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Worobey M, Levy JI, Serrano LM, Crits-Christoph A, Pekar JE, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Kraemer MUG, Newman C, Koopmans MPG, Suchard MA, Wertheim JO, Lemey P, Robertson DL, Garry RF, Holmes EC, Rambaut A, Andersen KG. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Science 2022; 377:951-959. [PMID: 35881010 PMCID: PMC9348750 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing future zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports, but later this conclusion became controversial. We show here that the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. We report that live SARS-CoV-2-susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and that within the market, SARS-CoV-2-positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. Although there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circumstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred through the live wildlife trade in China and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joshua I. Levy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lorena Malpica Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Alexander Crits-Christoph
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Pekar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A. Goldstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Angela L. Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joel O. Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David L. Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Zalgen Labs, Frederick, MD 21703, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Park SC, Choi SK, Han SH, Park S, Jeon HJ, Lee SC, Kim KY, Lee YS, Kim JH, Han JE. Detection of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus and white spot syndrome virus in whiteleg shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei) imported from Vietnam to South Korea. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e31. [PMID: 32233137 PMCID: PMC7113575 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) imported from Vietnam were collected from South Korean markets, and examined for 2 viruses: infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV, recently classified as decapod penstyldensovirus-1), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Among 58 samples, we detected IHHNV in 23 samples and WSSV in 2 samples, using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses. This is the first report of IHHNV and WSSV detection in imported shrimp, suggesting that greater awareness and stricter quarantine policies regarding viruses infecting shrimp imported to South Korea are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Chan Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Seong Kyoon Choi
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Han
- Department of News-Team, Seoul Broadcasting Station, Seoul 07574, Korea
| | - Song Park
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jeon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Seung Chan Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Kyeong Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young Seo Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jee Eun Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Holt CC, van der Giezen M, Daniels CL, Stentiford GD, Bass D. Spatial and temporal axes impact ecology of the gut microbiome in juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus). ISME J 2020; 14:531-543. [PMID: 31676854 PMCID: PMC6976562 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities within the gut can markedly impact host health and fitness. To what extent environmental influences affect the differential distribution of these microbial populations may therefore significantly impact the successful farming of the host. Using a sea-based container culture (SBCC) system for the on-growing of European lobster (Homarus gammarus), we tracked the bacterial gut microbiota over a 1-year period. We compared these communities with lobsters of the same cohort, retained in a land-based culture (LBC) system to assess the effects of the culture environment on gut bacterial assemblage and describe the phylogenetic structure of the microbiota to compare deterministic and stochastic assembly across both environments. Bacterial gut communities from SBCCs were generally more phylogenetically clustered, and therefore deterministically assembled, compared to those reared in land-based systems. Lobsters in SBCCs displayed significantly more species-rich and species-diverse gut microbiota compared to those retained in LBC. A reduction in the bacterial diversity of the gut was also associated with higher infection prevalence of the enteric viral pathogen Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV). SBCCs may therefore benefit the overall health of the host by promoting the assembly of a more diverse gut bacterial community and reducing the susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Holt
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK.
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
- The National Lobster Hatchery, South Quay, Padstow, UK.
- The Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
- The Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Grant D Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
- The Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK.
- The Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, UK.
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Kim YC, Kwon WJ, Min JG, Kim KI, Jeong HD. Complete genome sequence and pathogenic analysis of a new betanodavirus isolated from shellfish. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:519-531. [PMID: 30694526 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the complete genomic RNA sequence of a new type of betanodavirus Korea shellfish nervous necrosis virus (KSNNV) isolated from shellfish. Compared with other isolates representing four genotypes of betanodaviruses, the identity of the whole nucleotide sequence of the virus was in the range of 76%-83% with the presence of specific genetic motifs and formed a separate new branch in the phylogenetic analysis. In pathogenic analysis by immersion method, KSNNV-KOR1 shows 100% cumulative mortality like SFRG10/2012BGGa1 (RGNNV) in newly hatched sevenband grouper and mandarin fish, which is clearly different from those found in negative control groups. There were no significant differences in increasing rates of mortality and viral intra-tissue concentration of larval fishes infected with KSNNV-KOR1 at both 20 and 25°C water temperature. Histopathological examination of each fish species in the moribund stage revealed the presence of clear vacuoles in both brain and retinal tissues similar to typical histopathology features of RGNNV. In the present study, we first report a new betanodavirus from shellfish as the aetiological agent of viral nervous necrosis disease in fish with complete genomic nucleotide sequence and pathogenic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Woo Ju Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Joon Gyu Min
