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Girón-Guzmán I, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Barranquero R, Díaz-Reolid A, Puchades-Colera P, Falcó I, Pérez-Cataluña A, Sánchez G. Urban wastewater-based epidemiology for multi-viral pathogen surveillance in the Valencian region, Spain. Water Res 2024; 255:121463. [PMID: 38537489 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has lately arised as a promising tool for monitoring and tracking viral pathogens in communities. In this study, we analysed WBE's role as a multi-pathogen surveillance strategy to detect the presence of several viral illness causative agents. Thus, an epidemiological study was conducted from October 2021 to February 2023 to estimate the weekly levels of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV), and Influenza A virus (IAV) in influent wastewater samples (n = 69). In parallel, a one-year study (October 2021 to October 2022) was performed to assess the presence of pathogenic human enteric viruses. Besides, monitoring of proposed viral fecal contamination indicators crAssphage and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was also assessed, along with plaque counting of somatic coliphages. Genetic material of rotavirus (RV), human astrovirus (HAStV), and norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII was found in almost all samples, while hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) only tested positive in 3.77 % and 22.64 % of the samples, respectively. No seasonal patterns were overall found for enteric viruses, although RVs had a peak prevalence in the winter months. All samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, with a mean concentration of 5.43 log genome copies per liter (log GC/L). The tracking of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) was performed by both duplex RT-qPCR and next generation sequencing (NGS). Both techniques reliably showed how the dominant VOC transitioned from Delta to Omicron during two weeks in Spain in December 2021. RSV and IAV viruses peaked in winter months with mean concentrations 6.40 and 4.10 log GC/L, respectively. Moreover, the three selected respiratory viruses strongly correlated with reported clinical data when normalised by wastewater physico-chemical parameters and presented weaker correlations when normalising sewage concentration levels with crAssphage or somatic coliphages titers. Finally, predictive models were generated for each respiratory virus, confirming high reliability on WBE data as an early-warning system and communities illness monitoring system. Overall, this study presents WBE as an optimal tool for multi-pathogen tracking reflecting viral circulation and diseases trends within a selected area, its value as a multi-pathogen early-warning tool stands out due to its public health interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Girón-Guzmán
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Enric Cuevas-Ferrando
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain.
| | - Regino Barranquero
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Azahara Díaz-Reolid
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Pablo Puchades-Colera
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Irene Falcó
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain.
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Fernandez-Cassi X, Kohn T. Comparison of Three Viral Nucleic Acid Preamplification Pipelines for Sewage Viral Metagenomics. Food Environ Virol 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3. [PMID: 38647859 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics is a useful tool for detecting multiple human viruses in urban sewage. However, more refined protocols are required for its effective use in disease surveillance. In this study, we investigated the performance of three different preamplification pipelines (specific to RNA viruses, DNA viruses or both) for viral genome sequencing using spiked-in Phosphate Buffered Saline and sewage samples containing known concentrations of viruses. We found that compared to the pipeline targeting all genome types, the RNA pipeline performed better in detecting RNA viruses in both spiked and unspiked sewage samples, allowing the detection of various mammalian viruses including members from the Reoviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae and Caliciviridae. However, the DNA-specific pipeline did not improve the detection of mammalian DNA viruses. We also measured viral recovery by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and assessed the impact of genetic background (non-viral genetic material) on viral coverage. Our results indicate that viral recoveries were generally lower in sewage (average of 11.0%) and higher in Phosphate Buffered Saline (average of 23.4%) for most viruses. Additionally, spiked-in viruses showed lower genome coverage in sewage, demonstrating the negative effect of genetic background on sequencing. Finally, correlation analysis revealed a relationship between virus concentration and genome normalized reads per million, indicating that viral metagenomic sequencing can be semiquantitative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Departament of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Miotti C, Signorini ML, Oteiza JM, Prez VE, Barril PA. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of norovirus and hepatitis a virus in berries. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110577. [PMID: 38262124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) stand as the predominant agents associated with viral foodborne infections. Outbreaks have been documented to be caused by various types of food items, including fresh and/or frozen berries. Comprehensive data concerning crucial viral pathogens in berries remain limited and are not currently available in aggregate form. Consequently, the present study aimed to compile the existing information regarding the prevalence of NoV and HAV in this matrix. Records of foodborne viruses were systematically extracted from database repositories up to December 2022, adhering to PRISMA standards and were subjected to a multilevel random effect meta-analysis model to determine the mean occurrence rate of NoV and HAV. A high heterogeneity across studies was observed (I2 = 82 %), reflecting variations in the prevalence of sampling locations, years, berry types, and sample conditions, among other potential contributing factors. The prevalence of NoV and HAV in berries was calculated at 2.12 % (95 % CI 1.74-2.59 %), and no statistically differences were observed among the viral types or genogroup categories. However, it is important to clarify that this estimate should be taken with caution given the high heterogeneity. There was no discernible correlation between viral prevalence and any particular berry type. However, there was a temporal correlation observed with the year of sampling, revealing a significantly decreasing trend throughout the study period. A significant influence of the sample condition (fresh or frozen) was observed in relation to the prevalence of NoV GII and HAV. Overall higher viral prevalences were identified in berries originating from African countries as compared to those sourced from other continents. It was also noted that the prevalence of NoV GI was significantly higher in samples collected directly from farms compared to those obtained from retailers. The outcomes of this comprehensive meta-analysis propose that while viral contamination of berries is diminishing in more recent times, the prevalence remains substantial in certain African countries, having a significant risk for foodborne infections. It is imperative to implement intervention strategies in these regions to enhance product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Miotti
- IDICAL - Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET SANTA FE), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Lisandro Signorini
- IDICAL - Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET SANTA FE), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Oteiza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Verónica Emilse Prez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Patricia Angélica Barril
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Campos CJA, Gyawali P, Hewitt J. Study of Shellfish Growing Area During Normal Harvesting Periods and Following Wastewater Overflows in an Urban Estuary With Complex Hydrography. Food Environ Virol 2024; 16:79-96. [PMID: 38329699 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Viral testing combined with hydrographic studies is considered standard good practice in determining microbiological impacts on shellfish growing areas following wastewater overflows. In this study, norovirus genogroup I and II, indicators of viral contamination (F-RNA bacteriophage genogroup II (F-RNA GII), crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus) and Escherichia coli were monitored during periods of normal harvesting and following overflows in two commercial shellfish growing areas in Otago Harbour (Aotearoa New Zealand). Dye tracing, drogue tracking and analysis of particle tracking modelling were also undertaken to assess the dispersion, dilution and time of travel of wastewater discharged from a pump station discharge that impacts the growing areas. Norovirus was not detected in any of the 218 shellfish samples tested. PMMoV and crAssphage were more prevalent than F-RNA GII as determined by RT-qPCR. The dye study indicated long residence time of the waters (≥5 days) in the embayment impacted by the discharge. No relationships were found between the concentrations of viral indicators or E. coli and wastewater dilution, distance between the discharge and the growing areas or time since the last overflow. For the three spills studied (≤327 m3), there was little evidence of microbiological impact on the growing areas. This was likely associated with a deep shipping channel that enhances water flushing in the harbour and reduces contaminant transport to the growing areas. We recommend flexibility in the approach for closure/reopening growing areas impacted by spills, particularly for small duration/volume spills and when norovirus is not present in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J A Campos
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.
- Jacobs, 47 Hereford Street Level 2, Wynn Williams Building, Christchurch, 8013, New Zealand.
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
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Massa B, Vervaeke S, Van Hoecke F. Semi-quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal viruses in stool samples with Seegene Allplex gastrointestinal panel assays: a solution to the interpretation problem of multiple pathogen detection? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:435-443. [PMID: 38147237 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to determine and evaluate the clinical usefulness of pathogen specific semi-quantitative cut-offs in stool samples with multiple pathogen detections. METHODS The PCR (Seegene Allplex Gastrointestinal Virus Assay) data from 4527 positive samples received over 16 months were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the distribution of the Ct values of each individual viral pathogen. By using interquartile ranges for each viral pathogen, pathogen specific semi-quantitative cut-offs were determined. RESULTS After a thorough analysis of the Ct values, a well-founded decision to exclude all results with a Ct value higher than 35 was made. This approach made it possible to generate a more nuanced report and to facilitate clinical interpretation in case of mixed infections by linking a lower Ct value of a pathogen to a greater likelihood of being a relevant causative pathogen. Moreover, not reporting viral pathogens with a Ct value higher than 35 led to a significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of reported mixed infections compared to oversimplified qualitative or qualitative reporting. CONCLUSION By omitting very high Ct values and reporting semi-quantitatively, value was added to the syndromic reports, leading to an easier to read lab report, especially in mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Massa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta, Roeselare, Belgium.
