrated Food Safety Center of Excellence (Colorado IFS CoE) and the Arizona Department of Health Services surveyed local public health agencies (LPHAs) to identify barriers to collecting ≥2 clinical specimens in foodborne and enteric illness outbreaks. The most commonly selected patient-related barrier was that the patient did not think it is important to provide a stool sample because they are well by the time the LPHA follows-up (61%). The most frequently selected outbreak-related barrier was the LPHA did not learn about the outbreak until after symptoms had resolved (61%). Time/personnel not being available for stool collection was the most frequently chosen health department-related barrier (51%). Timing of the outbreak (e.g., on a weekend or holiday) was the most frequently selected transportation-related barrier (51%) to collecting ≥2 stool specimens. Many of the frequently cited barriers in this survey were similar to those previously reported, such as workforce capacity and patient privacy concerns, indicating that these barriers are ongoing. Reducing barriers to stool collection during outbreaks will require efforts led at the national and state levels, such as increased enteric illness program funding, educating public health staff on the importance of specimen collection during every enteric illness outbreak, and providing specimen collection resources to LPHA staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Torok
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health 13001 East 17th Place, Fitzsimons Building, 3rd Floor, E3360, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Alice White
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health 13001 East 17th Place, Fitzsimons Building, 3rd Floor, E3360, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marilee Butterfield
- Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA
| | - Joli Weiss
- Arizona Department of Health Services, 150 N 18th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA
| | - Elaine Scallan Walter
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health 13001 East 17th Place, Fitzsimons Building, 3rd Floor, E3360, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ingrid Hewitson
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246, USA
| | - Rachel Jervis
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246, USA
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Agossou DJ, Koluman N. Developing new methane emission factors and quantifying methane emission from Beninese cattle production. Sci Total Environ 2022; 848:157545. [PMID: 35905963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories carried out in The Republic of Benin have shown that cattle are the major emitters of livestock-related GHG. Due to the unavailability of national emission factors (EF), most of the previous GHG inventories were conducted according to the Tier 1 method based on the use of default EF suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). The use of Tier 1 presents accuracy limits. Thus, this study was conducted to develop country-specific EF; the use of which in future inventories of methane (CH4) emitted will provide data that will be more accurate. EF was calculated for six local breeds: zebu cattle (Gudali, White Fulani, and Azawak) and humpless cattle - Bos taurus (Borgou, Lagune, and Somba). We calculated EF for CH4 emitted from enteric fermentation and manure management following the Tier 2 methods. Firstly, we characterized and categorized the cattle population according to species, breed, sex, and age. Then, the gross energy (GE) intake for each category was calculated. Finally, the categorical EF and total CH4 emitted for the period 1999-2019 were calculated and determined. The results revealed great EF heterogeneity within species, breeds, and age groups. The national enteric EF of 57.91 kg CH4 head-1 year-1 was obtained for all cattle. The EF for CH4 emitted from manure management was 1.60kg CH4 head-1 year-1. The highest (73.74 kg CH4 head-1 year-1) and the lowest (34.90 kg CH4 head-1 year-1) were recorded in Azawak and Lagune cattle, respectively. CH4 emissions were mainly emitted from enteric fermentation, with an annual average of 2849.59 Gg CO2eq, accounting for 97.31 %. Manure-related emissions were yearly at 78.71 Gg CO2eq, representing 2.69 % of total CH4 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazan Koluman
- Department of Animal Science, Çukurova University, 01330 Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
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Akhgari A, Iraji P, Rahiman N, Hasanzade Farouji A, Abbaspour M. Preparation of stable enteric folic acid-loaded microfiber using the electrospinning method. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2022; 25:405-413. [PMID: 35656189 PMCID: PMC9148407 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.61563.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Folic acid is an essential vitamin, labile to hydrolysis in the acidic environment of the stomach with low water solubility and bioavailability. In order to solve these problems, enteric oral folic acid-loaded microfibers with a pH-sensitive polymer by electrospinning method were prepared. Materials and Methods Electrospinning was performed at different folic acid ratios and voltages. Fibers were evaluated in terms of mechanical strength, acidic resistance, and drug release. Additionally, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analyses were performed on the optimal formulation. Results Drug ratio and voltage had a considerable effect on fibers' entrapment efficiency, acid resistance, and mechanical strength. Based on the obtained results, the optimum formulation containing 1.25% of the drug/polymer was prepared at 18 kV. The entrapment efficiency of the optimal sample was above 90% with an acid resistance of higher than 70%. The tensile test confirmed the high mechanical properties of the optimum microfiber. DSC and XRD tests indicated that folic acid was converted to an amorphous form in the fiber structure and the FTIR test confirmed the formation of a chemical bond between the drug and the polymer. The release of the drug from the optimal fiber was about 90% in 60 min. Conclusion In conclusion, the optimal formulation of folic acid with proper mechanical properties can be used as a candidate dosage form for further bioavailability investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Akhgari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pariya Iraji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akram Hasanzade Farouji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Abbaspour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Richards AF, Torres-Velez FJ, Mantis NJ. Salmonella Uptake into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues: Implications for Targeted Mucosal Vaccine Design and Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2410:305-324. [PMID: 34914054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peyer's patches are organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the small intestine and the primary route by which particulate antigens, including viruses and bacteria, are sampled by the mucosal immune system. Antigen sampling occurs through M cells, a specialized epithelial cell type located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that overlie Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles. While Peyer's patches play an integral role in intestinal homeostasis, they are also a gateway by which enteric pathogens, like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), cross the intestinal barrier. Once pathogens like STm gain access to the underlying network of mucosal dendritic cells and macrophages they can spread systemically. Thus, Peyer's patches are at the crossroads of mucosal immunity and intestinal pathogenesis. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods to assess STm entry into mouse Peyer's patch tissues. We describe Peyer's patch collection methods and provide strategies to enumerate bacterial uptake. We also detail a method for quantifying bacterial shedding from infected animals and provide an immunohistochemistry protocol for the localization of STm along the gastrointestinal tract and insight into pathogen transit in the presence of protective antibodies. While the protocols are written for STm, they are easily tailored to other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene F Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Gandhi D, Garg T, Shah J, Sawhney H, Crowder BJ, Nagar A. Gastrointestinal duplication cysts: what a radiologist needs to know. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:13-27. [PMID: 34417830 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract duplication cysts are rare congenital malformations which can be diagnosed as early as the prenatal period but are frequently found in infancy or incidentally in adulthood. They can be seen throughout the alimentary tract with the most common involving the distal ileum and second most common the esophagus. Many duplication cysts are asymptomatic and thus discovered as an incidental imaging finding, though they can also be symptomatic with an array of clinical presentations dependent largely on their location. The vast majority of duplication cysts are benign; however, there are rare instances of malignant transformation reported. The aim of this review is to show how multimodality imaging can help in the diagnosis of duplication cysts at various anatomical locations. Duplication cyst can become symptomatic and in rare cases undergo malignant transformation; therefore, they are typically managed with surgical excision, particularly if found prenatally or during infancy. Given the diversity of anatomic locations, multiple differential diagnoses, and the need for surgical intervention, it is valuable to comprehend the role of multimodality imaging role in diagnosing duplication cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Gandhi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St. Clair St, Suite 800, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of Radiology, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel East, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Jignesh Shah
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Harpreet Sawhney