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Pathology Research Division, Aquaculture Research Department, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Do Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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Jiang N, Pan X, Gu Z, Liu W, Si K, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhai L, Fan Y, Zeng L. Proliferation dynamics of WSSV in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, and the host responses at different temperatures. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:497-510. [PMID: 30742312 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The replication profile of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, at different water temperature was investigated in this study. The WSSV detections were negative at 15 ± 1°C, and the natural infection ratio increased at 19 ± 1°C (24.2% ± 2.25%), reached 100% at 25 ± 1°C and decreased at 30 ± 1°C (93.2% ± 3.37%). The WSSV genome copies number was much higher at 25 ± 1°C (≥5 × 106.45 ± 0.35 /mg) than at 15 ± 1°C (≤5 × 101.13 ± 0.12 /mg), 19 ± 1°C (≤5 × 102.74 ± 0.48 /mg) and 32 ± 1°C (≤5 × 103.18 ± 0.27 /mg). Meanwhile, the significant transcription signals of immediate early gene ie1 and late gene vp28 and a large number of virus particles were detected in epitheliums of stomach, gut and gill, hepatopancreas, heart and muscle cells at 25 ± 1°C by using in situ hybridization (ISH) and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental infection of P. clarkii with WSSV infection showed reduced mortality and lower virus copies number at 19 ± 1°C (23.51% ± 0.84%, ≤5 × 103.41 ± 0.11 /mg) and 32 ± 1°C (38.42% ± 1.21%, ≤5 × 103.72 ± 0.13 /mg) compared to 25 ± 1°C (100%, ≥5 × 104.99 ± 0.24 /mg). The water temperature regulated the transcription of immune-related genes (crustin2, prophenoloxidase (proPO) and heat shock protein70 (Hsp70)), with some differences between WSSV treatments and control treatments. These results demonstrate that water temperature has effect on WSSV proliferation, which may due to transcriptional response of immune-related genes to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Pan
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaige Si
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongze Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwen Zhai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Kaas L, Ogorzaly L, Lecellier G, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Cauchie HM, Langlet J. Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in French Polynesian Wastewaters, Environmental Waters and Giant Clams. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:52-64. [PMID: 30426392 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lack of wastewater treatment efficiency causes receiving seawaters and bivalve molluscan shellfish to become contaminated, which can lead to public health issues. Six wastewater samples, five seawater samples and three batches of giant clams from Tahiti (French Polynesia) were investigated for the presence of enteric viruses, but also if present, for the diversity, infectivity and integrity of human adenoviruses (HAdV). Enteroviruses (EV), sapoviruses (SaV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV) were detected in all wastewater samples. In decreasing frequency, noroviruses (NoV) GII and HAdV, rotaviruses (RoV), astroviruses (AsV), NoV GI and finally hepatitis E viruses (HEV) were also observed. Nine types of infectious HAdV were identified. HPyV and EV were found in 80% of seawater samples, NoV GII in 60%, HAdV and SaV in 40% and AsV and RoV in 20%. NoV GI and HEV were not detected in seawater. Intact and infectious HAdV-41 were detected in one of the two seawater samples that gave a positive qPCR result. Hepatitis A viruses were never detected in any water types. Analysis of transcriptomic data from giant clams revealed homologues of fucosyltransferases (FUT genes) involved in ligand biosynthesis that strongly bind to certain NoV strains, supporting the giant clams ability to bioaccumulate NoV. This was confirmed by the presence of NoV GII in one of the three batches of giant clams placed in a contaminated marine area. Overall, all sample types were positive for at least one type of virus, some of which were infectious and therefore likely to cause public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kaas
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Leslie Ogorzaly
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gaël Lecellier
- PSL CRIOBE USR3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex CORAIL, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- Département de Biologie, Université de Paris Saclay UVSQ, 45 Ave des Etats-Unis, 78000, Versailles, France
- UMR250/9220 ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-UR, Labex CORAIL, Promenade Roger-Laroque, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - Véronique Berteaux-Lecellier
- PSL CRIOBE USR3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex CORAIL, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
- UMR250/9220 ENTROPIE IRD-CNRS-UR, Labex CORAIL, Promenade Roger-Laroque, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jérémie Langlet
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