| | - Steven Vervaeke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Frederik Van Hoecke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta, Roeselare, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sint-Andries Hospital, Tielt, Belgium
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Taligrot H, Wurtzer S, Monnot M, Moulin L, Moulin P. Implementation of a Sensitive Method to Assess High Virus Retention Performance of Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis Process. Food Environ Virol 2024; 16:97-108. [PMID: 38085424 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne diseases. Environmental waters are usually contaminated with low virus concentration requiring large concentration factors for effective detection by (RT)-qPCR. Low-pressure reverse osmosis is often used to remove water contaminants, but very few studies focused on the effective virus removal of reverse osmosis treatment with feed concentrations as close as possible to environmental concentrations and principally relied on theoretical virus removal. The very low viral concentrations usually reported in the permeates (i.e. at least 5 log of removal rate) mean that very large volumes of water need to be analysed to have sufficient sensitivity and assess the process efficiency. This study evaluates two methods for the concentration of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and MS2 bacteriophages at different viral concentrations in large (< 200 L) and very large (> 200 L) volumes. The first method is composed of two ultrafiltration membranes with low-molecular weight cut-offs while the second method primarily relies on adsorption and elution phases using electropositive-charged filters. The recovery rates were assessed for both methods. For the ultrafiltration-based protocol, recovery rates were similar for each virus studied: 80% on average at high virus concentrations (106-107 viruses L-1) and 50% at low virus concentrations (103-104 viruses L-1). For the electropositive-charged filter-based method, the average recoveries obtained were about 36% for ADV 41, 57% for CV-B5 and 1.6% for MS2. The ultrafiltration-based method was then used to evaluate the performance of a low-pressure reverse osmosis lab-scale pilot plant. The retentions by reverse osmosis were similar for all studied viruses and the validated recovery rates applied to the system confirmed the reliability of the concentration method. This method was effective in concentrating all three viruses over a wide range of viral concentrations. Moreover, the second concentration method using electropositive-charged filters was studied, allowing the filtration of larger volumes of permeate from a semi-industrial low-pressure reverse osmosis pilot plant. This reference method was used because of the inability of the UF method to filter volumes on the order of one cubic metre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Taligrot
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Équipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Eau de Paris, Direction de la Recherche du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Sébastien Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, Direction de la Recherche du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Mathias Monnot
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Équipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Moulin
- Eau de Paris, Direction de la Recherche du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Moulin
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Équipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Rafieepoor M, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Tanhaei M, Niasar MS, Kazemian S, Moore MD, Zali MR. Detection of human enteric viruses in fresh produce of markets, farms and surface water used for irrigation in the Tehran, Iran. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169575. [PMID: 38143000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering the major role of vegetables in the transmission of gastrointestinal diseases, investigation of the presence of gastrointestinal viruses is particularly important for public health. Additionally, monitoring and investigating potential points of contamination at various stages of cultivation, harvesting, and distribution can be important in identifying the sources of transmission. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying norovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, rotaviruses, and astroviruses in vegetable samples from the fields and fruit and vegetable centers of Tehran City, and to investigate their presence in irrigation water by RT-qPCR. This study was carried out in two phases: initial and supplementary. During phase I, a total of 3 farms and 5 fruit and vegetable centers and a total of 35 samples from farms, 102 samples from fruit and vegetable centers and 8 agricultural water samples were collected. Zero, 16 and 1 samples were positive for at least one of the viruses from each of the sources, respectively. During phase II, 88 samples from 23 farms, 226 samples from 50 fruit and vegetable centers and 16 irrigation water samples were collected, with 23, 57 and 4 samples were positive for at least one virus, respectively. Rotavirus was the most frequently identified virus among the samples, followed by NoV GII, NoV GI, AstV, and AdV. HAV and HEV were not detected in any of the tested samples. The results of this study suggest that there may be a wide presence of viruses in vegetables, farms, and fruit and vegetable centers in Tehran City, which could have significant consequences considering the fact that many of these foods are consumed raw. Additionally, the detection of some of these viruses in irrigation water suggests that this may be a potential route for viral contamination of produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rafieepoor
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tanhaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Saeedi Niasar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Kazemian
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Loor-Giler A, Castillo-Reyes S, Santander-Parra S, Caza M, Kyriakidis NC, Ferreira AJP, Nuñez L. Development of a fast and sensitive RT-qPCR assay based on SYBR® green for diagnostic and quantification of Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) in chickens affected with enteric disease. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:33. [PMID: 38291450 PMCID: PMC10826264 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric viruses are among the most prominent etiological agents of Runting-Stunting Syndrome (RSS). The Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) is an astrovirus associated with enteric diseases in poultry, whose early diagnosis is essential for maintaining a good poultry breeding environment. ANV is an RNA virus that rapidly mutates, except for some conserved regions such as ORF1b. Therefore, the approach of a diagnostic method based on fast-RT-qPCR using SYBR® Green that focuses on the amplification of a fragment of ORF1b is presented as a feasible alternative for the diagnosis of this viral agent. In this study, the proposed assay showed a standard curve with an efficiency of 103.8% and a LoD and LoQ of 1 gene viral copies. The assay was specific to amplify the ORF 1b gene, and no amplification was shown from other viral genomes or in the negative controls. 200 enteric (feces) samples from chickens (broilers) and laying hens with signs of RSS from Ecuadorian poultry flocks were examined to validate the proposed method. RESULTS Using our method, 164 positive results were obtained out of the total number of samples run, while the presence of viral RNA was detected in samples collected from one day to 44 weeks old in both avian lines. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents a novel, rapid, robust, and sensitive molecular assay capable of detecting and quantifying even low copy numbers of the ANV in commercial birds, therefore introducing a handy tool in the early diagnosis of ANV in enteric disease outbreaks in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Loor-Giler
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito, EC, 170124, Ecuador
| | - Sara Castillo-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, de Las Américas (UDLA), Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, UniversidadAntigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito, EC, 170124, Ecuador
| | - Silvana Santander-Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, de Las Américas (UDLA), Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, UniversidadAntigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito, EC, 170124, Ecuador
| | - Manuel Caza
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, de Las Américas (UDLA), Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, UniversidadAntigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito, EC, 170124, Ecuador
| | - Nikolaos C Kyriakidis
- Facultad de Medicina, Cancer Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, 170504, Ecuador
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luis Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, de Las Américas (UDLA), Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, UniversidadAntigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito, EC, 170124, Ecuador.
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.
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Viviana B, Matias S, Daiana M, Rodney C, Matias V. Molecular Characterization of Gastro enteric Viruses in Wastewater from Cities in Uruguay. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:318-330. [PMID: 37872461 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Group A Rotavirus, Human Astrovirus, and Norovirus (RVA, HAstV, and NoV) are recognized as the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of RVA, HAstV, and NoV in wastewater from three cities in Uruguay. Thirty-six samples from Bella Unión, Salto, and Fray Bentos cities were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative PCR. RVA was the most frequently detected virus (50%), followed by HAstV (39%), NoV GII (36%), and NoV GI (25%). RVA strains were characterized as P[8] and G3 based on the VP4 and VP7 genes, respectively. Among NoV-positive samples, genotypes GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7, GII.2, GII.6, and GII.4 were detected, and only one HAstV genotype (MLB1) was found. Our wastewater-based epidemiological approach provides a snapshot of the overall genetic diversity of these viruses in three cities of the Uruguay River basin during 2017-2018. These findings reinforce the importance of this environmental surveillance tool for monitoring epidemiological trends of enteric viruses circulating in the population, which can be used to guide public health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bortagaray Viviana
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Salvo Matias
- Department of Water, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Mir Daiana
- Genomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Colina Rodney
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Matias
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
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Hoque SA, Saito H, Akino W, Kotaki T, Okitsu S, Onda Y, Kobayashi T, Hossian T, Khamrin P, Motomura K, Maneekarn N, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. The Emergence and Widespread Circulation of Enteric Viruses Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Wastewater-Based Evidence. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:342-354. [PMID: 37898959 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence shed light on the importance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) during the pandemic, when the patients rarely visited the clinics despite the fact that the infections were still prevalent in the community as before. The abundance of infections in the community poses a constant threat of the emergence of new epidemic strains. Herein, we investigated enteric viruses in raw sewage water (SW) from Japan's Tohoku region and compared them to those from the Kansai region to better understand the circulating strains and their distribution across communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Raw SW was collected between 2019 and 2022, concentrated by polyethylene-glycol-precipitation method, and investigated for major AGE viruses by RT-PCR. Sequence-based analyses were used to assess genotypes and evolutionary relationships. The most commonly detected enteric virus was rotavirus A (RVA) at 63.8%, followed by astrovirus (AstV) at 61.1%, norovirus (NoV) GII and adenovirus (AdV) at 33.3%, sapovirus (SV) at 25.0%, enterovirus (EV) at 19.4%, and NoV GI at 13.9%. The highest prevalence (46.0%) was found in the spring. Importantly, enteric viruses did not decline during the pandemic. Rather, several strains like NoV GII.2, DS-1-like human G3 (equine) RVA, MLB1 AstV, and different F41 HAdV emerged throughout the pandemic and spread widely over the Tohoku and Kansai regions. Tohoku's detection rate remained lower than that of the Kansai area (36 vs 58%). This study provides evidence for the emergence and spread of enteric viruses during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectual Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Wakako Akino
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectual Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuko Onda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tania Hossian
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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11
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Robalo A, Brandão J, Shibata T, Solo-Gabriele H, Santos R, Monteiro S. Detection of enteric viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand. Sci Total Environ 2023; 901:165836. [PMID: 37517729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand harbors a diverse group of microbial organisms that may be of public health concern. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and distribution of viruses in beach sand. In this study, the first objective was to evaluate the presence of seven viruses (Aichi virus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, human adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) in sands collected at public beaches. The second objective was to assess the spatial distribution of enteric viruses in beach sand. To that end, 27 beach sand samples from different beaches in Portugal were collected between November 2018 and August 2020 and analyzed for the presence of viruses. At seven beaches, samples were collected in the supratidal and intertidal zones. Results show that viruses were detected in 89 % (24/27) of the sand samples. Aichi virus was the most prevalent (74 %). Noroviruses were present in 19 % of the samples (norovirus GI - 15 %, norovirus GII - 4 %). Human adenovirus and enterovirus were detected in 48 % and 22 % of the samples, respectively. Hepatitis A virus and rotavirus were not detected. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand collected during the initial stages of the pandemic was also not detected. The detection of three or more viruses occurred in 15 % of the samples. Concentrations of viruses were as high as 7.2 log copies (cp)/g of sand. Enteric viruses were found in higher prevalence in sand collected from the supratidal zone compared to the intertidal zone. Human adenovirus was detected in 43 % of the supratidal and 14 % in the intertidal samples and Aichi virus in 57 % and 86 % of the intertidal and supratidal areas, respectively. Our findings suggest that beach sand can be a reservoir of enteric viruses, suggesting that it might be a vehicle for disease transmission, particularly for children, the elderly, and immunocompromised users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robalo
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Shibata
- Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - H Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - R Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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12