- Department of Radiology, Bridgeport Hospital at Yale New Haven Health, 167 Grant St, Bridgeport, CT, 06610, USA
| | - Benjamin James Crowder
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 395W, 12th Av, 4th Floor, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Arpit Nagar
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 395W, 12th Av, 4th Floor, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Rego R, Watson S, Alam MAU, Abdullah SA, Yunus M, Alam IT, Chowdhury AK, Haider S, Faruque ASG, Khan AI, Hofer T, Gill P, Islam MS, Lilford R. A comparison of traditional diarrhoea measurement methods with microbiological and biochemical indicators: A cross-sectional observational study in the Cox's Bazar displaced persons camp. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 42:101205. [PMID: 34849477 PMCID: PMC8608865 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) systems aim to reduce the spread of enteric pathogens, particularly amongst children under five years old. The most common primary outcome of WASH trials is carer-reported diarrhoea. We evaluate different diarrhoea survey instruments as proxy markers of enteric pathogen presence in stool. METHODS We recruited 800 community-based participants from the Cox's Bazar Displaced Person's Camp in Bangladesh, split evenly between the rainy (July/August 2020) and dry (November/December 2020) periods. Participants were randomized evenly into either a standard survey asking carers if their child under five years old has had diarrhoea in the past fortnight, or a pictorial survey asking carers to pick from a pictorial chart which stools their child under five years old has had in the past fortnight. We collected stools from a random sub-sample of 120. Stools were examined visually, and tested for proteins associated with enteric infection and 16 enteric pathogens. We calculated sensitivities and specificities for each survey type, visual examination, and proteins with respect to enteric pathogen presence. FINDINGS The sensitivity of the standard survey for enteric pathogen presence was 0.49[95%CI:0.32,0.66] and the specificity was 0.65[0.41,0.85]. Similar sensitivities and specificities were observed for pictorial survey, visual inspection, and proteins. INTERPRETATION While diarrhoea is an important sign in clinical practice it appears that it is a poor proxy for enteric pathogen presence in stool in epidemiological surveys. When enteric infection is of interest, this should be measured directly. FUNDING The project was funded by the National Institutes for Health Research Global Health Research Unit on Improving Health in Slums (16/136/87) and by the University of Warwick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rego
- Center for Global Health Equity, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, USA
- Center for Global Health, University of Warwick, UK
- Institute for Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Watson
- Center for Global Health, University of Warwick, UK
- Institute for Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Imam Taskin Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - ASG Faruque
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | - Timothy Hofer
- Center for Global Health Equity, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Paramjit Gill
- Center for Global Health, University of Warwick, UK
- Institute for Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Richard Lilford
- Center for Global Health, University of Warwick, UK
- Institute for Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
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Richards A, Baranova D, Mantis NJ. The prospect of orally administered monoclonal secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies to prevent enteric bacterial infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:1964317. [PMID: 34491878 PMCID: PMC9103515 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1964317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating diarrheal diseases as a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will require multiple intervention strategies. In this review, we spotlight a series of preclinical studies investigating the potential of orally administered monoclonal secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies (MAbs) to reduce disease associated with three enteric bacterial pathogens: Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. IgA MAbs targeting bacterial surface antigens (flagella, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide) were generated from mice, humanized mice, and human tonsillar B cells. Recombinant SIgA1 and/or SIgA2 derivates of those MAbs were purified from supernatants following transient transfection of 293 cells with plasmids encoding antibody heavy and light chains, J-chain, and secretory component (SC). When administered to mice by gavage immediately prior to (or admixed with) the bacterial challenge, SIgA MAbs reduced infection C. jejuni, ETEC, and S. Typhimurium infections. Fv-matched IgG1 MAbs by comparison were largely ineffective against C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium under the same conditions, although they were partially effective against ETEC. While these findings highlight future applications of orally administered SIgA, the studies also underscored the fundamental challenges associated with using MAbs as prophylactic tools against enteric bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Zhang X, Amer PR, Stachowicz K, Quinton C, Crowley J. Herd-level versus animal-level variation in methane emission prediction in grazing dairy cattle. Animal 2021; 15:100325. [PMID: 34371470 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the increased concern over agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, more detailed assessments of current methane emissions and their variation, within and across individual dairy farms and cattle, are of interest for research and policy development. This assessment will provide insights into possible changes needed to reduce GHG emissions, the nature and direction of these changes, ways to influence farmer behavior and areas to maximize the adoption of emerging mitigation technologies. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the variation in enteric fermentation methane emissions within and among seasonal calving dairy farms with the majority of nutritional requirements met through grazed pasture; (2) use this variation to assess the potential of new individual animal emission monitoring technologies and their impact on mitigation policy. We used a large database of cow performance records for milk production and survival from 2 398 herds in New Zealand, and simulation to account for unobserved variation in feed efficiency and methane emissions per unit of feed. Results showed an average of 120 ± 31.4 kg predicted methane (CH4) per cow per year after accounting for replacement costs, ranging 8.9-323 kg CH4/cow per year. Whereas milk production, survival and predicted live weight were reasonably effective at predicting both individual and herd average levels of per cow feed intake, substantial within animal variation in emissions per unit of feed reduced the ability of these variables to predict variation in per animal methane output. Animal-level measurement technologies predicting only feed intake but not emissions per unit of feed are unlikely to be effective for advancing national policy goals of reducing dairy farming enteric methane output. This is because farmers seek to profitably utilize all farm feed resources available, so improvements in feed efficiency will not result in the reduction in feed utilization required to reduce methane emissions. At a herd level, average per cow milk production and live weight could form the basis of assigning a farm-level point of obligation for methane emissions. In conclusion, a comprehensive national database infrastructure that was tightly linked to animal identification and movement systems, and captured live weight data from existing farm-level recording systems, would be required to make this effective. Additional policy and incentivization mechanisms would still be required to encourage farmer uptake of mitigation interventions, such as novel feed supplements or vaccines that reduce methane emissions per unit of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin 9058, New Zealand
| | - P R Amer
- AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin 9058, New Zealand.
| | - K Stachowicz
- AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin 9058, New Zealand
| | - C Quinton
- AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin 9058, New Zealand
| | - J Crowley
- AbacusBio Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin 9058, New Zealand
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Patel SK, Khoder M, Peak M, Alhnan MA. Controlling drug release with additive manufacturing-based solutions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:369-386. [PMID: 33895213 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is an innovative manufacturing technology with great potential to revolutionise solid dosage forms. Novel features of 3D printing technology confer advantage over conventional solid dosage form manufacturing technologies, including rapid prototyping and an unparalleled capability to fabricate complex geometries with spatially separated conformations. Such a novel technology could transform the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of highly personalised dosage forms with well-defined release profiles. In this work, we review the current state of the art of using additive manufacturing for predicting and understanding drug release from 3D printed novel structures. Furthermore, we describe a wide spectrum of 3D printing technologies, materials, procedure, and processing parameters used to fabricate fundamentally different matrices with different drug releases. The different methods to manipulate drug release patterns including the surface area-to-mass ratio, infill pattern, geometry, and composition, are critically evaluated. Moreover, the drug release mechanisms and models that could aid exploiting the release profile are also covered. Finally, this review also covers the design opportunities alongside the technical and regulatory challenges that these rapidly evolving technologies present.