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Toldrà A, Andree KB, Bertomeu E, Roque A, Carrasco N, Gairín I, Furones MD, Campàs M. Rapid capture and detection of ostreid herpesvirus-1 from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and seawater using magnetic beads. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205207. [PMID: 30281676 PMCID: PMC6169968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) has been involved in mass mortality episodes of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas throughout the world, causing important economic losses to the aquaculture industry. In the present study, magnetic beads (MBs) coated with an anionic polymer were used to capture viable OsHV-1 from two types of naturally infected matrix: oyster homogenate and seawater. Adsorption of the virus on the MBs and characterisation of the MB-virus conjugates was demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). To study the infective capacity of the captured virus, MB-virus conjugates were injected in the adductor muscle of naïve spat oysters, using oyster homogenate and seawater without MBs as positive controls, and bare MBs and sterile water as negative controls. Mortalities were induced after injection with MB-virus conjugates and in positive controls, whereas no mortalities were recorded in negative controls. Subsequent OsHV-1 DNA and RNA analysis of the oysters by qPCR and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively, confirmed that the virus was the responsible for the mortality event and the ability of the MBs to capture viable viral particles. The capture of viable OsHV-1 using MBs is a rapid and easy isolation method and a promising tool, combined with qPCR, to be applied to OsHV-1 detection in aquaculture facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra., Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Roque
- IRTA, Ctra., Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Ignasi Gairín
- IRTA, Ctra., Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra., Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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8
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Krasnov A, Moghadam H, Larsson T, Afanasyev S, Mørkøre T. Gene expression profiling in melanised sites of Atlantic salmon fillets. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 55:56-63. [PMID: 27211262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black spots, which deteriorate quality of Atlantic salmon fillets represent a significant problem for commercial aquaculture. These areas are characterized with accumulation of melanomacrophages, occasional formation of granulomas and substitution of skeletal muscle with connective tissue. A number of possible causative agents have been suggested including vaccination and infection with piscine reovirus (PRV). We report transcriptome profiling of melanised foci with oligonucleotide DNA microarrays. Analyses revealed a multitude of differentially expressed genes associated with melanogenesis, metabolic changes and formation of scar. The immune profile was characterized with inflammation, preferential activation of classical complement pathway, MHCII and helper T cells combined with strong B cells responses and massive induction of immunoglobulins; innate antiviral responses were relatively weak in sharp contrast to PRV-caused heart and skeletal muscle inflammation and other viral infections. A panel of immune genes with specific activation in dark spots was found, most up-regulated were CD209-like lectin (44-fold) and prostaglandin reductase (11-fold). Further, RNA sequencing was performed on the same material to search for the presence of putative pathogens. Transcripts of prokaryotic rRNA with exclusive or preferential location in black spots were found. Results suggest mild chronic inflammation initiated with trauma, bacterial or viral infection followed by sustained immune responses to opportunistic microorganisms as a realistic scenario of dark spots formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, P.O. Box 5010, N-1432, Ås, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza av. 44, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russia
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9
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Ko SM, Vaidya B, Kwon J, Lee HM, Oh MJ, Shin TS, Cho SY, Kim D. Detection of hepatitis A virus in seeded oyster digestive tissue by ricin A-linked magnetic separation combined with reverse transcription PCR. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1046-51. [PMID: 25951406 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections are most frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated oysters. A rapid and selective concentration method is necessary for the recovery of HAV from contaminated oysters prior to detection using PCR. In this study, ricin extracted from castor beans (Ricinus communis) was tested as an alternative to antibody used in immunomagnetic separation while concentrating HAV prior to its detection using reverse transcription PCR. Initially, the extracted proteins from castor beans were fractionated into 13 fractions by gel filtration chromatography. Pretreatment of different protein fractions showed a variation in binding of HAV viral protein (VP) 1 to oyster digestive tissue in the range of 25.9 to 63.9%. The protein fraction, which caused the highest reduction in binding of VP1 to the tissue, was identified as ricin A by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ricin A could significantly inhibit binding of VP1 to the tissue with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 4.5 μg/ml and a maximal inhibitory concentration of 105.2%. The result showed that the rate of inhibition of HAV binding to tissue was higher compared to the rate of ricin itself binding to HAV (slope: 0.0029 versus 0.00059). However, ricin A concentration showed a higher correlation to the relative binding of ricin itself to HAV than the inhibition of binding of HAV to the tissue (coefficient of determination, R(2): 0.9739 versus 0.6804). In conclusion, ricin A-linked magnetic bead separation combined with reverse transcription PCR can successfully detect HAV in artificially seeded oyster digestive tissue up to a 10(-4) dilution of the virus stock (titer: 10(4) 50% tissue culture infective dose per ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Ko