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Ahmed W, Smith WJM, Tiwari A, Bivins A, Simpson SL. Unveiling indicator, enteric, and respiratory viruses in aircraft lavatory wastewater using adsorption-extraction and Nanotrap® Microbiome A Particles workflows. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165007. [PMID: 37348715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The effective detection of viruses in aircraft wastewater is crucial to establish surveillance programs for monitoring virus spread via aircraft passengers. This study aimed to compare the performance of two virus concentration workflows, adsorption-extraction (AE) and Nanotrap® Microbiome A Particles (NMAP), in detecting the prevalence and concentrations of 15 endogenous viruses including ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA in 24 aircraft lavatory wastewater samples. The viruses tested included two indicator viruses, four enteric viruses, and nine respiratory viruses. The results showed that cross-assembly phage (crAssphage), human polyomavirus (HPyV), rhinovirus A (RhV A), and rhinovirus B (RhV B) were detected in all wastewater samples using both workflows. However, enterovirus (EV), human norovirus GII (HNoV GII), human adenovirus (HAdV), bocavirus (BoV), parechovirus (PeV), epstein-barr virus (EBV). Influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus B (RsV B) were infrequently detected by both workflows, and hepatitis A virus (HAV), influenza B virus (IBV), and respiratory syncytial virus B (RsV A) were not detected in any samples. The NMAP workflow had greater detection rates of RNA viruses (EV, PeV, and RsV B) than the AE workflow, while the AE workflow had greater detection rates of DNA viruses (HAdV, BoV, and EBV) than the NMAP workflow. The concentration of each virus was also analyzed, and the results showed that crAssphage had the highest mean concentration (6.76 log10 GC/12.5 mL) followed by HPyV (5.46 log10 GC/12.5 mL using the AE workflow, while the mean concentrations of enteric and respiratory viruses ranged from 2.48 to 3.63 log10 GC/12.5 mL. Using the NMAP workflow, the mean concentration of crAssphage was 5.18 log10 GC/12.5 mL and the mean concentration of HPyV was 4.20 log10 GC/12.5 mL, while mean concentrations of enteric and respiratory viruses ranged from 2.55 to 3.74 log10 GC/12.5 mL. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean concentrations of crAssphage and HPyV were observed when employing the AE workflow in comparison to the NMAP workflow. Conversely, the NMAP workflow yielded significantly greater (p < 0.05) concentrations of RhV A, and RhV B compared to the AE workflow. The findings of this study can aid in the selection of an appropriate concentration workflow for virus surveillance studies and contribute to the development of efficient virus detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Wendy J M Smith
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Research Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio 70701, Finland
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Wang H, Churqui MP, Tunovic T, Enache L, Johansson A, Lindh M, Lagging M, Nyström K, Norder H. Measures against COVID-19 affected the spread of human enteric viruses in a Swedish community, as found when monitoring wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165012. [PMID: 37353026 PMCID: PMC10284612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of viral genomes in wastewater reflects the prevalence of viral infections within the community. Knowledge of how the spread of common enteric viruses in the community was affected by the Swedish COVID-19 interventions is limited. To investigate this, the weekly wastewater samples collected for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 throughout the COVID-19 pandemic at the Rya sewage treatment plant in Gothenburg were also analyzed for adenovirus, norovirus GII, astrovirus, and rotavirus. The amount of each viral genome was quantified by real-time-qPCR and compared with the quantity of these viral genomes in wastewater from 2017. The results showed that the winter seasonality of norovirus GII and rotavirus in wastewater observed in 2017 was interrupted shortly after the introduction of the COVID-19 interventions, and they remained at low level throughout the pandemic. The circulation pattern of astrovirus and adenovirus was less affected. When the COVID-19 restrictions were lifted in 2022, a dramatic increase was observed in the amount of norovirus GII, rotavirus, and adenovirus genomes in wastewater. The changes in abundance and seasonality of some viruses identified through wastewater monitoring were consistent with changes in the number of patients diagnosed with these viruses. These findings suggest that moderate intervention to prevent COVID-19 significantly reduced the spread of some enteric viruses in the community. The results show that wastewater monitoring is a valuable tool for detecting the spread and outbreaks of viral infections that may cause gastroenteritis also when people do not seek medical help, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Tunovic
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Magnus Lindh
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Hoque SA, Kotaki T, Pham NTK, Onda Y, Okitsu S, Sato S, Yuki Y, Kobayashi T, Maneekarn N, Kiyono H, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. Genotype Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Food Environ Virol 2023; 15:176-191. [PMID: 37058225 PMCID: PMC10103036 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses remain the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Recently, we reported the abundance of AGE viruses in raw sewage water (SW) during the COVID-19 pandemic, when viral AGE patients decreased dramatically in clinics. Since clinical samples were not reflecting the actual state, it remained important to determine the circulating strains in the SW for preparedness against impending outbreaks. Raw SW was collected from a sewage treatment plant in Japan from August 2018 to March 2022, concentrated by polyethylene-glycol-precipitation method, and investigated for major gastroenteritis viruses by RT-PCR. Genotypes and evolutionary relationships were evaluated through sequence-based analyses. Major AGE viruses like rotavirus A (RVA), norovirus (NoV) GI and GII, and astrovirus (AstV) increased sharply (10-20%) in SW during the COVID-19 pandemic, though some AGE viruses like sapovirus (SV), adenovirus (AdV), and enterovirus (EV) decreased slightly (3-10%). The prevalence remained top in the winter. Importantly, several strains, including G1 and G3 of RVA, GI.1 and GII.2 of NoV, GI.1 of SV, MLB1 of AstV, and F41 of AdV, either emerged or increased amid the pandemic, suggesting that the normal phenomenon of genotype changing remained active over this time. This study crucially presents the molecular characteristics of circulating AGE viruses, explaining the importance of SW investigation during the pandemic when a clinical investigation may not produce the complete scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuko Onda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 OyaguchiKamicho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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15
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Hamza IA, Abd-Elmaksoud S. Applicability of crAssphage as a performance indicator for viral reduction during activated sludge wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:50723-50731. [PMID: 36800087 PMCID: PMC10104927 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A major threat to water quality is the discharge of human-derived wastewater, which can cause waterborne illnesses associated with enteric viruses. A poor association exists between fecal indicator bacteria and virus fate in the environment, especially during wastewater treatment. In the current study, the potential of using a novel human gut bacteriophage crAssphage as a wastewater treatment process indicator was evaluated. Using qPCR, influent and effluent wastewater samples of two wastewater treatment plants were analyzed for crAssphage and human viruses including human bocavirus (HBoV), human adenovirus (HAdV), and human polyomavirus (HPyV). All samples were positive for crAssphage. The annual crAssphage concentrations varied between 1.45E + 04 and 2.39E + 08 gc/l in influent samples and from 1.25E + 04 to 7.88E + 06 gc/l in effluent samples. Human viruses concentrations were some orders of magnitude lower than that of crAssphage. Data demonstrated a significant correlation between crAssphage, HAdV, and HPyV during the wastewater treatment process, suggesting that crAssphage and human viral pathogens have similar removal mechanisms. Ultimately, this work concludes that crAssphage could be a performance indicator for viral reduction in the wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Giza, 12622, Dokki, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Abd-Elmaksoud
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Giza, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
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Plaza-Garrido A, Ampuero M, Gaggero A, Villamar-Ayala CA. Norovirus, Hepatitis A and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance within Chilean rural wastewater treatment plants based on different biological treatment typologies. Sci Total Environ 2023; 863:160685. [PMID: 36476771 PMCID: PMC9721186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater from WWTPs became an interesting source of epidemiological surveillance. However, there is uncertainty about the influence of treatment type on virus removal. The aim of this study was to assess viral surveillance within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on different biological treatments. Seasonal monitoring (autumn-winter and spring-summer) was conducted in 10 Chilean rural WWTPs, which were based on activated sludge, aerated lagoons, bio-discs, constructed wetlands, vermifilters and mixed systems. Viruses were measured (influent/effluent) by the RT-qPCR technique, using a commercial kit for SARS-CoV-2, NoV GI, NoV GII, and HAV. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants by genotyping was performed using SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA). JC polyomavirus detection (control), as well as a qPCR technique. Results showed that SARS-CoV-2, NoV GI and GII were detected in influents at values between <5 and 462, 0 to 28, and 0 to 75 GC/mL, respectively. HAV was not detected among the studied WWTPs. The monitored WWTPs removed these viruses at percentages between 0 and 100 %. WWTPs based on activated sludge with bio-discs demonstrated to be the most efficient at removing SARS-CoV-2 (up to 98 %) and NoV GI and GII (100 %). Meanwhile, bio-discs technologies were the least efficient for viral removal, due to biofilm detachment, which could also adsorb viral aggregates. A correlation analysis established that solids, pH, and temperature are the most influential parameters in viral removal. Wastewater-based surveillance at WWTP allowed for the detection of Omicron before the Chilean health authorities notified its presence in the population. In addition, surveillance of viruses and other microorganisms could help assess the potential public health risk of wastewater recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Plaza-Garrido
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ampuero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Cristina Alejandra Villamar-Ayala
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
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Girón-Guzmán I, Díaz-Reolid A, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Falcó I, Cano-Jiménez P, Comas I, Pérez-Cataluña A, Sánchez G. Evaluation of two different concentration methods for surveillance of human viruses in sewage and their effects on SARS-CoV-2 sequencing. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160914. [PMID: 36526211 PMCID: PMC9744676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During the current COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) emerged as a reliable strategy both as a surveillance method and a way to provide an overview of the SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating among the population. Our objective was to compare two different concentration methods, a well-established aluminum-based procedure (AP) and the commercially available Maxwell® RSC Enviro Wastewater TNA Kit (TNA) for human enteric virus, viral indicators and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Additionally, both concentration methods were analyzed for their impact on viral infectivity, and nucleic acids obtained from each method were also evaluated by massive sequencing for SARS-CoV-2. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive samples using the AP method accounted to 100 %, 83.3 %, and 33.3 % depending on the target region while 100 % positivity for these same three target regions was reported using the TNA procedure. The concentrations of norovirus GI, norovirus GII and HEV using the TNA method were significantly greater than for the AP method while no differences were reported for rotavirus, astrovirus, crAssphage and PMMoV. Furthermore, TNA kit in combination with the Artic v4 primer scheme yields the best SARS-CoV-2 sequencing results. Regarding impact on infectivity, the concentration method used by the TNA kit showed near-complete lysis of viruses. Our results suggest that although the performance of the TNA kit was higher than that of the aluminum procedure, both methods are suitable for the analysis of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in wastewater by molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Girón-Guzmán
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Azahara Díaz-Reolid
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enric Cuevas-Ferrando
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Cano-Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), C/ Jaume Roig, 11, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), C/ Jaume Roig, 11, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Kelmer GAR, Ramos ER, Dias EHO. Coliphages as viral indicators in municipal wastewater: A comparison between the ISO and the USEPA methods based on a systematic literature review. Water Res 2023; 230:119579. [PMID: 36640612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of traditional faecal indicator bacteria as surrogate organisms for pathogenic viruses in domestic wastewater has been noted as a problematic as concentrations and removal rates of bacteria and viruses do not seem to correlate. In this sense, bacteriophages (phages) emerge as potential viral indicators, as they are commonly found in wastewater in high levels, and can be quantified using simple, fast, low-cost methods. Somatic and F-specific coliphages comprise groups of phages commonly used as indicators of water quality. There are two internationally recognised methods to detect and enumerate coliphages in water samples, the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods. Both methods are based on the lysis of specific bacterial host strains infected by phages. Within this context, this systematic literature review aimed at gathering concentrations in raw and treated domestic wastewater (secondary, biological treatment systems and post-treatment systems), and removal efficiencies of somatic and F-specific coliphages obtained by ISO and USEPA methods, and then compare both methods. A total of 33 research papers were considered in this study. Results showed that the ISO method is more commonly applied than the USEPA method. Some discrepancies in terms of concentrations and removal efficiencies were observed between both methods. Higher removal rates were observed for both somatic and F-specific coliphages in activated sludge systems when using the USEPA method compared to the ISO method; in other secondary (biological) treatment systems, this was observed only for F-specific coliphages. The use of different standardised methods available might lead to difficulties in obtaining and comparing phage data in different conditions and locations. Future research comparing both ISO and USEPA methods as well as viral and bacterial pathogens and indicators in WWTP is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A R Kelmer
- Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering (PEC), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elloís R Ramos
- Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Course, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Edgard H O Dias
- Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering (PEC), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil; Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ESA), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil.