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Conforti F, Tarantino P, Trillo P, Pala L, Zagami P, Pirola S, Di Venosa B, Catania C, Queirolo P, Pennacchioli E, Della Vigna P, Curigliano G, De Pas TM. Pathological and clinical features of enteric adenocarcinoma of the thymus. A pooled analysis of cases from a reference center and systematic review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 92:102133. [PMID: 33296826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary enteric adenocarcinoma of the thymus (EAT) is a recently proposed rare subtype of thymic carcinoma. Unlike thymic carcinomas with squamous histology, for which clinical guidelines are available, little knowledge is available regarding the clinical and pathological features of EAT, and there is no consensus on the best treatment algorithm for such tumors. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature, searching for all cases of EAT reported. We also retrospectively reviewed all cases of EAT treated at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) between January 2000 and January 2020. Individual patient data were extracted and analyzed in order to delineate clinical and pathological features, as well as patients' prognosis and treatments outcome, evaluated in terms of Disease free Survival (DFS), Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Thirty-three cases (29 reported in literature and 4 new cases treated at IEO) of thymic adenocarcinoma deploying enteric differentiation as defined by WHO-criteria were analyzed. All tumors showed positive immunoreactivity for cytokeratin (CK) 20 and/or caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2). Data on molecular profiling by next-generation sequencing were available in only 3 cases, and did not show actionable findings. At diagnosis, 11 pts had an early-stage (Masaoka I-II) and 22 a locally advanced (10 pts) or metastatic (12 pts) disease. Median-DFS of patients with localized disease was 12 months (95% CI, 7-19). Patients who received systemic chemotherapy were mostly treated with regimens commonly used for thymic epithelial tumors, with a discouraging PFS of 3-5 months for patients with stage IV disease. Median OS of the whole population was 34 months (95% CI, 24-NA:. mOS was not reached for patients with stage I-II disease versus 34 months in stage III-IV (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Available evidence suggests that EAT represents a distinct entity in the context of thymic epithelial tumors, characterized by aggressive clinical behavior, poor responsiveness to chemotherapy and dismal patients prognosis. More research is needed to better define optimal management strategies for patients with such rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Conforti
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma & Sarcoma, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tarantino
- Division of Early Drug Development for IEO, of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Trillo
- Division of Early Drug Development for IEO, of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pala
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma & Sarcoma, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Zagami
- Division of Early Drug Development for IEO, of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pirola
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Di Venosa
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Catania
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, of Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma & Sarcoma, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pennacchioli
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma & Sarcoma, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Della Vigna
- Division of Interventional Radiology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Martino De Pas
- Division of Medical Oncology for Melanoma & Sarcoma, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Nieves-Ríos C, Alvarez-Falcón S, Malavez S, Rodriguez-Otero J, García-Arrarás JE. The nervous system component of the mesentery of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima in normal and regenerating animals. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:67-77. [PMID: 31865468 PMCID: PMC7073298 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mesenterial tissues play important roles in the interactions between the viscera and the rest of the organism. Among these roles, they serve as the physical substrate for nerves connecting the visceral nervous components to the central nervous system. Although the mesenterial nervous system component has been described in vertebrates, particularly in mammals, a description in other deuterostomes is lacking. Using immunohistochemistry in tissue sections and whole mounts, we describe here the nervous component of the intestinal mesentery in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. This echinoderm has the ability to regenerate its internal organs in a process that depends on the mesentery. Therefore, we have also explored changes in the mesenterial nervous component during intestinal regeneration. Extensive fiber bundles with associated neurons are found in the mesothelial layer, extending from the body wall to the intestine. Neuron-like cells are also found within a plexus in the connective tissue layer. We also show that most of the cells and nerve fibers within the mesentery remain during the regenerative process, with only minor changes: a general disorganization of the fiber bundles and a retraction of nerve fibers near the tip of the mesentery during the first days of regeneration. Our results provide a basic description of mesenterial nervous component that can be of importance for comparative studies as well as for the analyses of visceral regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nieves-Ríos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Falcón
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Sonya Malavez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Otero
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - José E García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, 00931, Puerto Rico.
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Onosi O, Upfold NS, Jukes MD, Luke GA, Knox C. The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:84-88. [PMID: 31786741 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has a global distribution and is associated with respiratory and enteric infections, particularly in the paediatric population. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analysed for the presence of HBoV using nested PCR with primers targeting the VP1/VP2 junction. Amplification and sequencing of the 382 bp region followed by phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of HBoV 2 in mussel samples and HBoV 3 in sewage samples. This is the first report describing the presence of enteric-associated HBoV in environmental samples from South Africa and in mussel samples from the African continent. The results signify the need for further studies examining the potential risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and highlight the importance of continued screening to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of HBoV in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oikwathaile Onosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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Hungerford D, Jere KC, Bar-Zeev N, Harris JP, Cunliffe NA, Iturriza-Gómara M. Epidemiology and genotype diversity of norovirus infections among children aged <5 years following rotavirus vaccine introduction in Blantyre, Malawi. J Clin Virol 2019; 123:104248. [PMID: 31881509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following rotavirus vaccine introduction, norovirus has emerged as a significant pathogen associated with acute gastroenteritis among children in some high- and middle-income countries. In a case-control study following rotavirus vaccination in Malawi, we used PCR to test for multiple enteric pathogens in fecal samples from children aged <5 years hospitalized with diarrhea, and from asymptomatic community controls (Iturriza-Gómara et al. 2019). OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology and genotype diversity of norovirus infections among infants and young children in Blantyre, Malawi, following rotavirus vaccine introduction in 2012. STUDY DESIGN We analysed data from the case-control study to assess annual and agespecific norovirus prevalence and the presence of co-infection. Norovirus-containing specimens were amplified by PCR and sequenced to determined genotype. RESULTS Norovirus prevalence in cases was similar for each complete year of study (11.4% in 2013, 9.3% in 2014 and 11.2% in 2015). Prevalence of norovirus among children aged <6 months, 6-11 months, 12-23 months and 24+ months was 15.3% (11/72), 13.3% (44/331), 11.0% (24/219) and 6.6% (4/61) respectively in cases and 6.7% (2/30), 13.1% (30/229), 4.2% (8/192) and 7.1 (5/70) in controls. Co-pathogens were commonly detected in norovirus positive cases (77/83) and controls (44/45). Norovirus GII.4 was the most commonly identified genotype, comprising 48% and 41% of genotyped strains among cases and controls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus disease prevalence was unchanged during the study period, and was greatest amongst infants. Frequent co-infection and asymptomatic shedding suggests intense community transmission of norovirus and other enteric pathogens in this low-income, African setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hungerford
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Members of Liverpool Health Partners, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR, Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections at University of Liverpool, L69 3GL, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Members of Liverpool Health Partners, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John P Harris
- NIHR, Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections at University of Liverpool, L69 3GL, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A Cunliffe
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Members of Liverpool Health Partners, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Members of Liverpool Health Partners, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR, Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections at University of Liverpool, L69 3GL, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Characterization of human norovirus binding to gut-associated bacterial ligands. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:607. [PMID: 31547886 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Research suggests human norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-like molecules on enteric bacteria may enhance viral pathogenesis; however, the properties of these bacterial ligands are not well known. Previous work identified, but did not characterize, seven norovirus-binding bacteria. To further examine this bacteria–virus binding interaction, enteric bacteria were analyzed via Western blot with anti-HBGA antibodies and lectins targeting HBGA-associated sugar components. Virus overlay assays using capsids from six different human norovirus strains further identified responsible ligands and strain dependent binding properties. Results Each bacterial species possessed varying degrees of HBGA-like activity, and lectin binding further elucidated potential sugar residues involved (N-acetyl-galactosamine, α-d-galactose or α-l-fucose). Both GI and GII norovirus capsids bound specific bacterial ligand sizes, and generally corresponded to anti-HBGA Western blot patterns. A 35-kDa band reacted with all HBGA antibodies, bound all six of the noroviruses tested, and had a high affinity for the lectins. Collectively, this work characterizes the varying carbohydrate residues potentially responsible for norovirus–bacteria interactions and provides a basis for future ligand identification.
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Barbosa JA, Abdelsadig MS, Conway BR, Merchant HA. Using zeta potential to study the ionisation behaviour of polymers employed in modified-release dosage forms and estimating their pK a. Int J Pharm X 2019; 1:100024. [PMID: 31517289 PMCID: PMC6733289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A range of enteric polymers is used in pharmaceutical industry for developing gastro-resistant formulations. It is generally implied that these coatings are interchangeable due to similar dissolution pH thresholds reported by suppliers. Despite rapid dissolution in compendial phosphate buffers, these products can take up to 2 h to disintegrate in-vivo in the human small intestine. The factors primarily responsible for such variability in dissolution of these polymeric coatings are the differences in ionisation of acidic functional groups on polymer chains and their interplay with ions and buffer species present in gastrointestinal fluids. In this study, we aim to develop a novel, simple and inexpensive technique that can be used under various in-vitro conditions to study the ionisation behaviour of commonly used polymers (EUDRAGIT-E100, L100, S100, HPMC AS-LF, AS-HF, HP-50, HP-55) and to estimate their pKa. Moreover, this method was successfully applied to study the ionisation behaviour of a range of natural polymers (Guar, Tara, locust bean, Konjac gums, gum Arabic, citrus pectin, chitosan and alginate) and their pKa was also estimated. The proposed method would allow a better understanding of the dissolution behaviour of these polymers within gastrointestinal tract and will aid rational design of modified release dosage forms.