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Hee-Min Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agribio Disaster Research Center, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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Lafferty KD, Harvell CD, Conrad JM, Friedman CS, Kent ML, Kuris AM, Powell EN, Rondeau D, Saksida SM. Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2015; 7:471-96. [PMID: 25251276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is a growing part of the economy, but its economic value is diminished by marine diseases. Infectious diseases are common in the ocean, and here we tabulate 67 examples that can reduce commercial species' growth and survivorship or decrease seafood quality. These impacts seem most problematic in the stressful and crowded conditions of aquaculture, which increasingly dominates seafood production as wild fishery production plateaus. For instance, marine diseases of farmed oysters, shrimp, abalone, and various fishes, particularly Atlantic salmon, cost billions of dollars each year. In comparison, it is often difficult to accurately estimate disease impacts on wild populations, especially those of pelagic and subtidal species. Farmed species often receive infectious diseases from wild species and can, in turn, export infectious agents to wild species. However, the impact of disease export on wild fisheries is controversial because there are few quantitative data demonstrating that wild species near farms suffer more from infectious diseases than those in other areas. The movement of exotic infectious agents to new areas continues to be the greatest concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; *
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11
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Montano-Remacha C, Ricotta L, Alfonsi V, Bella A, Tosti M, Ciccaglione A, Bruni R, Taffon S, Equestre M, Losio M, Carraro V, Franchini S, Natter B, Augschiller M, Foppa A, Gualanduzzi C, Massimiliani E, Finarelli A, Borrini B, Gallo T, Cozza V, Chironna M, Prato R, Rizzo C. Hepatitis A outbreak in Italy, 2013: a matched case-control study. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20906. [PMID: 25259533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
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12
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Keller R, Justino JF, Cassini ST. Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in Vitória, Brazil. J Water Health 2013; 11:573-580. [PMID: 23981884 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are vital part of the local economy for some communities in the region of Vitória, Brazil. Oysters, mussels, and crabs, which are naturally abundant in the mangroves, are harvested and largely consumed in restaurants and by the population. In recent years, unusually high rates of annual gastroenteritis cases have been reported in the region suggesting an association between the consumption of contaminated shellfish and the development of gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate water samples and mussels collected in the mangrove region using bacterial indicator Escherichia coli and enteric viruses (adenovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus). Our results showed that the region of study is impacted by a continuous discharge of domestic sewage. Although E. coli was detected at low densities in water samples, mussels were shown to be 400 times more contaminated throughout the period of the study. Adenovirus and rotavirus genomes were detected by nested-polymerase chain reaction respectively in 76 and 88% of water samples and 100% of mussel samples. Norovirus was found in 4.8% of water samples and was not detected in the mussels. The screening of bivalves for the presence of health-significant enteric viruses can help in the prevention of outbreaks among shellfish consumers and contribute to improvement of the estuarine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Keller
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo Avenida Fernando Ferrari, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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13
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Benabbes L, Ollivier J, Schaeffer J, Parnaudeau S, Rhaissi H, Nourlil J, Le Guyader FS. Norovirus and other human enteric viruses in moroccan shellfish. Food Environ Virol 2013; 5:35-40. [PMID: 23412717 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. A total of 77 samples were collected from areas potentially contaminated by human sewage. Noroviruses were detected in 30 % of samples, with an equal representation of GI and GII strains, but were much more frequently found in cockles or clams than in oysters. The method used, including extraction efficiency controls, allowed the quantification of virus concentration. As in previous reports, results showed levels of contamination between 100 and 1,000 copies/g of digestive tissues. Sapoviruses were detected in 13 % of samples mainly in oyster and clam samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in two samples, with concentrations around 100 RNA copies/g of digestive tissues. Only two samples were contaminated with enterovirus and none with norovirus GIV or Aichi virus. This study highlights the interest of studying shellfish samples from different countries and different production areas. A better knowledge of shellfish contamination helps us to understand virus levels in shellfish and to improve shellfish safety, thus protecting consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Benabbes
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
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14