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19
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Punia M, Maan S, Batra K, Kumar A, Maan NS, Gahlawat SK. Development of a multiplexed Luminex assay for simultaneous detection of enteric viruses in cattle. Vet Res Forum 2023; 15:13-19. [PMID: 38464606 PMCID: PMC10921133 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2023.2005728.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Viral and bacterial gastroenteritis and diarrhea have long been a problem in livestock with devastating effects on animal health and production causing a heavy financial burden on producers. Therefore, the bead-based multiplex detection assay was created for simultaneous detection of three livestock viral diarrheic agents viz. bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bluetongue virus (BTV). The primers and probes for triplex MAGPIX assay for simultaneous detection of three enteric viruses were designed and the assay was optimized for hybridization temperature, primer-probe and bead concentrations. The newly developed MAGPIX assay was used to determine the prevalence of these diarrhea-associated viruses by testing 200 fecal samples collected from Haryana state of India during 2018-2019. The limit of detection of the developed triplex assay was 1 × 105, 1 × 104, and 1 × 105 RNA copies for BRV, BCoV, and BTV, respectively, being lower than the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, it was higher than the conventional RT-PCR, showing it to be more sensitive. The newly developed MAGPIX assay was a rapid, cost-effective and high throughput diagnostic tool for identification of three major entero-pathogenic diarrhea associated viruses, either alone or in tandem, with the aim to prevent and control viral diarrhea in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Gahlawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, India
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20
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Fernandes LS, Galvão A, Santos R, Monteiro S. Impact of water reuse on agricultural practices and human health. Environ Res 2023; 216:114762. [PMID: 36356670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering the habits of the population. Extensive drought periods and overuse of potable water led to significant water shortages in many different places. Therefore, new water sources are necessary for usage in applications where the microbiological and chemical water quality demands are less stringent, as for agriculture. In this study, we planted, germinated, and grew vegetables/fruits (cherry tomato, lettuce, and carrot) using three types of potential waters for irrigation: secondary-treated wastewater, chlorine-treated wastewater, and green wall-treated greywater, to observe potential health risks of foodstuff consumption. In this study the waters and crops were analyzed for three taxonomic groups: bacteria, enteric viruses, and protozoa. Enteric viruses, human Norovirus I (hNoVGI) and Enterovirus (EntV), were detected in tomato and carrots irrigated with secondary-treated and chlorine-treated wastewater, in concentrations as high as 2.63 log genome units (GU)/g. On the other hand, Aichi viruses were detected in lettuce. Bacteria and protozoa remained undetected in all fresh produce although being detected in both types of wastewaters. Fresh produce irrigated with green wall-treated greywater were free from the chosen pathogens. This suggests that green wall-treated greywater may be a valuable option for crop irrigation, directly impacting the cities of the future vision, and the circular and green economy concepts. On the other hand, this work demonstrates that further advancement is still necessary to improve reclaimed water to the point where it no longer constitutes risk of foodborne diseases and to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Galvão
- Department of Civil Engineering - SHRHA, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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21
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Pasalari H, Akbari H, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Adibzadeh A, Akbari H. Assessment of rotavirus and norovirus emitted from water spray park: QMRA, diseases burden and sensitivity analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10957. [PMID: 36254289 PMCID: PMC9568861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative model on exposure to pathogenic viruses in air of recreational area and their corresponding health effects is necessary to provide mitigation actions in content of emergency response plans (ERP). Here, the health risk associated with exposure to two pathogenic viruses of concern: Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) in air of water spray park were estimated using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model. To this end, real-time Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was employed to measure the concentration levels of RoV and NoV over a twelve-month period. The probability of infection, illness and diseases burden of gastrointestinal illness (GI) caused by RoV and NoV for both workers and visitors were estimated using QMRA and Monto-Carlo simulation technique. The annual mean concentration for RoV and NoV in sampling air of water spray park were 20and 1754, respectively. The %95 confidence interval (CI) calculated annual DALY indicator for RoV (Workers: 2.62 × 10−4–2.62 × 10−1, Visitors: 1.50 × 10−5–2.42 × 10−1) and NoV (Workers: 5.54 × 10−3–2.53 × 10−1; Visitors: 5.18 × 10−4–2.54 × 10−1) were significantly higher the recommended values by WHO and US EPA (10−6–10−4 DALY pppy). According to sensitivity analysis, exposure dose and disease burden per case (DBPC) were found as the most influencing factors on disease burden as a consequences of exposure to RoV and NoV, respectively. The comprehensive information on DALY and QMRA can aid authorities involved in risk assessment and recreational actions to adopt proper approach and mitigation actions to minimize the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pasalari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Adibzadeh
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author.
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22
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Gholipour S, Ghalhari MR, Nikaeen M, Rabbani D, Pakzad P, Miranzadeh MB. Occurrence of viruses in sewage sludge: A systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2022; 824:153886. [PMID: 35182626 PMCID: PMC8848571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are of great importance in wastewater due to their high excretion from infected individuals, low removal in wastewater treatment processes, long-time survival in the environment, and low infectious dose. Among the other viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surveillance in wastewater systems has received particular attention as a result of the current COVID-19 epidemic. Viruses adhering to solid particles in wastewater treatment processes will end up as sewage sludge, and therefore insufficient sludge treatment may result in viral particles dissemination into the environment. Here, we review data on viruses' presence in sewage sludge, their detection and concentration methods, and information on human health issues associated with sewage sludge land application. We used combinations of the following keywords in the Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed databases, which were published between 2010 and January 21th, 2022: sludge (sewage sludge, biosolids, sewage solids, wastewater solids) and virus (enteric virus, viral particles, viral contamination, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus). The sources were searched twice, once with and then without the common enteric virus names (adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus). Studies suggest adenovirus and norovirus as the most prevalent enteric viruses in sewage sludge. Indeed, other viruses include rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and enterovirus were frequently found in sewage sludge samples. Untreated biological sludge and thickened sludge showed more viral contamination level than digested sludge and the lowest prevalence of viruses was reported in lime stabilized sludge. The review reveals that land application of sewage sludge may pose viral infection risks to people due to accidently ingestion of sludge or intake of crops grown in biosolids amended soil. Moreover, contamination of groundwater and/or surface water may occur due to land application of sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pakzad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Miranzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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23
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Tubatsi G, Kebaabetswe LP. Detection of Enteric Viruses from Wastewater and River Water in Botswana. Food Environ Virol 2022; 14:157-169. [PMID: 35150381 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases remain a public health concern in developing countries where many lack access to safe water. Water testing mainly uses bacterial indicators to assess water quality, which may not fully indicate the threat from other non-bacterial pathogens like enteric viruses. This study was done to ascertain and establish the viral load, the temporal and spatial distribution of rotavirus A and norovirus (GI and GII) in sewage and river water samples. A total of 45 samples of raw and treated sewage, and surface water, were collected from a sludge activated wastewater treatment plant in Gaborone, and after treatment from the Notwane River, Botswana, over a period of 9 months (February 2016 to October 2016). Viruses were concentrated using polyethylene glycol/NaCl precipitation. Virus detection was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rotavirus A was the most prevalent (84.4% positive samples), followed by Norovirus GI (48.9% positive samples), and Norovirus GII 46.7% positive samples). Detected viral loads went up to 104 genome copies per liter (copies/L) for all the viruses. The enteric viruses were detected in all the study sites with highest detection from site S1 (inlet). There was no significant association between physicochemical parameters and viral loads, except for pH which showed significant relationship with rotavirus and norovirus GII (p ≤ 0.05). This is the first study in Botswana to highlight the occurrence and quantification of the enteric viruses in treated and untreated wastewater, as well as surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosaitse Tubatsi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lemme P Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.