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20
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Gupta V, Gupta A, Yadav TD, Mittal BR, Kochhar R. Post-cholecystectomy acute injury: What can go wrong? Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2019; 23:138-144. [PMID: 31225415 PMCID: PMC6558122 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2019.23.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Most of the emphasis of postcholecystectomy injuries is laid on iatrogenic bilary trauma. However, they can involve a wide spectrum of injuries. Methods We prospectively evaluated 42 patients with postcholecystectomy injuries referred to us from July 2011 to December 2012. Based on spectrum of injuries, we proposed an algorithm of management. Results Injuries occurred following laparoscopy in 20 (2 converted) patients and open in 22 patients. Mean time of detection of injury was 4.32±2.33 days. The nature of drainage was bilious in 36, bile with blood in 2, only blood in 2, and enteric in 2. Nine had organ failure at presentation. Six (14%) needed re-operation. Source of hemorrhage was from right hepatic artery in three and small bowel mesentry in 1. Enteric injuries were one each to duodenum and colon. Six patient (14%) died. Advancing age and organ failure were the predictors of mortality. Persistant biliary fistula was seen in 5 (14%). Ten had lateral leaks that closed at 28.89±2.34 days. Twenty-two formed stricture which was successfully managed with definitive hepaticojejunostomy. Conclusions Post cholecystectomy acute injury does not limit itself to bile duct or vascular injury but it can traumatize adjacent hollow viscus or mesentery. It is important to diagnose and intervene enteric injury early. Presentation and management for such injury should be followed as per the proposed algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Thakur Deen Yadav
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bhagwant Rai Mittal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhi S, Banting G, Stothard P, Ashbolt NJ, Checkley S, Meyer K, Otto S, Neumann NF. Evidence for the evolution, clonal expansion and global dissemination of water treatment-resistant naturalized strains of Escherichia coli in wastewater. Water Res 2019; 156:208-222. [PMID: 30921537 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the existence of naturalized strains of E. coli in wastewater and herein perform an in-depth comparative whole genome analysis of these strains (n = 17). Fourteen of the Canadian E. coli strains, isolated from geographically separated wastewater treatment plants, were virtually identical at the core genome and were ≥96% similar at the whole genome level, suggesting clonal-relatedness among these isolates. Remarkably, these strains were shown to be extremely similar to the genome of an E. coli isolated from wastewater in Switzerland, suggesting a global distribution of these strains. The genomes of three other Canadian wastewater strains were more diverse but very similar to the genomes of E. coli isolates collected from U.S. wastewater samples. Based on maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, wastewater strains from Canada, the U.S. and Switzerland formed a clade separate from other known enteric phylogroups (i.e., A, B1, B2, D, E) and the cryptic clades. All Canadian, Swiss and U.S. wastewater strains possessed a common SNP biomarker pattern across their genomes, and a sub-population (i.e., 14 Canadian and 1 Swiss strain) also possessed a previously identified wastewater-specific marker known as uspC-IS30-flhDC element. Biochemical heat mapping of 518 categories of genes recapitulated phylogeny, with wastewater strains phenotypically clustering separately from enteric and cryptic clades. Wastewater strains were enriched for stress-response genes (i.e., nutrient acquisition/deprivation, DNA repair, oxidative stress, and UV resistance) - elements reflective of their environmental survival challenges. Wastewater strains were shown to carry a plethora of known antibiotic resistance (AR) genes, the patterns of which were remarkably similar among all Canadian, U.S. and Swiss wastewater strains. Virulence gene composition was also similar among all the wastewater strains, with an abundant representation of virulence genes commonly associated with urinary pathogenic E. coli (UPEC) as well as enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli. The remarkable degree of similarity between all wastewater strains from Canada, Switzerland and the U.S. suggests the evolution and global-dissemination of water treatment-resistant clone of E. coli. These finding, along with others, raise some important concerns about the potential for emergence of E. coli pathotypes resistant to water-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhi
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Graham Banting
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Paul Stothard
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, 1400 College Plaza, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelsey Meyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon Otto
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57, South Academic Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7, Canada.
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Hitri K, Kuttel MM, De Benedetto G, Lockyer K, Gao F, Hansal P, Rudd TR, Beamish E, Rijpkema S, Ravenscroft N, Bolgiano B. O-acetylation of typhoid capsular polysaccharide confers polysaccharide rigidity and immunodominance by masking additional epitopes. Vaccine 2019; 37:3866-75. [PMID: 31160100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The binding of anti-Vi mAb and polyclonal immune sera correlated with the level of O-acetylation. C. freundii Vi resists de-O-acetylation and is more viscous than S. Typhi Vi. Sera from human vaccine recipients contains IgG that recognizes the backbone of Vi. Simulations show O-acetyls are exposed on the surface of Vi and confer rigidity. MD gives conformational rationale for effect of O-acetylation on Vi antigenicity and viscosity.
In this work, we explore the effects of O-acetylation on the physical and immunological characteristics of the WHO International Standards of Vi polysaccharide (Vi) from both Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. We find that, although structurally identical according to NMR, the two Vi standards have differences with respect to susceptibility to de-O-acetylation and viscosity in water. Vi standards from both species have equivalent mass and O-acetylation-dependent binding to a mouse monoclonal antibody and to anti-Vi polyclonal antisera, including the WHO International Standard for human anti-typhoid capsular Vi PS IgG. This study also confirms that human anti-Vi sera binds to completely de-O-acetylated Vi. Molecular dynamics simulations provide conformational rationales for the known effect of de-O-acetylation both on the viscosity and antigenicity of the Vi, demonstrating that de-O-acetylation has a very marked effect on the conformation and dynamic behavior of the Vi, changing the capsular polysaccharide from a rigid helix into a more flexible coil, as well as enhancing the strong interaction of the polysaccharide with sodium ions. Partial de-O-acetylation of Vi revealed hidden epitopes that were recognized by human and sheep anti-Vi PS immune sera. These findings have significance for the manufacture and evaluation of Vi vaccines.
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Carvalho Fiel D, Pérez-Fontán M, López Iglesias A, Bravo González-Blas L, García Gago L, García Falcón T, Rodríguez-Carmona A. Persistent overhydration is associated with a significant risk of peritoneal infection by enteric pathogens in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Nefrologia 2019; 39:638-645. [PMID: 31023497 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overhydration (OH) complicates frequently the clinical course of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) patients, and keeps a controversial association with the risk of peritoneal infection. The main objective of this study was to disclose an association between persistent OH and the risk of enteric peritonitis in a relatively large sample of patients undergoing PD. METHOD Following a prospective design, we monitorized systematically body composition of patients treated with PD in our unit (2011-2016), searching for a correlation with the ensuing risk of peritonitis, with an emphasis on the association between persistent OH (main study variable) and the risk of infection by enteric pathogens (main outcome). Essential demographic, clinical and laboratory variables with a potential influence on the risk of peritonitis were recorded. We used multivariate survival analysis to clarify the specific effect of different body composition parameters on the main outcome. MAIN RESULTS We included 139 patients for analysis (mean follow-up 24 months). Sixty-three patients suffered at least one peritonitis, and 17 had at least one diagnosis of enteric peritonitis. Univariate analysis disclosed a general trend to an increased risk of enteric peritonitis in overhydrated patients, as evidenced by associations of this outcome with mean extracellular water/intracellular water (ECW/ICW) (p=.007), OH/ECW (p=.033) and ECW/total body water (ECW/TBW) (p=.004) ratios, but not with absolute OH values. Multivariate analysis confirmed similar associations or trends (RR: 3.48, 95% CI: 1.03-14.59; p=.046, highest versus lowest tertile of ECW/ICW, RR: 2.31, 95% CI: 0.98-6.56; p=.061, highest versus lowest tertile of OH/ECW, and RR: 6.33, 95% CI: 1.37-19.37; p=.011, highest versus lowest tertile of ECW/TBW). On the contrary, no apparent association was detected between OH and the overall risk of peritoneal infection. CONCLUSION Persistent overhydration portends a significant risk of peritoneal infection by enteric pathogens, among patients undergoing chronic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Pérez-Fontán
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España.
