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van der Merwe M, Jukes MD, Knox C, Moore SD, Hill MP. Naturally Occurring Yeasts Associated with Thaumatotibia leucotreta Can Enhance the Efficacy of the Cryptophlebia Leucotreta Granulovirus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1237. [PMID: 37887753 PMCID: PMC10610352 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts associated with lepidopteran pests have been shown to play a role in their survival, development, and oviposition preference. It has been demonstrated that combining these yeasts with existing biological control agents can enhance their efficacy. The tortricid Thaumatotibia leucotreta is a phytosanitary pest in the South African citrus industry, with the baculovirus Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) being one of the components that can control this pest. Several yeast species were shown to be associated with T. leucotreta larvae, which affected their behaviour and development. A series of detached fruit bioassays were performed to determine whether the combination of yeast with CrleGV enhances its efficacy. These assays included determining the optimal yeast/virus ratio, testing all isolated yeast species in combination with CrleGV, and further improving yeast/virus formulation by adding an adjuvant. The optimal yeast concentration to use alongside CrleGV was determined to be 106 cells·mL-1. Pichia kluyveri, P. kudriavzevii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in combination with CrleGV reduced larval survival compared to CrleGV alone. The addition of molasses and BREAK-THRU® S 240 to P. kudriavzevii and S. cerevisiae in combination with CrleGV did not notably improve their effectiveness; however, there was an observed decrease in larval survival. In future studies, field trials will be conducted with combinations of CrleGV and P. kudriavzevii or S. cerevisiae to investigate whether these laboratory findings can be replicated in orchard conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van der Merwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.D.J.); (C.K.)
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (S.D.M.); (M.P.H.)
| | - Michael D. Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.D.J.); (C.K.)
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (S.D.M.); (M.P.H.)
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.D.J.); (C.K.)
| | - Sean D. Moore
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (S.D.M.); (M.P.H.)
- Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 5095, Walmer, Gqeberha 6065, South Africa
| | - Martin P. Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (S.D.M.); (M.P.H.)
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Jukes MD. Reads in a haystack: extracting complete mitogenome sequences hidden in baculovirus datasets. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:541-551. [PMID: 34251705 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) is one of many economically important insect pests for which no complete mitogenome sequence is available. The complete mitochondrial sequences for this species and other key pests could assist in the development of novel molecular techniques, such as enabling the identification of population-specific markers which could assist in improved monitoring of populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether NGS datasets generated for entomopathogenic viruses contain reads originating from host mitochondrial DNA. A total of 28 NGS datasets generated for the baculovirus Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) were analysed in this study. Three datasets contained sufficient reads providing adequate coverage for the assembly of complete mitogenomes. All 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and both rRNAs present in the mitogenomes of other species within the Grapholitini tribe, were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitogenomes at both an intrafamilial and interspecies level grouped the sequences within the Olethreutinae and T. leucotreta clades, respectively. Analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNVs) between each T. leucotreta sequence indicated up to 75 differences across the mitogenome. The methodology used in this study could be expanded to other baculovirus NGS datasets enabling the generation of novel lepidopteran mitogenome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jukes
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Onosi O, Upfold NS, Jukes MD, Luke GA, Knox C. The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:84-88. [PMID: 31786741 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has a global distribution and is associated with respiratory and enteric infections, particularly in the paediatric population. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analysed for the presence of HBoV using nested PCR with primers targeting the VP1/VP2 junction. Amplification and sequencing of the 382 bp region followed by phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of HBoV 2 in mussel samples and HBoV 3 in sewage samples. This is the first report describing the presence of enteric-associated HBoV in environmental samples from South Africa and in mussel samples from the African continent. The results signify the need for further studies examining the potential risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and highlight the importance of continued screening to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of HBoV in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oikwathaile Onosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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Motsoeneng B, Jukes MD, Knox CM, Hill MP, Moore SD. Genome Analysis of A Novel South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-SA) with Resistance-Breaking Potential. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070658. [PMID: 31323859 PMCID: PMC6669624 DOI: 10.3390/v11070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genome of an endemic South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus isolate was sequenced and analyzed. Several missing or truncated open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, including a 24 bp deletion in the pe38 gene which is reported to be associated with type I resistance-breaking potential. Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with five other fully sequenced CpGV isolates identified 67 unique events, 47 of which occurred within ORFs, leading to several amino acid changes. Further analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNVs) within CpGV-SA revealed that this isolate consists of mixed genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis using complete genome sequences placed CpGV-SA basal to M, I12 and E2 and distal to S and I07 but with no distinct classification into any of the previously defined CpGV genogroups. These results suggest that CpGV-SA is a novel and genetically distinct isolate with significant potential as a biopesticide for management of codling moth (CM), not only in South Africa, but potentially in other pome fruit producing countries, particularly where CM resistance to CpGV has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo Motsoeneng
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Caroline M Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Martin P Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Sean D Moore
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
- Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 5095, Walmer, Port Elizabeth 6065, South Africa
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Onosi O, Upfold NS, Jukes MD, Luke GA, Knox C. The First Molecular Detection of Aichi Virus 1 in Raw Sewage and Mussels Collected in South Africa. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:96-100. [PMID: 30560489 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) has a worldwide distribution and is associated with gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analyzed for the presence of AiV-1 using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Amplification and sequencing of the 3CD and VP1 genomic regions followed by phylogenetic analysis using selected genome sequences revealed the presence of AiV-1, genotype B. The results highlight the importance of further screening to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiology of this clinically important virus in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oikwathaile Onosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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Marsberg T, Jukes MD, Krejmer-Rabalska M, Rabalski L, Knox CM, Moore SD, Hill MP, Szewczyk B. Morphological, genetic and biological characterisation of a novel alphabaculovirus isolated from Cryptophlebia peltastica (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:90-99. [PMID: 30102885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptophlebia peltastica is an agricultural pest of litchis and macadamias in South Africa with phytosanitary status for certain markets. Current control methods rely on chemical, cultural and classical biological control. However, a microbial control option has not been developed. An Alphabaculovirus from C. peltastica was recovered from a laboratory reared colony and morphologically characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of occlusion bodies indicated a single NPV (SNPV) varying in size from 421 to 1263 nm. PCR amplification and sequencing of the polh gene region using universal primers followed by BLAST analysis revealed a 93% similarity to a partial polh gene sequence from Epinotia granitalis NPV. Further genetic characterisation involving single restriction endonuclease (REN) digestion of genomic DNA was carried out to generate profiles for comparison against other baculovirus species and potential new isolates of the same virus. The complete genome of the virus was sequenced, assembled and analysed for a more comprehensive genetic analysis. The genome was 115728 base pairs (bp) in length with a GC content of 37.2%. A total of 126 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified with minimal overlap and no preference in orientation. Bioassays were used to determine the virulence of the NPV against C. peltastica. The NPV was virulent against C. peltastica with an LC50 value of 6.46 × 103 OBs/ml and an LC90 value of 2.46 × 105 OBs/ml, and time mortality ranging between 76.32 h and 93.49 h. This is the first study to describe the isolation and genetic characterisation of a novel SNPV from C. peltastica, which has potential for development into a biopesticide for the control of this pest in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamryn Marsberg
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 20285, Humewood, Port Elizabeth 6013 South Africa
| | - Michael D Jukes
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Martyna Krejmer-Rabalska
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Caroline M Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Sean D Moore
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Citrus Research International, P.O. Box 20285, Humewood, Port Elizabeth 6013 South Africa
| | - Martin P Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
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