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Luo L, Wu XW, Liu YF, Li QY, Xie HP, Wu YJ, Li L, Jiang LY, Yang X. [The molecular epidemiology characteristics of norovirus in environment and clinical samples in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2011]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 47:40-43. [PMID: 23601521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of norovirus in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2011. METHODS A total of 183 water samples, 1162 seafood samples and 1066 diarrhea stool specimens were collected from January 2010 to May 2011, June 2009 to June 2011 and July 2009 to December 2010 respectively in Guangzhou. Norovirus was detected by real time reverse transcript-PCR (qRT-PCR). The partial polymerase gene was amplified from norovirus positive samples, then sequenced and compared with the sequences of norovirus in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree was created. RESULTS The positive rate was 19.67% (36/183), 8.26% (96/1162) and 37.05% (395/1066) in water samples, seafood and diarrhea patients respectively. Noroviruses from positive samples could be divided into 10 representative strains, in which 7 representative strains of genotype of 208 samples was type G2-4. The sequences from water, seafood and stool specimens were highly homologous with the similarity of 94% - 100%. CONCLUSION In Guangzhou, the predominant Norovirus genotype was G2-4 and the positive rate of samples was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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15
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De Donno A, Grassi T, Bagordo F, Idolo A, Serio F, Gabutti G. Detection of viruses in coastal seawater using Mytilus galloprovincialis as an accumulation matrix. Food Environ Virol 2012; 4:81-88. [PMID: 23412814 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that shellfish can be used to detect enteric viruses in marine waters where they are present at very low concentrations. Aqua-cultured mussels were placed in the sea just off the mouth of a drainage channel affected by human and animal faecal contamination. Samples were taken from the channel, the sea and the mussels at intervals over two 4-week periods. The samples were tested to verify the presence of both rotaviruses and E. coli. Rotaviruses were detected by Real Time-PCR, typed by multiplex PCR and subsequently sequenced. E. coli was enumerated in water matrices by a filtering method and in mussels by the MPN method. The presence of E. coli in the examined matrices demonstrates contamination of faecal origin throughout the studied environments. Rotaviruses were recorded in channel waters, but not in sea water. In both experiments, rotaviruses were detected in mussels 21 and 28 days after being placed in the sea water off the channel mouth. The use of mussels thus enabled the detection of rotaviruses in waters where the high dilution rendered direct investigation impossible. This study indicates that mussels can be used in marine virological surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Donno
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (DiSTeBA), University of the Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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16
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Diez-Valcarce M, Kokkinos P, Söderberg K, Bouwknegt M, Willems K, de Roda-Husman AM, von Bonsdorff CH, Bellou M, Hernández M, Maunula L, Vantarakis A, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Occurrence of human enteric viruses in commercial mussels at retail level in three European countries. Food Environ Virol 2012; 4:73-80. [PMID: 23412813 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence of different enteric viruses in commercial mussels was evaluated at the retail level in three European countries (Finland, Greece and Spain). A total of 153 mussel samples from different origins were analysed for human norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Human adenovirus (HAdV) was also tested as an indicator of human faecal contamination. A full set of controls (such as sample process control, internal amplification controls, and positive and negative controls) were implemented during the process. The use of a sample process control allowed us to calculate the efficiencies of extraction, which ranged from 79 to 0.5 %, with an average value of 10 %. Samples were positive in 41 % of cases, with HAdV being the most prevalent virus detected (36 %), but no significant correlation was found between the presence of HAdV and human NoV, HAV and HEV. The prevalences of human norovirus genogroup II, HEV and human NoV genogroup I were 16, 3 and 0.7 %, respectively, and HAV was not detected. The estimated number of PCR detectable units varied between 24 and 1.4 × 10(3) g(-1) of digestive tract. Interestingly, there appeared to be a significant association between the type of mussel species (M. galloprovincialis) and the positive result of samples, although a complete overlap between country and species examined required this finding to be confirmed including samples of both species from all possible countries of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Junta de Castilla y León, Ctra. Burgos, km 119, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
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17
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the field: norovirus infections associated with frozen raw oysters - Washington, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61:110. [PMID: 22337176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
On October 19, 2011, Public Health - Seattle & King County was contacted regarding a woman who had experienced acute gastroenteritis after dining at a local restaurant with friends. Staff members interviewed the diners and confirmed that three of the seven in the party had consumed a raw oyster dish. Within 18-36 hours after consumption, the three had onsets of aches, nausea, and nonbloody diarrhea lasting 24-48 hours. One ill diner also reported vomiting. The four diners who had not eaten the raw oysters did not become ill.
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18
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La Rosa G, Fratini M, Spuri Vennarucci V, Guercio A, Purpari G, Muscillo M. GIV noroviruses and other enteric viruses in bivalves: a preliminary study. New Microbiol 2012; 35:27-34. [PMID: 22378550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the presence of the enteric viruses: norovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus in bivalves using nested PCR methods and cell culture assays. Noroviruses GII.4 and GIV.1, adenoviruses types 1 and 2, hepatitis A, and echovirus type 7 were detected in the shellfish tested, which were often co-infected. This is the first study to detect such a high level of viral contamination in Italian mussels (up to four different viral groups in a single sample), and the first to document the presence of GIV NoV in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.