| | | | | | - Leticia García Gago
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, España
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the current indicators of environmental enteric dysfunction and its association with linear growth deficit and the height-for-age anthropometric indicator. DATA SOURCES Narrative review with articles identified in PubMed and Scopus databases using combinations of the following words: environmental, enteric, dysfunction, enteropathy, and growth, as well as the authors' personal records. DATA SYNTHESIS In the last 15 years, new non-invasive markers have been investigated to characterize environmental enteric dysfunction; however, the best tests to be used have not yet been identified. There is evidence that, in environmental enteric dysfunction, a systemic inflammatory process may also occur as a consequence of increased intestinal permeability, in addition to intestinal mucosa abnormalities. Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and changes in fecal microbiota profile have also been identified. There is evidence indicating that environmental enteric dysfunction can impair not only full growth but also the neuropsychomotor development and response to orally administered vaccines. It is important to emphasize that the environmental enteric dysfunction is not a justification for not carrying out vaccination, which must follow the regular schedule. Another aspect to emphasize is the greater risk for those children who had height impairment in early childhood, possibly associated with environmental enteric dysfunction, to present overweight and obesity in adulthood when exposed to a high calorie diet, which has been called "triple burden." CONCLUSIONS According to the analyzed evidence, the control of environmental enteric dysfunction is very important for the full expression of growth, development, and vaccine response in the pediatric age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Batista de Morais
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gore R, Riedl MS, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Vulchanova L. AAV-Mediated Gene Delivery to the Enteric Nervous System by Intracolonic Injection. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1950:407-15. [PMID: 30783988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system of the lower gastrointestinal tract comprises intrinsic neural circuits as well as extrinsic afferent and efferent innervation. The development of strategies for neuronal gene transfer has created new opportunities for functional analysis, circuit mapping, and neuromodulation in the enteric nervous system. Studies of AAV-mediated gene transfer to enteric neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) have provided proofs-of-concept for the utility of AAV vectors for genetic manipulations of the intrinsic and extrinsic components of the enteric nervous system. Here we describe a method for AAV-mediated gene transfer to enteric neurons of the descending colon as well as colon-innervating DRG neurons by injection within the intestinal wall (intracolonic injection).
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Patel H, Gohel M. A Review on Enteric Coated Pellets Composed of Core Pellets Prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 2019; 13:83-90. [PMID: 30747090 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190212115139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enteric coated dosage form bypasses the stomach and releases the drug into the small intestine. Advantages of enteric coated pellets in comparison with enteric coated tablets are a) Pellets provide rapid onset of action and faster drug release due to the smaller size than tablets and b) Pellets exhibit less residence time of acid-labile drugs in the stomach compared to tablets. Dosage form coat can be damaged by longer resistance time in the stomach. The present review summarizes the current state of enteric coated pellets where core pellets are prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique and the enteric coating is applied in a fluidized bed processor. Two approaches are involved in the preparation of core pellets. In the first approach, a mixture of drug and excipient(s)/co-processed excipient is passed through extruders to prepare core pellets. In the second approach, excipient core pellets are prepared by extrusion technique and the drug is layered onto it before the enteric coating. The excipients present in the core pellets decide immediate or extended release of drug in the intestine. The coprocessed excipient pellets provide less batch variability and provide a platform for layering of many drugs before enteric coating. Some patents included enteric coating pellets [CN105456223 (A), CN105596310 (A), CN105616371 (A), CN105663095 (A), CN101611766B, CN106511862 (A), CN106668018 (A), CN106727381 (A), CN106924222 (A), TW200624127 (A), US 2017/0165248A1, US 2017/0224720A1] are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Gopal Vidyanagar, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Gohel
- Department of Pharmacy, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During the past 25 years, there has been an explosion of information regarding the occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. In this review, the clinical features of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease will be described and information regarding the potential role of the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiome in the genesis of Parkinson's disease will be addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Recognition is growing regarding the role that gastroparesis and small intestinal dysfunction may play in Parkinson's disease, especially with regard to erratic responses to anti-Parkinson medication. The presence of enteric nervous system involvement in Parkinson's disease is now well established, but whether the enteric nervous system is the starting point for Parkinson's disease pathology remains a source of debate. The potential role of the gut microbiome also is beginning to emerge. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a prominent nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease and dysfunction can be found along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric nervous system is clearly involved in Parkinson's disease. Whether it is the initial source of pathology is still a source of controversy. There also is growing recognition of the role that the gut microbiome may play in Parkinson's disease, but much more research is needed to fully assess this aspect of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F Pfeiffer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Virga DM, Capps J, Vohra BPS. Enteric Neurodegeneration is Mediated Through Independent Neuritic and Somal Mechanisms in Rotenone and MPP+ Toxicity. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2288-2303. [PMID: 30259276 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut motility malfunction and pathological changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are observed in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). In many cases disturbances in the autonomous functions such as gut motility precedes the observed loss of central motor functions in PD. However, the mechanism by which ENS degeneration occurs in PD is unknown. We show that parkinsonian mimetics rotenone and MPP+ induce neurite degeneration that precedes cell death in primary enteric neurons cultured in vitro. If the neuronal death signals originate from degenerating neurites, neuronal death should be prevented by inhibiting neurite degeneration. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of cytNmnat1, an axon protector, maintains healthy neurites in enteric neurons treated with either of the parkinsonian mimetics, but cannot protect the soma. We also demonstrate that neurite protection via cytNmnat1 is independent of mitochondrial dynamics or ATP levels. Overexpression of Bcl-xl, an anti-apoptotic factor, protects both the neuronal cell body and the neurites in both rotenone and MPP+ treated enteric neurons. Our data reveals that Bcl-xl and cytNmnat1 act through separate mechanisms to protect enteric neurites. Our findings suggest that neurite protection alone is not sufficient to inhibit enteric neuronal degeneration in rotenone or MPP+ toxicity, and enteric neurodegeneration in PD may be occurring through independent somatic and neuritic mechanisms. Thus, therapies targeting both axonal and somal protection can be important in finding interventions for enteric symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Virga
- Biology Department, William Jewell College, Liberty, MO, 64068, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Capps
- Biology Department, William Jewell College, Liberty, MO, 64068, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125, North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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Aburub A, Fischer M, Camilleri M, Semler JR, Fadda HM. Comparison of pH and motility of the small intestine of healthy subjects and patients with symptomatic constipation using the wireless motility capsule. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:158-164. [PMID: 29678546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal luminal pH shows a rise from the duodenum to the terminal ileum in healthy individuals. Our objectives were to compare the pH in the proximal small intestine (SI) (first 60 min of small intestinal transit) lumen of human volunteers and patients with symptomatic constipation; to quantify contractile pressure profiles of the proximal SI, and to assess the relationship between luminally-recorded contractile pressure and small intestinal transit times (SITT) of a non-disintegrating capsule that measures pH and pressure activity (wireless motility capsule). We used previously acquired records from 39 healthy subjects and 41 patients with symptomatic constipation. Mean pH (±SD) of the proximal SI was similar in healthy subjects and patients with constipation at 6.2 (±0.6) and 6.3 (±0.4), respectively. In 13 of the healthy subjects, pH did not rise uniformly in the proximal SI though the pHmedian was 6.0 (5th, 95th percentiles 3.09, 7.06) and the pH fluctuated over a mean period of 28 min. Large inter-individual variability in frequency of pressure activity (Ct) and area under pressure curve (AUC) were observed in the proximal SI of healthy subjects and patients with constipation. Median AUC was 3996 mmHg s-1 (5th, 95th percentiles 948, 16866 mmHg s-1) in these two populations combined. Ct and AUC showed a strong direct linear correlation at r = 0.91, p < 1 × 10-6. An inverse correlation (suggesting longer SITT with lower pressure activity) was observed between Ct/AUC and SITT in both healthy subjects and patients with symptomatic constipation. The pooled results for both groups showed: AUC and SITT correlation at r = -0.49, p < 1 × 10-6. We concluded that both the frequency and amplitude of contractions in the proximal SI are important for the propagation of non-disintegrating capsules. The observed pH fluctuations in the proximal SI may impact supersaturation and precipitation of weakly basic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aburub