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24
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Wang G, Zhao RQ, Xiang-Tang, Ren L, Zhang YF, Ding H, Li Y, Wang YN, Li S, Zhang LY, Liu EM, Xu HM, Zhang XA, Liu W. Age specific spectrum of etiological pathogens for viral diarrhea among children in twelve consecutive winter-spring seasons (2009-2021) in China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3840-3846. [PMID: 35441419 PMCID: PMC9324210 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Viral diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children. This study was conducted to disclose the etiological cause and epidemiological features of viral diarrhea among children in China. From 2009 to 2021, active surveillance was performed on pediatric patients with acute diarrhea and tested for five enteric viruses. Positive detection was determined in 65.56% (3325/5072) patients and an age‐specific infection pattern was observed. A significantly higher positive rate was observed in 12–23‐month‐old children for rotavirus (47.46%) and adenovirus (7.06%), while a significantly higher positive rate was observed for norovirus (37.62%) in 6–11‐month‐old patients, and for astrovirus (11.60%) and sapovirus (10.79%) in 24–47‐month‐old patients. A higher positive rate of rotavirus in girls and norovirus in boys was observed only among 6–11 months of patients. We also observed more norovirus among patients from rural areas in the 0–5‐ and 36–47‐month groups and more rotavirus among those from rural areas in the 12–23‐month group. Diarrhea severity was greater for rotavirus in the 6–23‐month group and norovirus in the 6–11‐month group. Coinfections were observed in 29.26% (973/3325) of positive patients, and were most frequently observed between rotavirus and others (89.31%). Our findings could help the prediction, prevention, and potential therapeutic approaches to viral diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qiu Zhao
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R China
| | - Xiang-Tang
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R China
| | - Luo Ren
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R China
| | - Yun-Fa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Heng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - En-Mei Liu
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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25
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Pang L, Lin S, McGill E, Tham A, Hewitt J, Nokes C, Ward V. Reductions of human enteric viruses in 10 commonly used activated carbon, polypropylene and polyester household drinking-water filters. Water Res 2022; 213:118174. [PMID: 35183016 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drinking-water treatment in non-networked rural communities relies on the use of point-of-use (PoU) household filters. Source waters treated by PoU filters are often microbially contaminated, but information about human enteric virus reductions in these filters is limited. This study evaluated human rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus reductions in 10 commonly used, new PoU carbon, polypropylene and polyester microfilters. The viruses were spiked into chlorine-free tap water (pH 8.0, ionic strength 1.22 mM), and 3 sequential challenge tests were conducted in each filter under a constant flow rate of 1 L/min. In most of the filters investigated, the norovirus and adenovirus reductions were similar (P > 0.49). Compared with the norovirus and adenovirus reductions, the rotavirus reductions were significantly lower in the carbon filters (P ≤ 0.009), which may relate to rotavirus's higher zeta potential and lower hydrophobicity. Virus reductions appeared to be dictated by the filter media type through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions; the effects of filter media pore sizes on virus reductions via physical size-exclusion were very limited. The virus reductions in the carbon filters were significantly greater than those in the polypropylene and polyester filters (P ≤ 0.0001), and they did not differ significantly between the polypropylene and polyester filters (P > 0.24). None of the filters met the "protective" rotavirus reduction level (≥3 log10) required for household drinking-water treatment. Our study's findings highlight a critical need for additional water treatment when using PoU microfilters, for example, water boiling or ultraviolet radiation, or the use of effective surface-modified filter media to prevent drinking-waterborne infections from enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Susan Lin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Erin McGill
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Annabelle Tham
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - Chris Nokes
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Vernon Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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26
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Cenko F, Xhelilaj G, Anselmi M, Divizia M, Condò R. Circulation of Enteric Viruses in Tirana, Albania: Situation Ten Years After the First Study. New Microbiol 2022; 45:138-141. [PMID: 35699563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A variety of enteric bacteria, viruses and protozoa are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To understand the evolution of gastroenteritis in Albania, in terms of distribution of aetiological pathogens, a one-year observational study was repeated in 2017, ten years after the first study performed in 2007. The data still show a clear circulation of viruses that cause gastroenteritis. Compared to the previous study in 2007, the data from the 2017 study showed the incidence of Norovirus and Adenovirus were significantly higher (p value <0.05), while Rotavirus was verified at a similar incidence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cenko
- Department of Medical Sciences, Catholic University “Our Lady of Good Counsel”, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tiranë 1000, Albania
| | - Genti Xhelilaj
- Paediatric Service, University Hospital “Mother Tereza”, Tirana, Albania
| | - Maurizio Anselmi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Hygiene Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Divizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Hygiene Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Condò
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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27
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Oh C, Kim K, Araud E, Wang L, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. A novel approach to concentrate human and animal viruses from wastewater using receptors-conjugated magnetic beads. Water Res 2022; 212:118112. [PMID: 35091223 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are present at low concentrations in wastewater; therefore, an effective method for concentrating virus particles is necessary for accurate wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). We designed a novel approach to concentrate human and animal viruses from wastewater using porcine gastric mucin-conjugated magnetic beads (PGM-MBs). We systematically evaluated the performances of the PGM-MBs method (sensitivity, specificity, and robustness to environmental inhibitors) with six viral species, including Tulane virus (a surrogate for human norovirus), rotavirus, adenovirus, porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis virus or TGEV), and two human coronaviruses (NL63 and SARS-CoV-2) in influent wastewater and raw sewage samples. We determined the multiplication factor (the ratio of genome concentration of the final solution to that of the initial solution) for the PGM-MBs method, which ranged from 1.3 to 64.0 depending on the viral species. Because the recovery efficiency was significantly higher when calculated with virus titers than it was with genome concentration, the PGM-MBs method could be an appropriate tool for assessing the risk to humans who are inadvertently exposed to wastewater contaminated with infectious viruses. Furthermore, PCR inhibitors were not concentrated by PGM-MBs, suggesting that this tool will be successful for use with environmental samples. In addition, the PGM-MBs method is cost-effective (0.5 USD/sample) and has a fast turnaround time (3 h from virus concentration to genome quantification). Thus, this method can be implemented in high throughput facilities. Because of its strong performance, intrinsic characteristics of targeting the infectious virus, robustness to wastewater, and adaptability to high throughput systems, the PGM-MBs method can be successfully applied to WBE and ultimately provides valuable public health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamteut Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
| | - Kyukyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Elbashir Araud
- Holonyak Micro & Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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28
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Lima FS, Scalize PS, Gabriel EFM, Gomes RP, Gama AR, Demoliner M, Spilki FR, Vieira JDG, Carneiro LC. Escherichia coli, Species C Human Adenovirus, and Enterovirus in Water Samples Consumed in Rural Areas of Goiás, Brazil. Food Environ Virol 2022; 14:77-88. [PMID: 34792781 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rural environments lack basic sanitation services. Facilities for obtaining water and disposing sewage are often under the initiative of each resident, who may not be able to build and maintain them properly. Thus, water for human consumption is subject to fecal contamination and, consequently, the presence of waterborne pathogens, such as enteric viruses. This study evaluated fecal contamination of water samples from individual sources used for domestic water supply on small farms in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected from 78 houses whose water sources were tubular wells, dug wells, springs, and surface waters. Escherichia coli (EC) bacteria, analyzed by the defined chromogenic substrate method, was used as a traditional indicator of fecal contamination. The enteric viruses Human mastadenovirus (HAdV) and Enterovirus (EV), analyzed by qPCR, were tested as complementary indicators of fecal contamination. At least one of these markers was found in 89.7% of the samples. Detection rates were 79.5% for EC, 52.6% for HAdV, and 5.1% for EV. The average concentration for EC was 8.82 × 101 most probable number (MPN) per 100 mL, while for HAdV and EV the concentrations were 7.51 × 105 and 1.89 × 106 genomic copies (GC) per liter, respectively. EC was the most frequent marker in ground and surface water samples. HAdV was detected significantly more frequently in groundwater than in surface water and was more efficient in indicating contamination in tubular wells. There was no association of frequencies or correlation of concentrations between EC and HAdV. HAdV indicated human fecal contamination and performed well as a complementary indicator. The results reveal that a large part of the analyzed population is vulnerable to waterborne diseases caused by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos Lima
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sérgio Scalize
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | | | - Raylane Pereira Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Aline Rodrigues Gama
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93352-075, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93352-075, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
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Delafosse D, Reinert L, Azaïs P, Fontvieille D, Soneda Y, Morand P, Duclaux L. Potentialities of a mesoporous activated carbon as virus detection probe in aquatic systems. J Virol Methods 2022; 303:114496. [PMID: 35181346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are widely spread in water environments, some being harmful for human communities. Regular epidemics highlight the usefulness of analysing such viruses in wastewaters as a tool for epidemiologists to monitor the extent of their dissemination among populations. In this context, CNovel™ Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) was chosen for its high porosity and high adsorption capacity to investigate sorbent ability to be used as part of of virus detection probes. Self-supported PAC Foils (PAC-F), PAC coated Brushes (PAC-B) and PAC Sampler (PAC-S) were used to prospect PAC efficacy in virus adsorption and above all, the feasibility of virus retrieval from them, allowing to further analysis such as molecular analysis quantification. Aiming at the development of a field-operational tool, PAC saturation and reusability were also investigated, as well as PAC-polarisation effect on its adsorption capacity. Our results pointed out that sorbent-based probes exhibited a high adsorption efficacy of spiked Murine Norovirus (MNV-1) in bare 0.1 M NaCl solution (>90 % for PAC-B and >86 % for PAC-F at ≈107 genome unit virus concentration), with no saturation within our experimental framework. On the other hand, polarisation assays using PAC-F as electrode, did not demonstrate any adsorption improvement. Experiments on PAC probes reusability suggested that they should be used three times at the most for a maximum efficiency. Values of virus retrieval were low (up to 11 % with PAC-B and up to 14 % with PAC-F in 0.1 M NaCl virus suspensions), illustrating the need for the techniques to be improved. A preliminary field assay using PAC-S, demonstrated that our catch-and-retrieve protocol yielded to the detection of autochthonous human Norovirus Genogroup I (NoV GI) and Adenovirus (AdV), in wastewaters suggesting its promising application as virus detection tool in such high loaded and complex waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Delafosse
- Laboratoire Abiolab-Asposan, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | | - Yasushi Soneda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Energy Process Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Patrice Morand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Duclaux
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, EDYTEM, F-73000, Chambéry, France
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Garcia A, Le T, Jankowski P, Yanaç K, Yuan Q, Uyaguari-Diaz MI. Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12957. [PMID: 35186509 PMCID: PMC8852272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential use and quantification of human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater samples of Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) as alternative indicators of contamination and evaluated the processing stages of the wastewater treatment plant. During the fall 2019 and winter 2020 seasons, samples of raw sewage, activated sludge, effluents, and biosolids (sludge cake) were collected from the North End Sewage Treatment Plant (NESTP), which is the largest wastewater treatment plant in the City of Winnipeg. DNA (Adenovirus and crAssphage) and RNA enteric viruses (Pepper mild mottle virus, Norovirus genogroups GI and GII, Rotavirus Astrovirus, and Sapovirus) as well as the uidA gene found in Escherichia coli were targeted in the samples collected from the NESTP. Total nucleic acids from each wastewater treatment sample were extracted using a commercial spin-column kit. Enteric viruses were quantified in the extracted samples via quantitative PCR using TaqMan assays. Overall, the average gene copies assessed in the raw sewage were not significantly different (p-values ranged between 0.1023 and 0.9921) than the average gene copies assessed in the effluents for DNA and RNA viruses and uidA in terms of both volume and biomass. A significant reduction (p-value ≤ 0.0438) of Adenovirus and Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII was observed in activated sludge samples compared with those for raw sewage per volume. Higher GCNs of enteric viruses were observed in dewatered sludge samples compared to liquid samples in terms of volume (g of sample) and biomass (ng of nucleic acids). Enteric viruses found in gene copy numbers were at least one order of magnitude higher than the E. coli marker uidA, indicating that enteric viruses may survive the wastewater treatment process and viral-like particles are being released into the aquatic environment. Viruses such as Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII, and Rotavirus were detected during colder months. Our results suggest that Adenovirus, crAssphage, and Pepper mild mottle virus can be used confidently as complementary viral indicators of human fecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tri Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul Jankowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kadir Yanaç