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19
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Tekeuchi Y, Kobayashi G, Matui Y, Miyajima Y, Tanahashi S, Honma M, Takahashi M, Eguchi H, Tanaka M. Outbreak of food-borne infection with hepatitis A virus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006; 59:346. [PMID: 17060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tekeuchi
- Niigata City Public Health and Sanitation Center, Niigata 951-8550, Japan
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20
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Sasaki Y, Kai A, Hayashi Y, Shinkai T, Noguchi Y, Hasegawa M, Sadamasu K, Mori K, Tabei Y, Nagashima M, Morozumi S, Yamamoto T. Multiple viral infections and genomic divergence among noroviruses during an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:790-7. [PMID: 16517856 PMCID: PMC1393082 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.790-797.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemic outbreak of both norovirus (NV) and astrovirus (ASV) occurred on a research ship surveying Tokyo Bay, causing acute gastroenteritis in 26 of its 37 crew members. The presence of viral pathogens in fecal specimens was analyzed, and noroviruses were identified by reverse transcription-PCR in 18 (48.6%) of these specimens. In addition, astroviruses were identified in 14 (37.8%) of the fecal samples from the affected crew members, and multiple viral infections of both NV and ASV were observed in 6 cases. The genogrouping of the NV-positive samples was then examined by dot blot hybridization, and it was determined that all of the isolates were from genogroup II (GII). No bacterial pathogens were subsequently isolated from fecal specimens. Furthermore, a variety of NV strains were identified by sequencing and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analyses of PCR products from the fecal samples. One recombinant NV isolate, Minato/14, was identified as a recombinant NV strain of GII/6 and GII/1. The other NV isolates from this outbreak were classified into three NV genotypes (GII/1 [Minato/10], GII/4 [Minato/33], and GII/5 [Minato/6]). Furthermore, ASVs in positive samples were determined to belong to serotypes 1 and 2 by sequencing analysis. Our findings thus indicate that coinfections with NV and ASV, including a number of NV genotypes, persisted during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a closed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sasaki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Hyakunin-cho 3-24-1, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
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21
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Prato R, Lopalco PL, Chironna M, Barbuti G, Germinario C, Quarto M. Norovirus gastroenteritis general outbreak associated with raw shellfish consumption in south Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4:37. [PMID: 15383150 PMCID: PMC522816 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite Noroviruses (NV, previously "Norwalk-like viruses") being a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, the impact of NV infection is at present unknown and little information is available about strains circulating in Italy. In April 2002 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in the province of Bari (South-east Italy), involving several households. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in order to assess risk factors associated with illness. All households where a case occurred were included in the study. Faecal specimens were collected from ill individuals. NV-specific RT-PCR was performed. Eleven samples of mussels were collected from fish-markets involved in the outbreak. A nested PCR was used for mussel samples. RESULTS One hundred and three cases, detected by means of active surveillance, met the case definition. Raw shellfish eating was the principal risk factor for the disease, as indicated by the analytic issues (Risk Ratio: 1.50; IC 95%: 1.18 - 1.89; p < 0.001). NVs were found by means of RT-PCR of all the stool specimens from the 24 patients tested. Eleven samples of shellfish from local markets were tested for the presence or NVs; six were positive by nested PCR and genotypes were related to that found in patients' stools. CONCLUSION This is the first community outbreak caused by NVs related to sea-food consumption described in Italy. The study confirms that the present standards for human faecal contamination do not seem to be a reliable indicator of viral contaminants in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e del Lavoro, Section of Hygiene, University of Foggia, Italy.
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Abstract
Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses in the USA each year. Seafood is implicated in 10-19% of these illnesses. A causative agent can be traced in about 44% of seafood-related outbreaks, viruses accounting for around half of these illnesses. Although viruses are the most common cause of seafood-related infections, most hospitalisations and deaths are due to bacterial agents. A wide variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been implicated in seafood-related outbreaks, which are reported worldwide. The factor most commonly associated with infection is consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. People with underlying disorders, particularly liver disease, are more susceptible to infection. The first part of this two-part review summarises the general incidence of seafood-related infections and discusses the common viral and bacterial causes of these infections. For each agent, the microbiology, epidemiology, mode of transmission, and treatment are discussed. In the May issue of the journal we will discuss parasites associated with seafood consumption, the safety of seafood, and the measures put in place in the USA to increase its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel A Butt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and the Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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23
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Food Contamination/prevention & control
- Food Handling
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/congenital
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/prevention & control
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Occupational Diseases/epidemiology
- Occupational Diseases/prevention & control
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
- Prevalence
- Renal Dialysis
- Risk Factors
- Seafood/virology
- Sexual Behavior
- Spain/epidemiology
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous
- Transfusion Reaction
- Transplantation/adverse effects
- Vaccination
- Viral Hepatitis Vaccines
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Lee D, Ashwell M, Ferson M, Beer I, McAnulty J. Hepatitis A outbreak associated with a Mother's Day 'yum cha' meal, Sydney, 1997. NSW Public Health Bull 2004; 15:6-9. [PMID: 15064777 DOI: 10.1071/nb04003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- South Eastern Sydney Public Health Unit
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25
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Ferrari M, Losio MN, Bertasi B, Pinoni C, Cosciani E, Boni P, Pavoni E, Rubini S. [Role of the Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali in controlling the microbiological and toxicologic risks related to seafood]. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2003; 39:97-104. [PMID: 12820575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The "Istituti Zooprofilattici" are an important network whose main function is the monitoring of animal health as well as food. As a result of the recent improvements in aquaculture technology interest in the safety of seafood is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to set up diagnostic methods for the detection of virus contamination, as well as the use of in vitro techniques able to identify the different toxins. The results have allowed the development of molecular biology assays which, together with the isolation in cell cultures, can detect contaminations/infections by the hepatitis A virus and the most common enteroviruses. Moreover, specific selected cell lines have led to the detection of different toxins. These laboratory methods will be used in order to control seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Ferrari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia.