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - M Fischer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - M Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - J R Semler
- Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - H M Fadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Zardaryan E, Paronyan L, Bakunts V, Gevorgyan Z, Asoyan V, Apresyan H, Hovhannisyan A, Palayan K, Kuchuloria T, Rivard RG, Bautista CT. Intestinal Infections Among Febrile Hospitalized Patients in the Republic of Armenia: A Retrospective Chart Review. J Community Health 2018; 41:939-45. [PMID: 26992893 PMCID: PMC5010829 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-016-0174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past, several enteric outbreaks in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2003 caused by Salmonella typhi, a Gram-negative bacterium, have occurred in Armenia. This study describes the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of febrile hospitalized patients with intestinal infections in Armenia. Using a chart review study design, medical data from adult patients who were hospitalized at the Nork hospital
during 2010–2012 were reviewed. A total of 600 medical charts were reviewed. Of these, 51 % were diagnosed with intestinal infections. Among these patients, 59 % had an intestinal infection of known etiology, with three main pathogens identified: Salmonella sp. (32 %), Shigella sp. (32 %), and Staphylococcus aureus (18 %). After controlling for the calendar year, age in years, and gender, patients detected with Salmonella sp. were more likely to reported the presence of a family member with similar signs or symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 9.0; 95 % CI 2.4–33.7] and the lack of a water tap at home (OR 3.9; 95 % CI 1.7–9.5). Evidence indicates that Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., and S. aureus as the most common etiologies reported among febrile hospitalized patients. A high percentage of patients had intestinal infections of unknown etiology; thus, improvement in laboratory capacity (enabling more advanced tests, such as polymerase chain reaction) would increase the identification of the enteropathogens causing disease in Armenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lusine Paronyan
- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vahe Bakunts
- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Vigen Asoyan
- The Nork Infectious Clinical Hospital, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Karo Palayan
- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tinatin Kuchuloria
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Robert G Rivard
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
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Marler S, Ferguson BJ, Lee EB, Peters B, Williams KC, McDonnell E, Macklin EA, Levitt P, Margolis KG, Beversdorf DQ, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Association of Rigid-Compulsive Behavior with Functional Constipation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1673-1681. [PMID: 28289979 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Based upon checklist data from the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network, we hypothesized that functional constipation (FC) would be associated with rigid-compulsive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We used the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms-Rome III to assess FC symptoms in 108 children with ASD. As hypothesized, FC was associated with parent ratings on the Repetitive Behavior Scales-Revised (RBS-R) Compulsive, Ritualistic, and Sameness subscales in the overall population. Of note, FC was less common in children who were not taking medications that target behavior or treat FC. In the medication-free children, rigid-compulsive behavior was not significantly associated with FC. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marler
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley J Ferguson
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Evon Batey Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Psychology, and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brittany Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kent C Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin McDonnell
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Macklin
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Institute for the Developing Mind's Developmental Neurogenetics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurogenetics, Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Pharmacy, Psychiatry, Pathology and Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, The Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 1051 Riverside Drive, Mail Unit 78, New York, NY, USA.
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Weitman E, Al Diffalha S, Centeno B, Hodul P. An isolated intestinal duplication cyst masquerading as a mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: A case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2017; 39:208-211. [PMID: 28854411 PMCID: PMC5575442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal duplications cysts are rare congenital anomalies that can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Isolated intestinal duplication cysts can present with vague abdominal complaints. Diagnosis can be challenging even with imaging. Our clinical workup was suggestive of a mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas. This represents the first reported case of an enteric duplication cyst that mimicked an MCN of the pancreas.
Introduction Enteric duplication cysts presenting in adulthood are rare. Isolated enteric duplication cysts, which lack a connection to the GI tract or the adjacent mesenteric vasculature, have only been cited in six previous case reports. Case presentation A 48-year-old female presented with a four-year history of intermittent nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed a 7 cm multi-lobular, calcified, cystic lesion intimately involved with the pancreas. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was non-diagnostic; however, the cyst fluid Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) level was significantly elevated leading to a presumed diagnosis of a mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas. Intraoperatively, the cystic mass was identified and notably did not have any true attachments to the neighboring pancreas, gastrointestinal tract or vasculature. Final pathology demonstrated an isolated small bowel duplication cyst. Discussion In this case a patient presented with a clinical picture consistent with an MCN of the pancreas. However, intraoperatively and on final pathology the mass was found to be an isolated enteric duplication cyst. This represents only the seventh such case report in an adult. Conclusion Although rare, isolated enteric duplication cysts can be considered in a patient presenting with chronic abdominal pain and an abdominal mass on imaging. In this case we demonstrate that an isolated enteric duplication cyst can clinically mimic an MCN of the pancreas.
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Akuffo R, Armah G, Clemens M, Kronmann KC, Jones AH, Agbenohevi P, Sagoe K, Puplampu N, Talla Nzussouo N, Ampofo W, Koram K, Duplessis C, Dueger E. Prevalence of enteric infections among hospitalized patients in two referral hospitals in Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:292. [PMID: 28716138 PMCID: PMC5514524 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Africa and Ghana in particular, it is estimated to contribute directly to 19 and 25% of pediatric mortality among children under 5 years, respectively. Methods Surveillance for hospitalized acute diarrheal illness was initiated in November 2010 through October 2012 in a referral hospital in southern Ghana, and a teaching hospital in northern Ghana. Consenting hospitalized patients who met a standardized case definition for acute diarrheal illness provided demographic and epidemiologic data. Stool samples were collected and tested by culture for bacteria and by enzyme immunoassays for a panel of viruses and parasites. Results A total of 429 patients were enrolled; 216 (50.3%) were under 5 years, and 221 (51.5%) were females. Stool samples were received from 153 patients. Culture isolates included Shigella sp., Salmonella spp., Plesiomonas sp. and Vibrio cholerae. Of 147 samples tested for viruses, 41 (27.9%) were positive for rotaviruses, 11 (7.5%) for astroviruses, 10 (6.8%) for noroviruses, and 8 (5.4%) for adenoviruses. Of 116 samples tested for parasitic infections; 4 (3.4%) were positive for Cryptosporidium sp. and 3 (2.6%) for Giardia lamblia. Of the enrolled patients, 78.8% had taken antibiotics prior to sample collection. Conclusions Diarrheal pathogens were identified across all ages, however, predominantly (81%) in the children under 5 years of age. This study also detected high antibiotic use which has the potential of increasing antibiotic resistance. The most common enteric pathogen detected (49.4%) was rotavirus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2621-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Akuffo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana. .,Global Disease Detection & Response Program (GDDRP), U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt. .,Global Disease Detection (GDD) Egypt Regional Center, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, NAMRU-3, PSC 452, P.O Box 5000, Foster city, FPO, AE 09835-9998, USA.