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Qiuyan Yuan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Shubo T, Maranhão AG, Ferreira FC, de Silva E Mouta Júnior S, de Pedrosa Macena LDG, do Rosário Vaz Morgado C, Warish A, Sidhu JPS, Miagostovich MP. Microbiological characterization of stormwater in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:51. [PMID: 34985601 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting and reuse in the urban environment is emerging as an alternative water source, despite human pathogens in the stormwater may represent a hazard to public health. This study presents the results of 1-year monitoring to evaluate the quality of stormwater obtained in a high-income neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro for a set of microbiological parameters as total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli), human adenovirus (HAdV), human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), Group A rotavirus (RVA), and norovirus GI and GII. Forty-eight stormwater samples obtained from two multiplex units presented total coliforms and E. coli in 91.7% (n = 44) and 58.3% (n = 28) of samples, while HAdV and JCPyV were detected in 20.8% (n = 10) and 12.5% (n = 6), respectively. Viral quantification ranged from 103 to 104 genomic copies/liter (GC/L) for HAdV and from 101 to 104 GC/L for JCPyV. Neither RVA nor norovirus GI and GII was detected. Fifteen out of sixteen (93.8%) samples containing viruses were compliant as per fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) according to Brazilian standards for rainwater reuse and US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, suggesting that viruses monitoring should complement the study of bacterial indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shubo
- Environmental Engineering Program (PEA), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brazil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Silva E Mouta Júnior
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lorena da Graça de Pedrosa Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ahmed Warish
- Environmental Contaminant Mitigation & Biotechnologies (ECMB), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jatinder P S Sidhu
- Ecoscience Precinct, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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32
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Overbey KN, Zachos NC, Coulter C, Schwab KJ. Optimizing Human Intestinal Enteroids for Environmental Monitoring of Human Norovirus. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:470-484. [PMID: 34191266 PMCID: PMC8956203 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of gastrointestinal illness and environmental monitoring is crucial to prevent HuNoV outbreaks. The recent development of a HuNoV cell culture assay in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) has enabled detection of infectious HuNoV. However, this complex approach requires adaptation of HIEs to facilitate HuNoV replication from environmental matrixes. Integrating data from 200 experiments, we examined six variables: HIE age, HIE basement membrane compounds (BMC), HuNoV inoculum processing, HuNoV inoculum volume, treatment of data below limit of detection (LOD), and cutoff criteria for determining positive HuNoV growth. We infected HIEs with HuNoV GII.4 Sydney positive stool and determined 1.4 × 103 genome equivalents per HIE well were required for HuNoV replication. HIE age had minimal effect on assay outcomes. LOD replacement and cutoff affected data interpretation, with lower values resulting in higher estimated HuNoV detection. Higher inoculum volumes lead to minimal decreases in HuNoV growth, with an optimal volume of 250uL facilitating capture of low concentrations of HuNoVs present in environmental isolates. Processing of HuNoV inoculum is valuable for disinfection studies and concentrating samples but is not necessary for all HIE applications. This work enhances the HuNoV HIE cell culture approach for environmental monitoring. Future HIE research should report cell age as days of growth and should clearly describe BMC choice, LOD handling, and positive cutoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Overbey
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Coulter
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kellogg J Schwab
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ding S, Greenberg HB. Perspectives for the optimization and utility of the rotavirus reverse genetics system. Virus Res 2021; 303:198500. [PMID: 34331991 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Following Kobayashi and colleagues' seminal paper in 20171, in the past four years the rotavirus (RV) field has witnessed a burst in research and publications based on the use of a fully plasmid-based RV reverse genetics systems and subsequent modifications2,3. However, in most cases, the rotaviral strain under interrogation has been the prototypic simian RV SA11-L2 strain (G3P[2]). Of note, a variety of other weakly-to-modestly replication-competent animal and human RV strains, bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter viruses, and clinical isolates of human RVs have proved hard or impossible to rescue using the original reverse genetics system2,4, highlighting a critical need to further enhance the recovery efficiency and expand the rescue tool kit. A number of further modifications of the initial reverse genetics system have enabled the rescue of other RV strains such as the human RV KU and CDC-9 strains, and a murine RV D6/2-like strain4,5. Here, we discuss future possible modifications of existing RV reverse genetics systems to further increase efficiency based on past experience with the improvement of influenza A virus recovery. The development of RV to accommodate the insertion and expression of heterologous sequences has substantial potential in the design of next-generation RV vaccine candidates and enteric viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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34
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Cioffi B, Ianiro G, Iaccarino D, D'Apice F, Ferraro A, Race M, Spasiano D, Esposito E, Monini M, Serra F, Cozza D, Di Nocera F, De Maio L, Amoroso MG, De Carlo E, Fusco G. A potential risk assessment tool to monitor pathogens circulation in coastal waters. Environ Res 2021; 200:111748. [PMID: 34303676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports data on a 20 months campaign monitoring enteric viruses (hepatitis A, norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, and aichivirus) and bacteria (Salmonella spp.) in seawater. The aim of this work was to assess the potential correlation among the presence of viruses/bacteria and different environmental factors like seasonality, water discharge sources (treated and untreated wastewater, mixed waters and raw water) as well as influence of the Italian lockdown measure against COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed different prevalence of the investigated viruses with values equal to 16 % for norovirus GI, 15.1 % for norovirus GII, followed by 13.8 % for astrovirus, and 13.3 % for sapovirus. Rotavirus was detected in the 8.4 % of samples and aichivirus was detected with the lowest prevalence of 3.5 %. Hepatitis A virus was never identified in the monitoring campaign. Salmonella spp. was detected with a prevalence of 36.6 %. Statistical analysis displayed a high correlation for the two noroviruses simultaneous detection (NGI and NGII) while a lower correlation was found for co-presence of noroviruses with astrovirus, sapovirus or Salmonella spp. A significant decrease of enteric pathogens in seawater was observed during the restrictions period. Results on seasonality highlighted a higher viral prevalence correlated to the wet season for all the pathogens but rotavirus and aichivirus, which instead showed an opposite trend and a higher incidence in the dry season. With respect to discharge typology, some viruses displayed a higher prevalence in treated waters (astrovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus and aichivirus) while the other investigated pathogens (noroviruses and Salmonella spp.) showed a higher prevalence in mixed waters. The main observations of this work were used to define a potential monitoring strategy that could be useful for sanitary Authorities to implement surveillance plans aimed at preventing possible sanitary outbreaks and/or environmental quality deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cioffi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - G Ianiro
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - D Iaccarino
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - F D'Apice
- Sea Unit, ARPA Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - A Ferraro
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - M Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via di Biasio 43, Cassino, 03043, Italy
| | - D Spasiano
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - E Esposito
- Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production Department, Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Monini
- Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Serra
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - D Cozza
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - F Di Nocera
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - L De Maio
- Sea Unit, ARPA Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - M G Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - E De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - G Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, Portici, NA, Italy
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Pang X, Gao T, Qiu Y, Caffrey N, Popadynetz J, Younger J, Lee BE, Neumann N, Checkley S. The prevalence and levels of enteric viruses in groundwater of private wells in rural Alberta, Canada. Water Res 2021; 202:117425. [PMID: 34284123 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and levels of enteric viruses in untreated groundwater of private wells used for drinking and/or agricultural practices in rural Alberta were studied using the qPCR panel assay, integrated cell culture with qPCR and cell culture in the volume of 500 liters per sample through serial sampling. Seven viruses were assessed including adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, reovirus and JC virus. Five viruses were detected with an overall positive detection rate of 6.33 % (45 of 711 samples). The most frequently detected virus was adenovirus (48.9%, 22/45) followed by rotavirus (44.4%, 20/45), reovirus (20%, 9/45), JC virus (6.7%, 3/45) and norovirus (6.7%, 3/45). There was no significant difference in the positive detection rates, ranging from 1.1% to 3.4% by various well settings used for broiler farms, cow/calf farms, feedlots and rural acreages. Effects of well characteristics (aquifer type, well depth, static level of water, well seal) and well completion lithology on potential viral contamination of groundwater of private wells were also analyzed upon available data. The findings demonstrate that occurrence of enteric viruses is low and viral contamination is sporadic in groundwater of private wells in rural Alberta. Conventional fecal bacterial indicators (coliform and/or E. coli) were not a representative marker for viral contamination in groundwater wells in rural Alberta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pang
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 4B1.19 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, 2B4.58 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
| | - Tiejun Gao
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 4B1.19 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 4B1.19 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Niamh Caffrey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01 Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jessica Popadynetz
- Alberta Health Services, 10055 - 106 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 2Y2, Canada
| | - John Younger
- Alberta Health Services, 10055 - 106 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 2Y2, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Norman Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 AveEdmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Alberta Precision Laboratories, 2B4.58 Walter Mackenzie Centre, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01 Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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36
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Scalize PS, Gabriel EFM, Lima FS, Arruda PN, Lopes HTL, Paula Reis Y, Carneiro LC, Bezerra NR, Fiaccadori FS, Baumann LRF. Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:35941-35957. [PMID: 33682056 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the water consumed by a given community is related to its quality of life. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate, from the perspective of health risk, the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of drinking water, in a quilombola community, and the qualitative aspects intrinsic to its use and storage. For this, water samples, collected at the exits of the collective water supply system and from eight cisterns that store rainwater, used for human consumption, were analyzed. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological analysis, including adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EV). The probability of an individual acquiring infection through water consumption was determined by quantitative microbiological risk analysis using HAdV and Escherichia coli (EC) as reference pathogens. The results showed that the water in the deep tubular well had 270.8 mg/L of total hardness, leading to the rejection of its consumption by ingestion. Alternativity, the people in the community consume rainwater stored in cisterns. For this type of water, the presence of heterotrophic bacteria was found in 75%, total coliform was present in 100%, and Enterococci were detected in 25%. Furthermore, EC was present in 25%, EV in 50%, and HAdV in 100% of the samples. The probability of annual infection with HAdV and EC was, in the worst situation, 100% and 1.3%, respectively. Regarding the qualitative and quantitative aspects, there was a significant positive correlation between the absence of EC and the withdrawal of water from the cistern using a pump and the opposite when the withdrawal was carried out using a bucket or hose. Based on the results found, it is important to carry out actions aimed at improving water quality and, consequently, the quality of life of people living in the study community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Scalize
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Santos Lima
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Poliana Nascimento Arruda
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Hítalo Tobias Lôbo Lopes
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Ysabella Paula Reis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
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Butot S, Galbusera L, Putallaz T, Zuber S. Electron Beam Susceptibility of Enteric Viruses and Surrogate Organisms on Fruit, Seed and Spice Matrices. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:218-228. [PMID: 33566336 PMCID: PMC8116251 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use high-energy electron beam (HEEB) treatments to find surrogate microorganisms for enteric viruses and to use the selected surrogates as proof of concept to investigate low-energy electron beam (LEEB) treatments for enteric virus inactivation at industrial scale on frozen blueberries. Six food matrices inoculated with HAV (hepatitis A virus), MNV S99 (murine norovirus), bacteriophages MS2 and Qβ, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores were treated with HEEB at 10 MeV using 4, 8 and 16 kGy doses. G. stearothermophilus spores showed the highest inactivation on all matrices except on raisins, with a dose-dependent effect. HAV reached the maximum measurable log10 reduction (> 3.2 log10) when treated at 16 kGy on raisins. MNV showed the highest resistance of all tested microorganisms, independent of the dose, except on frozen blueberries. On frozen blueberries, freeze-dried raspberries, sesame seeds and black peppercorns, HAV showed a mean inactivation level in between those of MS2 and G. stearothermophilus. Based on this, we selected both surrogate organisms as first approximation to estimate HAV inactivation on frozen blueberries during LEEB treatment at 250 keV using 16 kGy. Reductions of 3.1 and 1.3 log10 were measured for G. stearothermophilus spores and MS2, respectively, suggesting that a minimum reduction of 1.4 log10 can be expected for HAV under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Butot