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26
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Abstract
Potential application of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) as a method for virus inactivation was evaluated. A 7-log10 PFU/ml hepatitis A virus (HAV) stock, in tissue culture medium, was reduced to nondetectable levels after exposure to more than 450 MPa of pressure for 5 min. Titers of HAV were reduced in a time- and pressure-dependent manner between 300 and 450 MPa. In contrast, poliovirus titer was unaffected by a 5-min treatment at 600 MPa. Dilution of HAV in seawater increased the pressure resistance of HAV, suggesting a protective effect of salts on virus inactivation. RNase protection experiments indicated that viral capsids may remain intact during pressure treatment, suggesting that inactivation was due to subtle alterations of viral capsid proteins. A 7-log10 tissue culture infectious dose for 50% of the cultures per ml of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate, was completely inactivated after 5-min treatments with 275 MPa or more. These data show that HAV and a Norwalk virus surrogate can be inactivated by HPP and suggest that HPP may be capable of rendering potentially contaminated raw shellfish free of infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover 19901, USA.
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27
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Goswami BB, Kulka M, Ngo D, Istafanos P, Cebula TA. A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of hepatitis A virus in produce and shellfish. J Food Prot 2002; 65:393-402. [PMID: 11858194 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that are suspected to be of viral origin are on the rise. Thus, there is a need for regulatory agencies entrusted with food safety to develop adequate techniques for the detection of viruses in foods. We have established a general procedure for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish that, with minor modifications, is also applicable to fresh produce such as cilantro. Total RNA was isolated from shellfish or cilantro, followed by isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA. Because HAV genomic RNA contains a poly(A) tail, the isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA also enriches HAV genomic RNA. Reverse transcription was used to convert the RNA to cDNA, and then amplification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reamplification with internal primers was used to improve the quality and the quantity of amplified DNA, allowing for post-PCR analysis such as sequence identification of the viral strain. With this procedure, multiple samples could be analyzed in four working days by a single trained individual. The nominal sensitivity of detection of the procedure was 0.15 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per 0.62 g of tissue with a test virus. The direct RNA isolation protocol avoided pitfalls associated with whole-virus purification procedures by replacing virus precipitation steps involving polyethylene glycol and Procipitate with phenol extraction. The method is straightforward and reliable. We successfully used this procedure to detect naturally occurring HAV in clams involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak, as well as in cilantro artificially contaminated with a test virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Goswami
- Division of Molecular Biological Research and Evaluation, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drag Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA.
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28
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Abstract
A significant global problem is the microbiological contamination of foods and water. The microorganisms associated with about half of the foodborne disease outbreaks still go unrecognized, primarily as a result of inadequate diagnostic methods and sampling. A significant amount of food- and waterborne diseases are associated with viruses, information that has been obtained only in recent years. Improved diagnostic methods have established that caliciviruses are the most important non-bacterial pathogens associated with food- and waterborne outbreaks, and are the major cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Svensson
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinski Institute, Solna.
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29
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Feldhusen F. [Seafood transmitted diseases]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1999; 106:319-25. [PMID: 10488635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews seafood related bacterial, viral and parasitological hazards for consumers worldwide. Seafood from Europe is generally regarded as safe. Food safety risks associated with aquaculture products results from contamination with biological agents, which are greater in freshwater and coastal ecosystems than in open seas. Due to the consumption conditions and the intensive investigations of imported products with contamination of pathogenic bacteria there are little seafood risks in Europe. Viral infections are associated with consumption of raw or recontaminated shellfish. There has been speculation that more than 50% of the outbreaks of unknown aethiology are due to viruses. Foodborne parasitic hazards are associated with the consumption of raw (sushi) or insufficiently heated, marinated and salted seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Feldhusen
- Staatliches Veterinäruntersuchungsamt für Fische und Fischwaren, Cuxhaven
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30
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Abstract
Caliciviruses are important veterinary and human pathogens. The viruses gain their name from characteristic cup-shaped structures seen on the virion surface by negative stain electron microscopy. In humans caliciviruses are a major cause of diarrhoeal disease. There are two fundamentally different genome structures amongst human caliciviruses. The Norwalk-like or small round structured viruses (SRSVs) are viruses that have an amorphous structure when viewed by EM, they have a genome composed of 3 major open reading frames (ORFs). These viruses cause epidemic gastroenteritis amongst all age groups. In contrast, the 'classic' human caliciviruses (HuCVs) display the typical calicivirus surface structure and have their capsid ORF fused to and contiguous with the non structural proteins forming one giant polyprotein. HuCVs are predominantly associated with paediatric infections and are only a minor cause of disease in humans. Spread of disease for both SRSVs and HuCVs is usually by faecal oral transmission. SRSVs are a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis especially linked to the consumption of sewage-contaminated shellfish. However, there is no evidence that these viruses replicate in shellfish or that they originate from an animal source.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, U.K