| | - G Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - M Clemens
- Global Disease Detection & Response Program (GDDRP), U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt.,Global Disease Detection (GDD) Egypt Regional Center, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, NAMRU-3, PSC 452, P.O Box 5000, Foster city, FPO, AE 09835-9998, USA
| | - K C Kronmann
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A H Jones
- Global Disease Detection & Response Program (GDDRP), U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt.,Global Disease Detection (GDD) Egypt Regional Center, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, NAMRU-3, PSC 452, P.O Box 5000, Foster city, FPO, AE 09835-9998, USA
| | | | - K Sagoe
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - N Puplampu
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - N Talla Nzussouo
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - K Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - C Duplessis
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - E Dueger
- Global Disease Detection & Response Program (GDDRP), U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt.,Global Disease Detection (GDD) Egypt Regional Center, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, NAMRU-3, PSC 452, P.O Box 5000, Foster city, FPO, AE 09835-9998, USA.,U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Nottegar A, Tabbò F, Luchini C, Guerrera F, Gaudiano M, Bria E, Brunelli M, Chilosi M, Inghirami G. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma with enteric differentiation: Dissecting oncogenic genes alterations with DNA sequencing and FISH analysis. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:276-279. [PMID: 28237660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma with Enteric Differentiation (PAED) is a rare subtype of adenocarcinoma of emerging interest, recently introduced in the 2015 WHO classification. However, little is known about major molecular signatures of this class of adenocarcinomas and information about new biomarkers totally lack. METHODS We examined the NRAS, PIK3CA, EGFR, KRAS and BRAF status through mass spectrometry sequencing and ALK rearrangement by FISH in a series of 8 PAEDs. RESULTS 1/8 (12.5%) case had a simultaneous PIK3CA mutation (E545K) and an EML4-ALK translocation. KRAS gene showed a mutation in the codon 12 in 4/8 of PAED (50%), NRAS, BRAF and EGFR genes were wild type in all tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that PIK3CA mutations and ALK rearrangement occur also in PAEDs, while NRAS mutations might be a very rare event similarly to pulmonary adenocarcinomas of conventional type. KRAS is the prevailing gene mutated in this class of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Nottegar
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Tabbò
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 10065 New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Gaudiano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Chilosi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 10065 New York, NY, USA
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Whitfield Y, Johnson K, Hobbs L, Middleton D, Dhar B, Vrbova L. Descriptive study of enteric zoonoses in Ontario, Canada, from 2010 - 2012. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:217. [PMID: 28222719 PMCID: PMC5320741 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact with animals and their environment has long been recognized as an important source of enteric zoonoses. However, there are limited data available on the burden of illness associated with specific types of animals in Canada. This study describes the overall burden of enteric zoonoses in Ontario, Canada from 2010 to 2012. METHODS Confirmed cases of seven enteric zoonotic diseases (campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) infection, and yersiniosis) with episode dates from 2010 to 2012 were extracted from the integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS). Reported exposures were categorized as animal contact, foodborne, waterborne and 'other', with animal contact grouped into nine sub-categories based on the type of animal or transmission setting. Overall incidence rates and proportions by animal exposure categories, age and sex-specific incidence rates and hospitalization and death proportions were calculated and sex proportions compared. RESULTS Our study found that approximately 26% of the enteric pathogens assessed during the 2010 to 2012 period reported contact with animals and their environments as the mode of transmission. Of enteric disease cases reporting animal contact, farm exposures were reported for 51.3%, dog or cat exposures for 26.3%, and reptile or amphibian exposures for 8.9%. CONCLUSIONS Contact with animals was reported more frequently during the period 2010 to 2012 in comparison to the period 1997 to 2003 when 6% or less of enteric cases were associated with animal contact. Public health professionals, stakeholders associated with animals and their related industries (e.g., pet treats, mobile zoos, abattoirs), and the public should recognize that animal contact is an important source of enteric illnesses in order to take measures to reduce the burden of illness from animal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Whitfield
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2 Canada
| | - Karen Johnson
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2 Canada
| | - Leigh Hobbs
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2 Canada
| | - Dean Middleton
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2 Canada
| | - Badal Dhar
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2 Canada
| | - Linda Vrbova
- The Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
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Davitt CJH, McNeela EA, Longet S, Tobias J, Aversa V, McEntee CP, Rosa M, Coulter IS, Holmgren J, Lavelle EC. A novel adjuvanted capsule based strategy for oral vaccination against infectious diarrhoeal pathogens. J Control Release 2016; 233:162-73. [PMID: 27157995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhoeal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and cholera imposing a significant global burden. There is currently no licensed vaccine for ETEC. Development of new nonliving oral vaccines has proven difficult due to the physicochemical and immunological challenges associated with the oral route. This demands innovative delivery solutions to protect antigens, control their release and build in immune-stimulatory activity. We describe the Single Multiple Pill® (SmPill®) vaccine formulation which combines the benefits of enteric polymer coating to protect against low gastric pH, a dispersed phase to control release and aid the solubility of non-polar components and an optimized combination of adjuvant and antigen to promote mucosal immunity. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this system with whole cell killed E. coli overexpressing colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I), JT-49. Alpha-galactosylceramide was identified as a potent adjuvant within SmPill® that enhanced the immunogenicity of JT-49. The bacteria associated with the dispersed phase were retained within the capsules at gastric pH but released at intestinal pH. Vaccination with an optimized SmPill® formulation promoted CFA/I-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in the intestinal mucosa in addition to serum IgG and a solubilized adjuvant was indispensable for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J H Davitt
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Edel A McNeela
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Joshua Tobias
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo Aversa
- Sigmoid Pharma Limited, Dublin City University, The Invent Centre, DCU, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Craig P McEntee
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Monica Rosa
- Sigmoid Pharma Limited, Dublin City University, The Invent Centre, DCU, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ivan S Coulter
- Sigmoid Pharma Limited, Dublin City University, The Invent Centre, DCU, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jan Holmgren
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland; Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN); Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
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Wan JY, Wang CZ, Liu Z, Zhang QH, Musch MW, Bissonnette M, Chang EB, Li P, Qi LW, Yuan CS. Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:62-73. [PMID: 26896573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng is a commonly consumed herbal medicine in the United States and other countries. Ginseng saponins are considered to be its active constituents. We have previously demonstrated in an in vitro experiment that human enteric microbiota metabolize ginseng parent compounds into their metabolites. In this study, we analyzed American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Six healthy male volunteers ingested 1 g of American ginseng twice a day for 7 days. On day 7, biological samples were obtained and pretreated with solid phase extraction. The ginseng constituents and their metabolites were characterized, including 5 ginseng metabolites in plasma, 10 in urine, and 26 in feces. For the plasma, urine and feces samples, the levels of ginsenoside Rb1 (a major parent compound) were 8.6, 56.8 and 57.7 ng/mL, respectively, and the levels of compound K (a major metabolite) were 58.4 ng/mL, 109.8 ng/mL and 10.06 μg/mL, respectively. It suggested that compound K had a remarkably high level in all three samples. Moreover, in human feces, ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5, Rk3 and Rh4, Rg6 and F4 were detected as the products of dehydration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the identified ginseng metabolites.