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, 1000, 26, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Galbusera
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, 1000, 26, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Putallaz
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, 1000, 26, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Zuber
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, 1000, 26, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Pérez-Cataluña A, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Randazzo W, Sánchez G. Bias of library preparation for virome characterization in untreated and treated wastewaters. Sci Total Environ 2021; 767:144589. [PMID: 33422963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of metagenomics for virome characterization and its implementation for wastewater analyses, including wastewater-based epidemiology, has increased in the last years. However, the lack of standardized methods can led to highly different results. The aim of this work was to analyze virome profiles in upstream and downstream wastewater samples collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using two different library preparation kits. Viral particles were enriched from wastewater concentrates using a filtration and nuclease digestion procedure prior to total nucleic acid (NA) extraction. Sequencing was performed using the ScriptSeq v2 RNA-Seq (LS) and the NEBNext Ultra II RNA (NB) library preparation kits. Cleaned reads and contigs were annotated using a curated in-house database composed by reads assigned to viruses at NCBI. Significant differences in viral families and in the ratio of detection were shown between the two library kits used. The use of LS library showed Virgaviridae, Microviridae and Siphoviridae as the most abundant families; while Ackermannviridae and Helleviridae were highly represented within the NB library. Additionally, the two sequencing libraries produced outcomes that differed in the detection of viral indicators. These results highlighted the importance of library selection for studying viruses in untreated and treated wastewater. Our results underline the need for further studies to elucidate the influence of sequencing procedures in virome profiles in wastewater matrices in order to improve the knowledge of the virome in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Enric Cuevas-Ferrando
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Sylvestre É, Prévost M, Burnet JB, Pang X, Qiu Y, Smeets P, Medema G, Hachad M, Dorner S. Demonstrating the reduction of enteric viruses by drinking water treatment during snowmelt episodes in urban areas. Water Res X 2021; 11:100091. [PMID: 33598650 PMCID: PMC7868990 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates short-term fluctuations in virus concentrations in source water and their removal by full-scale drinking water treatment processes under different source water conditions. Transient peaks in raw water faecal contamination were identified using in situ online β-d-glucuronidase activity monitoring at two urban drinking water treatment plants. During these peaks, sequential grab samples were collected at the source and throughout the treatment train to evaluate concentrations of rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, enterovirus, JC virus, reovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus by reverse transcription and real-time quantitative PCR. Virus infectivity was assessed through viral culture by measurement of cytopathic effect and integrated cell culture qPCR. Virus concentrations increased by approximately 0.5-log during two snowmelt/rainfall episodes and approximately 1.0-log following a planned wastewater discharge upstream of the drinking water intake and during a β-d-glucuronidase activity peak in dry weather conditions. Increases in the removal of adenovirus and rotavirus by coagulation/flocculation processes were observed during peak virus concentrations in source water, suggesting that these processes do not operate under steady-state conditions but dynamic conditions in response to source water conditions. Rotavirus and enterovirus detected in raw and treated water samples were predominantly negative in viral culture. At one site, infectious adenoviruses were detected in raw water and water treated by a combination of ballasted clarification, ozonation, GAC filtration, and UV disinfection operated at a dose of 40 mJ cm-2. The proposed sampling strategy can inform the understanding of the dynamics associated with virus concentrations at drinking water treatment plants susceptible to de facto wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émile Sylvestre
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116th & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 8440-112nd, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116th & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Patrick Smeets
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mounia Hachad
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Upfold NS, Luke GA, Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:1-31. [PMID: 33501612 PMCID: PMC7837882 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a diverse group of human pathogens which are primarily transmitted by the faecal-oral route and are a major cause of non-bacterial diarrhoeal disease in both developed and developing countries. Because they are shed in high numbers by infected individuals and can persist for a long time in the environment, they pose a serious threat to human health globally. Enteric viruses end up in the environment mainly through discharge or leakage of raw or inadequately treated sewage into water sources such as springs, rivers, dams, or marine estuaries. Human exposure then follows when contaminated water is used for drinking, cooking, or recreation and, importantly, when filter-feeding bivalve shellfish are consumed. The human health hazard posed by enteric viruses is particularly serious in Africa where rapid urbanisation in a relatively short period of time has led to the expansion of informal settlements with poor sanitation and failing or non-existent wastewater treatment infrastructure, and where rural communities with limited or no access to municipal water are dependent on nearby open water sources for their subsistence. The role of sewage-contaminated water and bivalve shellfish as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses is well documented but, to our knowledge, has not been comprehensively reviewed in the African context. Here we provide an overview of enteric viruses and then review the growing body of research where these viruses have been detected in association with sewage-contaminated water or food in several African countries. These studies highlight the need for more research into the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and circulation of these viruses in Africa, as well as for development and application of innovative wastewater treatment approaches to reduce environmental pollution and its impact on human health on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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Ahmed W, Bivins A, Bertsch PM, Bibby K, Gyawali P, Sherchan SP, Simpson SL, Thomas KV, Verhagen R, Kitajima M, Mueller JF, Korajkic A. Intraday variability of indicator and pathogenic viruses in 1-h and 24-h composite wastewater samples: Implications for wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Res 2021; 193:110531. [PMID: 33249042 PMCID: PMC8267967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We monitored the concentration of indicator viruses crAssphage and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and human pathogen adenovirus (HAdV) in influent from a wastewater treatment plant in Brisbane, Australia in 1-h and 24-h composite samples. Over three days of sampling, the mean concentration of crAssphage gene copies (GC)/mL in 24-h composite samples did not differ significantly (p = 0.72-0.92), while for PMMoV GC/mL (p value range: 0.0002-0.0321) and HAdV GC/mL (p value range: 0.0028-0.0068) significant differences in concentrations were observed on one day of sampling compared to the other two. For all three viruses, the variation observed in 1-h composite samples was greater than the variation observed in 24-h composite samples. For crAssphage, in 54.1% of 1-h composite samples, the concentration was less than that observed in 24-h composite samples; whereas for PMMoV and HAdV the concentration was less in 79.2 and 70.9% of 1-h composite samples, respectively, compared to the relevant 24-h composite samples. Similarly, the concentration of crAssphage in 1-h compared to 24-h composite samples did not differ (p = 0.1082) while the concentrations of PMMoV (p < 0.0001) and HAdV (p < 0.0001) in 1-h composite samples were significantly different from 24-h composite samples. These results suggest that 24-h composite samples offer increased analytical sensitivity and decreased variability compared to 1-h composite samples when monitoring wastewater, especially for pathogenic viruses with low infection rates within a community. Thus, for wastewater-based epidemiology applications, 24-h composite samples are less likely to produce false negative results and erroneous public health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Paul M Bertsch
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, Australia
| | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, Australia
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0032, Japan
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4103, Australia
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
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Goecke NB, Kobberø M, Kusk TK, Hjulsager CK, Pedersen KS, Kristensen CS, Larsen LE. Objective pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher pigs by monthly laboratory diagnostic testing. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:23. [PMID: 32922832 PMCID: PMC7476771 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases are of great economic importance in commercial pig production, causing both clinical and subclinical disease, with influence on welfare, productivity, and antibiotic use. The causes of these diseases are often multifactorial and laboratory diagnostics are seldom routinely performed. The aim of the present study was to explore the benefits of monthly pathogen monitoring in nursery and finisher herds and to examine association between laboratory results and observed clinical signs, including coughing and diarrhoea. Three monthly samplings were conducted in three different age groups in six nursery and four finisher production units. For each unit, two pens were randomly selected in each age group and evaluated for coughing and diarrhoea events. Furthermore, faecal sock and oral fluid samples were collected in the selected pens and analysed for 18 respiratory and enteric viral and bacterial pathogens using the high-throughput real-time PCR BioMark HD platform (Fluidigm, South San Francisco, USA). Results In total, 174 pens were sampled in which eight coughing events and 77 diarrhoeic events were observed. The overall findings showed that swine influenza A virus, porcine circovirus 2, porcine cytomegalovirus, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Lawsonia intracellularis, Escherichia coli fimbria types F4 and F18 were found to be prevalent in several of the herds. Association between coughing events and the presence of swine influenza A virus, porcine cytomegalovirus (Cq ≤ 20) or a combination of these were found. Furthermore, an association between diarrhoeic events and the presence of L. intracellularis (Cq ≤ 24) or B. pilosicoli (Cq ≤ 26) was found. Conclusions The use of high-throughput real-time PCR analysis for continuous monitoring of pathogens and thereby dynamics of infections in a pig herd, provided the veterinarian and farmer with an objective knowledge on the distribution of pathogens in the herd. In addition, the use of a high-throughput method in combination with information about clinical signs, productivity, health status and antibiotic consumption, presents a new and innovative way of diagnosing and monitoring pig herds and even to a lower cost than the traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Goecke
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maja Kobberø
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Kusk
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars E Larsen
- Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Present address: University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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De Grazia S, Bonura F, Bonura C, Mangiaracina L, Filizzolo C, Martella V, Giammanco GM. Assessing the burden of viral co-infections in acute gastroenteritis in children: An eleven-year-long investigation. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104513. [PMID: 32575023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. A number of pathogens are responsible for human acute gastroenteritis. The recent introduction of syndromic assays for the diagnosis of enteric infections, including a wide panel of enteric pathogens, has unveiled the frequency of mixed infections. This study was carried out to assess the burden of viral co-infections and the genetic diversity of the viruses detected in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Italy. METHODS A total of 4161 stool samples collected from diarrheic children over 11 years, from January 2008 to December 2018, were investigated for the presence of four enteric viruses, i.e. group A rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus. The samples were initially screened by either molecular or immunochromatographic assays and subsequently confirmed by Real-time PCR and sequence analyses. RESULTS At least one viral agent was detected in 48.6 %of specimens. Rotavirus was the most prevalent virus (24.7 %) followed by norovirus (19.6 %), adenovirus (5.3 %) and astrovirus (3%). Co-infections were detected in 8.3 % of virus-positive patients, with common viral combination being rotavirus with norovirus (70.6 % of co-infections) or with astrovirus (9.6 %). A variety of viral genotypes was detected in co-infections and in single infections. Using Real-time PCR cycle thresholds as a proxy measure of fecal viral load, rotavirus was generally detected at higher levels in co-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS Combining and deciphering measurable indicators of viral load and epidemiological information could be useful for an accurate interpretation of viral co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mangiaracina
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Mitra S, Nayak MK, Majumdar A, Sinha A, Chatterjee S, Deb A, Chawla-Sarkar M, Dutta S. Development and evaluation of a multiplex conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of common viral pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115061. [PMID: 32585545 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Timely identification of etiological agents of enteric infections is necessary to reduce the burden of infantile diarrheal mortality. Nucleic acid amplification-based detection methods offer a quick, reliable way for diagnosis of microbes in clinical specimens. This study was undertaken to evaluate an easy-to-use, cost-effective multiplex conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay developed at the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases virology laboratory to identify 4 common enteric viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus) in stool samples from patients who were being evaluated for acute diarrhea. On comparison with a commercially available real-time PCR method, significant agreement in sensitivity and specificity was observed. Though the turnaround time for RT-PCR was 6-8 h compared to 5-6 h for real-time PCR, the real-time PCR has high test cost (approximately 28 USD/2000 INR) for Fast-Track Diagnostics kit-based quantitative RT-PCR versus 6 USD or 400 INR for conventional multiplex RT-PCR/sample. Thus, the conventional RT-PCR method is expected to be adaptable at local hospitals and health cares in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvrotoa Mitra
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | | | - Agniva Majumdar
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Avisek Sinha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Soumyadipta Chatterjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Alok Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India.