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Häfliger D, Gilgen M, Lüthy J, Hübner P. Seminested RT-PCR systems for small round structured viruses and detection of enteric viruses in seafood. Int J Food Microbiol 1997; 37:27-36. [PMID: 9237119 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive seminested RT-PCR systems for the specific detection of genotype I and II small round structured viruses (SRSVs) were developed based on the nucleic acid information deposited in the databanks. SRSVs could be detected in 10(7)-fold dilutions of three different stool samples. In addition, a rapid and simple purification protocol for enteric viruses from seafood tissues was elaborated using poliovirus (PV) as model. The virus isolation and viral RNA purification include the following steps: elution of the viruses from the seafood tissue with glycine buffer, their concentration by PEG-precipitation, lysis of viral particles with guanidine hydrochloride and viral RNA isolation using a silica based membrane. The detection limit was 3 to 30 TCID50 of poliovirus in 1.25 g of seeded seafood tissues without marked food matrix differences, whereas SRSV viruses were 10- and 100-fold better detected in mussels than in shrimps and oysters, respectively. The newly developed purification method, which was shown to remove potential RT-PCR inhibitors present in mussel tissue samples, was applied in a small market survey. 15 mussels, 15 oysters and 12 shrimps were examined for the presence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Enterovirus (EV), Rotavirus (RV) and SRSV using specific RT-PCR detection systems. The finding of three oyster samples positive for Rotavirus demonstrated the successful application of our method for the detection of enteric viruses in naturally contaminated seafood samples. The rapid isolation method might be suitable for application in routine testing laboratories and will help to improve public health controls for seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Häfliger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Lightner DV, Redman RM, Poulos BT, Nunan LM, Mari JL, Hasson KW. Risk of spread of penaeid shrimp viruses in the Americas by the international movement of live and frozen shrimp. REV SCI TECH OIE 1997; 16:146-60. [PMID: 9329114 DOI: 10.20506/rst.16.1.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the past decade, viral diseases have emerged as serious economic impediments to successful shrimp farming in many of the shrimp-farming countries of the world. In the western hemisphere, the viral agents of Taura syndrome (TS) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis have caused serious disease epizootics throughout the shrimp-growing regions of the Americas and Hawaii, while in Asia the viral agents of white spot syndrome (WSS) and yellow head (YH) have caused pandemics with catastrophic losses. The international transfer of live shrimp for aquaculture purposes is an obvious mechanism by which the viruses have spread within and between regions in which they have occurred. Shrimp-eating gulls, other seabirds and aquatic insects may also be factors in the spread of shrimp viruses between and within regions. Another potentially important mechanism for the international spread of these pathogens is the trade in frozen commodity shrimp, which may contain viruses exotic to the importing countries. The viral agents of WSS, YH and TS have been found, and demonstrated to be infectious, in frozen shrimp imported into the United States market. Mechanisms identified for the potential transfer of virus in imported frozen products to domestic populations of cultured or wild penaeid shrimp stocks include: the release of untreated liquid or solid wastes from shrimp importing and processing plants directly into coastal waters, improper disposal of solid waste from shrimp importing and processing plants in landfills so that the waste is accessible to gulls and other seabirds, and the use of imported shrimp as bait by sports fishermen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Lightner
- Department of Veterinary Science, Aquaculture Pathology Group, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Kirkland KB, Meriwether RA, Leiss JK, Mac Kenzie WR. Steaming oysters does not prevent Norwalk-like gastroenteritis. Public Health Rep 1996; 111:527-30. [PMID: 8955700 PMCID: PMC1381901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether steaming oysters prevents gastroenteritis caused by small round structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and to identify risk factors for illness. METHODS The authors interviewed all 48 people who ate oysters at two church suppers that were followed by outbreaks of gastroenteritis from a Norwalk-like virus. Data were collected on demographics, clinical illness, number of oysters eaten, and the extent to which they were cooked. RESULTS Among the 48 persons, the attack rate was 56%. The risk of illness increased with the number of oysters eaten (chi-square for trend = 5.7, P = 0.02). There was no decrease in attack rates among persons who ate oysters that were better done (chi-square for trend = 1.1, P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS In these outbreaks, the risk of illness increased with the number of oysters eaten. Steaming oysters did not appear to prevent illness, suggesting that steaming may not be adequate to inactivate small round structured viruses. Public health messages that have emphasized the role of raw shellfish in the transmission of enteric viruses should be altered to increase the public's awareness that eating steamed oysters may also pose health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Kirkland
- Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
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Abstract
The following incidental aquatic zoonoses are discussed: eosinophilic mengingitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonesis, the Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinesis), Anisakis infections, Cryptocotyle lingua, eye fluke (Philophthalmus), the tapeworm Diplogonoporus grandis, and shellfish-borne hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Hoffman
- Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory Bureau Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Leetown (P.O. Kearneysville) W VA 25430, USA
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