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Garajová I, Funel N, Fiorentino M, Agostini V, Ferracin M, Negrini M, Frassineti GL, Gavelli G, Frampton AE, Biasco G, Giovannetti E. MicroRNA profiling of primary pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma in members from the same family reveals some similarities to pancreatic adenocarcinoma-a step towards personalized therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:129. [PMID: 26677401 PMCID: PMC4681170 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary pulmonary enteric adenocarcinoma (PEAC) is defined as a pulmonary adenocarcinoma with a predominant component of intestinal differentiation and tumor cells positive for at least one intestinal marker. The aim of the present study was the molecular and histological characterization of a PEAC from a patient with two other family members affected by similar lung tumors, which has never been reported before. Findings We evaluated the molecular characteristics of the proband’s PEAC by using a previously validated 47-microRNA (miRNA) cancer-specific array and a predictive method to estimate tissue-of-origin probabilities. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for thyroid transcription factor (TTF-1), napsin A, caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2), cytokeratins, and mucins, as well as mutational analyses for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The occurrence of PEAC in two family members was associated with similar clinicopathological features (age at diagnosis, smoking habit, tumor localization, multiple colonic polyps), histologic findings (TTF-1 negativity and CDX2 positivity), and genetic findings (KRAS (Gly12Asp) mutation, but no EGFR/ALK aberrations). miRNA profiling revealed similarities with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 75.98 %) and some overlap with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC; 23.34 %), but not with colorectal cancer (CRC; less than 0.5 %). Notably, these PEACs share key PDAC-associated miRNAs associated with tumor aggressiveness (miR-31*/-126*/-506/-508-3p/-514). Conclusions We describe for the first time PEAC in members from the same family, associated with similar clinical and genetic features. miRNA profiling of the PEAC resembled a NSCLC signature, with partial overlap to a PDAC pattern. This could explain its aggressive behavior and therefore help to guide future tailored-therapeutic approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0162-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garajová
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, CCA room 1.52, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Niccola Funel
- Division of General and Transplant Surgery, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Pathology, F. Addari Institute, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Agostini
- Department of Pathology, F. Addari Institute, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Frassineti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Gavelli
- Department of Radiology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Adam Enver Frampton
- HPB Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS UK
| | - Guido Biasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, CCA room 1.52, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Microbiota on the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract greatly outnumbers the cells in the human body. Effects of antibiotics indicate that GI tract bacteria may be determining the fate of distal cancers. Recent data implicate dysregulated host responses to enteric bacteria leading to cancers in extra-intestinal sites. Together these findings point to novel anti-cancer strategies aimed at promoting GI tract homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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Abstract
The role of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a major intracellular energy source is well-established. In addition, ATP and related nucleotides have widespread extracellular actions via the ionotropic P2X (ligand-gated cation channels) and metabotropic P2Y (G protein-coupled) receptors. Numerous experimental techniques, including myography, electrophysiology and biochemical measurement of neurotransmitter release, have been used to show that ATP has several major roles as a neurotransmitter in peripheral nerves. When released from enteric nerves of the gastrointestinal tract it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediating descending muscle relaxation during peristalsis. ATP is also an excitatory cotransmitter in autonomic nerves; 1) It is costored with noradrenaline in synaptic vesicles in postganglionic sympathetic nerves innervating smooth muscle preparations, such as the vas deferens and most arteries. When coreleased with noradrenaline, ATP acts at postjunctional P2X1 receptors to evoke depolarisation, Ca(2+) influx, Ca(2+) sensitisation and contraction. 2) ATP is also coreleased with acetylcholine from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves innervating the urinary bladder and again acts at postjunctional P2X1 receptors, and possibly also a P2X1+4 heteromer, to elicit smooth muscle contraction. In both cases the neurotransmitter actions of ATP are terminated by dephosphorylation by extracellular, membrane-bound enzymes and soluble nucleotidases released from postganglionic nerves. There are indications of an increased contribution of ATP to control of blood pressure in hypertension, but further research is needed to clarify this possibility. More promising is the upregulation of P2X receptors in dysfunctional bladder, including interstitial cystitis, idiopathic detrusor instability and overactive bladder syndrome. Consequently, these roles of ATP are of great therapeutic interest and are increasingly being targeted by pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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43
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Abstract
Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the United States each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. In the developing world, illness caused by these pathogens is not only more prevalent but also associated with a greater case-fatality rate. Classic methods for identification rely on selective media and serology, but newer methods based on mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction show great promise for routine clinical testing.
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Abautret-Daly AE, Davitt CJ, Lavelle EC. Harnessing the antibacterial and immunological properties of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in the development of novel oral vaccines against enteric infections. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:173-83. [PMID: 25173989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity with significant social and economic implications worldwide and particularly in developing countries. An attractive approach to minimizing the impact of these diseases is via the development of oral vaccination strategies. However, oral vaccination is challenging due to the tolerogenic and hyporesponsive nature of antigen presenting cells resident in the gastrointestinal tract. The inclusion of adjuvants in oral vaccine formulations has the potential to overcome this challenge. To date no oral adjuvants have been licenced for human use and thus oral adjuvant discovery remains a key goal in improving the potential for oral vaccine development. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently discovered population of unconventional T cells characterized by an evolutionarily conserved αβ T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related (MR1) molecule. MAIT cells are selected intra-thymically by MR1 expressing double positive thymocytes and enter the circulation with a naïve phenotype. In the circulation they develop a memory phenotype and are programmed to home to mucosal tissues and the liver. Once resident in these tissues, MAIT cells respond to bacterial and yeast infections through the production of chemokines and cytokines that aid in the induction of an adaptive immune response. Their abundance in the gastrointestinal tract and ability to promote adaptive immunity suggests that MAIT cell activators may represent attractive novel adjuvants for use in oral vaccination.
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Powley TL, Mittal RK, Baronowsky EA, Hudson CN, Martin FN, McAdams JL, Mason JK, Phillips RJ. Architecture of vagal motor units controlling striated muscle of esophagus: peripheral elements patterning peristalsis? Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:90-8. [PMID: 24044976 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the architecture of the vagal motor units that control esophageal striated muscle, in spite of the fact that these units are necessary, and responsible, for peristalsis. The present experiment was designed to characterize the motor neuron projection fields and terminal arbors forming esophageal motor units. Nucleus ambiguus compact formation neurons of the rat were labeled by bilateral intracranial injections of the anterograde tracer dextran biotin. After tracer transport, thoracic and abdominal esophagi were removed and prepared as whole mounts of muscle wall without mucosa or submucosa. Labeled terminal arbors of individual vagal motor neurons (n=78) in the esophageal wall were inventoried, digitized and analyzed morphometrically. The size of individual vagal motor units innervating striated muscle, throughout thoracic and abdominal esophagus, averaged 52 endplates per motor neuron, a value indicative of fine motor control. A majority (77%) of the motor terminal arbors also issued one or more collateral branches that contacted neurons, including nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons, of local myenteric ganglia. Individual motor neuron terminal arbors co-innervated, or supplied endplates in tandem to, both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers in roughly similar proportions (i.e., two endplates to longitudinal for every three endplates to circular fibers). Both the observation that vagal motor unit collaterals project to myenteric ganglia and the fact that individual motor units co-innervate longitudinal and circular muscle layers are consistent with the hypothesis that elements contributing to peristaltic programming inhere, or are "hardwired," in the peripheral architecture of esophageal motor units.
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Abstract
Rabeprazole sodium is one of the most effective proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) used in antiulcer therapy. Like most other PPIs, owing to its acid-labile nature, the drug is formulated as enteric-coated dosage form. Conventional means of producing delayed release multiparticulate dosage forms of PPIs require large quantities of enteric polymer coatings. In the present study, in order to better evaluate the effect of polymeric coating on product performance, the pellet core structure and composition was kept constant. Four different enteric-coating formulations and designs were evaluated. Enteric-coated drug multiparticulates prepared with single polymeric coatings (acrylic or cellulosic) were compared with two different polymeric layer coatings to evaluate the effectiveness of latter coatings in more effectively producing a better rabeprazole sodium delayed-release pellet product. The pH-dependent, enteric acrylic, and cellulosic polymers were used either alone, in combination, or applied one over the other to impart delayed-release properties to the core drug pellets. It was demonstrated that dual delayed-release coating with two different enteric polymers—an inner acrylic coating followed by an outer cellulosic coating—yields the best product that provides all the desired physicochemical and drug dissolution characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh N Tirpude
- Department of Pharmacy, Govt. College of Pharmacy, Osmanpura, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
Evaluation of various methods of biliary enteric anastomosis in benign biliary diseases (BBD). A surgeon operating for BBD needs to improve the internal drainage of bile to prevent stasis and its back-pressure effects. This is best obtained by biliary enteric anastomosis. A total of 121 cases of biliary enteric anastomosis in BBD were included in this study. The postoperative course and long-term outcome were studied prospectively. In the choledochoduodenostomy group, there were no leaks, no restrictures, and no mortality. Five (10.41 %) patients had cholangitis attacks and 2 (4.17 %) patients had sump syndrome. The choledochojejunostomy group had no leaks, no restrictures. Two (7.14 %) patients had repeated cholangitis and 2 (7.14 %) patients had sump syndrome, no mortality. The hepaticojejunostomy group had 3 cases of anastomotic leak of which 2 healed spontaneously and 1 needed resurgery. There was restricture in 2 cases, in which resurgery was successful-one death, no cholangiocarcinoma. Biliary enteric anastomosis is a safe and effective method for the management of BBD. The method should be selected according to the disease pathology and patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Pal Singh
- Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical college and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, 47, Ranjeet Bagh, Passey Road, Patiala, Punjab 147001 India
| | - Sohrab Arora
- Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical college and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, 47, Ranjeet Bagh, Passey Road, Patiala, Punjab 147001 India ; Govt Medical College, Patiala, 47, Ranjeet Bagh, Passey Road, Patiala, Punjab 147001 India
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