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
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Wu X, Tang A, Bi X, Nguyen TH, Yuan B. Influence of algal organic matter of Microcystis aeruginosa on ferrate decay and MS2 bacteriophage inactivation. Chemosphere 2019; 236:124727. [PMID: 31549669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface water contaminated with algae and with enteric viruses is a global problem. When surface water is used as a drinking water source, it is important to know the influence of algal organic matter on the disinfection of viruses. In this work, we studied the disinfection efficacy of ferrate and the influence of algal organic matter on the disinfection. We determined the MS2 inactivation kinetics by ferrate under three pH conditions (7, 8, and 8.7). The experimental results and pH-dependent calculation suggest that H2FeO4 and HFeO4- are 1935 and 8 times as effective as FeO42- in MS2 inactivation. We also found that intracellular algal organic matter (IAOM) had a stronger effect on MS2 inactivation kinetics than extracellular algal organic matter (EAOM) suggesting that IAOM led to higher consumption of Fe(VI) compared to EAOM. At pH 8.7, while significant consumption of FeO42- by as low as 8 mg C/L of EAOM and 2 mg C/L of IAOM was detected, MS2 inactivation was negatively influenced only when 13 mg C/L of IAOM present. This study showed that it is important to control pH and to determine the concentration of algal organic matter if ferrate is used for disinfection of surface water contaminated with algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Wu
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Aixi Tang
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaochao Bi
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Engineering & Technology Research Center for Urban Water Environment Planning and Remediation, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, PR China.
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Aboubakr H, Goyal S. Involvement of Egyptian Foods in Foodborne Viral Illnesses: The Burden on Public Health and Related Environmental Risk Factors: An Overview. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:315-339. [PMID: 31560123 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne viral diseases are a major public health threat and pose a huge burden on the economies of both developed and developing countries. Enteric viruses are the causative agents of most foodborne illnesses and outbreaks. Egypt is classified by WHO among the regions with intermediate to high endemicity for various enteric viruses. This is manifested by the high prevalence rates of different enteric virus infections among Egyptian population such as Hepatitis A and E viruses, human rotaviruses, human noroviruses, human astroviruses, and human adenovirus. Recently, a number of foodborne gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis outbreaks have occurred in the US, Canada, Australia, and the European Union countries. Some of these outbreaks were attributed to the consumption of minimally processed foods imported from Egypt indicating the possibility that Egyptian foods may also be partially responsible for high prevalence of enteric virus infections among Egyptian population. In the absence of official foodborne-pathogen surveillance systems, evaluating the virological safety of Egyptian foods is a difficult task. In this review, we aim to provide a preliminary evaluation of the virological safety of Egyptian foods. A comprehensive review of prevalence studies on enteric virus infections shows hyperendemicity of several enteric viruses in Egypt and provides strong evidence of implication of Egyptian foods in these infections. We also address possible environmental risk factors that may lead to the contamination of Egyptian foods with enteric viruses. In addition, we describe potential obstacles to any plan that might be considered for improving the virological safety of Egyptian foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada Aboubakr
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, 21545, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sagar Goyal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, 21545, Alexandria, Egypt
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Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Suffredini E, Coccia A, Della Libera S, Carducci A, Verani M, Federigi I, Iaconelli M, Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Veneri C, Ferretti E, Lucentini L, Gramaccioni L, La Rosa G. Enteric viruses, somatic coliphages and Vibrio species in marine bathing and non-bathing waters in Italy. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110570. [PMID: 31542593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial safety of recreational waters is a significant public health issue. In this study we assessed the occurrence and quantity of enteric viruses in bathing and non-bathing waters in Italy, in parallel with microbial faecal indicators, somatic coliphages and Vibrio spp. Enteric viruses (aichivirus, norovirus and enterovirus) were detected in 55% of bathing water samples, including samples with bacterial indicator concentrations compliant with the European bathing water Directive. Aichivirus was the most frequent and abundant virus. Adenovirus was detected only in non-bathing waters. Somatic coliphages were identified in 50% bathing water samples, 80% of which showed simultaneous presence of viruses. Vibrio species were ubiquitous, with 9 species identified, including potential pathogens (V. cholerae, V. parahaemoylticus and V. vulnificus). This is the first study showing the occurrence and high concentration of Aichivirus in bathing waters and provides original information, useful in view of a future revision of the European Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - R Briancesco
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Coccia
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Ferretti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Gramaccioni
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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48
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Kumar M, Ram B, Honda R, Poopipattana C, Canh VD, Chaminda T, Furumai H. Concurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), viruses, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in ambient waters of Guwahati, India: Urban vulnerability and resilience perspective. Sci Total Environ 2019; 693:133640. [PMID: 31377355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant microbes, pathogenic viruses, metals, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water has become the crux of urban sustainability issues. However, vulnerability due to pollutant concurrences, source apportionment, and identification of better faecal indicators needs to be better understood. The present study focuses on the vulnerability of urban Guwahati, the largest city in Northeastern India, through analyzing the concurrence of PPCPs, enteric viruses, antibiotic resistant bacteria, metal, and faecal contamination in water. The study strives to identify a relevant marker of anthropogenic pollution for the Indian scenario. Samples from the Brahmaputra River (n = 4), tributary Bharalu River (an unlined urban drain; n = 3), and Ramsar recognized Lake (Dipor Bil; n = 1) indicate caffeine > acetaminophen > theophylline > carbamazepine > crotamiton for PPCPs and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) > aichi > hepatitis A > norovirus GII > norovirus GI for enteric viruses. PMMoV was the better indicator of faecal pollution due to its prevalence, specificity and ease of detection. Antibiotic resistance was neither correlated with the prevalence of PPCPs nor E. coli. As, Co and Mn appear to be inducing antibiotic resistance in E. coli. While the risk quotient of the urban drain (Bharalu River) indicates one order higher magnitude than reported for other Indian rivers, the Lake exhibited the least pollution and better resilience. The concurrence of pollutants and multi-drug resistant E. coli, owing to the complete absence of wastewater treatment, puts the city in a highly vulnerable state. Pollution is being regulated only by the dilution capability of the Brahmaputra River, which needs to be further researched for seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Bhagwana Ram
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Environmental Design, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Li J, Pan X, Yang J, Jia L, Wu C, Liu H, Ren Z, Pan LL, Sun J. Enteral virus depletion modulates experimental acute pancreatitis via toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113710. [PMID: 31726046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses that inhabit the intestine have profound effects on innate and adaptive immunity of the gut and thus distant organs. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdominal inflammatory disease, in which gut bacteria play an indispensable part, particularly in the severe form with local and systemic complications. So far, little is known about the role of enteric viruses in the pathophysiology of AP. In this study, we evaluated the effect of enteric virus depletion by oral anti-viral cocktail (AVC) on caerulein (Cae)-hyperstimulation induced experimental AP and underlying mechanisms. We found that AVC treatment alleviated experimental AP, accompanied by suppressed innate immune cell infiltration and TLR9 expression and signaling in pancreas and intestine. Furthermore, AVC administration reduced AP-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, IL-6-activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Concordantly, expression of AP-induced STAT3-responsive chemokines, especially monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) was reduced, thereby contributing to modulated pancreatic immune milieu. Treatment of mice with a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist abolished the protective effect of AVC by activation of IL6/STAT3 signaling and downstream chemokine production. Conversely, treatment of mice with TLR9 antagonists, mimicking AVC, exerted protective effects against AP. Collectively, these results suggest that depletion of enteric viruses protects mice from experimental AP through inhibiting TLR9 signaling. Our study therefore implies a previously unrecognized role of enteric viruses in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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50
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Sciandra I, Piccioni L, Coltella L, Ranno S, Giannelli G, Falasca F, Antonelli G, Concato C, Turriziani O. Comparative analysis of 2 commercial molecular tests for the detection of gastro enteric viruses on stool samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 96:114893. [PMID: 31677959 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to compare the performance of 2 recently introduced molecular tests for the identification of gastrointestinal viral infections. METHODS One hundred fecal samples from pediatric patients were analyzed using 2 workflows, each including nucleic acids extraction and multiplex Real-Time PCR: Allplex™ GI-Virus Assay and FTD Viral gastroenteritis. The agreement was evaluated calculating Cohen's kappa and applying McNemar's test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Allplex and FTD assays showed 100% overall agreement for Norovirus GI/GII and Sapovirus (κ: 1.00), and 99% for Astrovirus (κ: 0.66). A lower agreement was detected for Adenovirus (89%; κ: 0.72) and Rotavirus (91%, k: 0.53), owing to samples resulted positive only with FTD test. The discrepancies were attributed to a different efficiency of extraction/amplification and to the different Adenovirus serotype specificity of the tests since Allplex detects only AdVF40 and AdVF41. FTD test should be used when non enteric adenovirus could have a clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sciandra
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - L Piccioni
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - L Coltella
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - S Ranno
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - G Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - F Falasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - C Concato
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - O Turriziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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