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Dessen J, Mørkøre T, Bildøy JI, Johnsen SN, Poppe LT, Hatlen B, Thomassen MS, Rørvik K. Increased dietary protein-to-lipid ratio improves survival during naturally occurring pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:21-34. [PMID: 30311660 PMCID: PMC6988130 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that increased dietary protein-to-lipid ratio (P/L-ratio) improved survival of farmed Atlantic salmon naturally affected by pancreas disease (PD). In addition to diet, body weight (BW) and delousing mortality prior to the PD outbreak also contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to explain the observed variation in PD-associated mortality. Subsequent to the PD outbreak, large amount of fish failed to grow and caused thin fish with poor condition (runts). At the end of the trial, significantly (p < 0.05) lower amounts of runt fish and increased amount of superior graded fish where detected among fish fed increased P/L-ratio and within the fish with the largest BWs prior to PD. Diet, BW and delousing mortality contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to explain the variation in the amount of superior graded fish, whereas BW and diet explained the variation in the amount of runt fish. A significant (p < 0.01) negative linear relationship was observed between the amount of superior graded fish and the total mortality, whereas a positive linear relationship was detected between percentage of fillets with melanin and the total mortality. Thus, increased dietary P/L-ratio seem to reduce the mortality and impaired slaughter quality associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens‐Erik Dessen
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Turid Mørkøre
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | | | | | | | - Magny S. Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Kjell‐Arne Rørvik
- NofimaÅsNorway
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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Arge R, Dessen JE, Østbye TK, Ruyter B, Thomassen MS, Rørvik KA. Effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) treatment on lipid metabolism in salmon hearts-in vitro and in vivo studies. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:703-716. [PMID: 29349633 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In intensive farming of Atlantic salmon, a large proportion of observed mortality is related to cardiovascular diseases and circulatory failure, indicating insufficient robustness and inadequate cardiac performance. This paper reports on the use of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) where the main objective was to enhance utilisation of fatty acids (FA), considered the main energy source of the heart. In this study, three experiments were conducted: (I) an in vivo study where salmon post-smolt were administrated dietary TTA in sea, (II) an in vitro study where isolated salmon heart cells were pre-stimulated with increasing doses of TTA and (III) an in vivo experiment where salmon post-smolt were subjected to injections with increasing doses of TTA. In study I, TTA-treated fish had a smaller decrease in heart weight relative to fish bodyweight (CSI) in a period after sea transfer compared to the control. This coincided with lowered condition factor and muscle fat in the TTA-treated fish, which may indicate a higher oxidation of lipids for energy. In study II, the isolated hearts treated with the highest dose of TTA had higher uptake of radiolabelled FA and formation of CO2 and acid-soluble products. In study III, expression of genes regulating peroxisomal FA oxidation, cell growth, elongation and desaturation were upregulated in the heart of TTA injected salmon. In contrast, genes involved in FA transport into the mitochondria were not influenced. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that TTA enhances energy production in salmon hearts by stimulation of FA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regin Arge
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Formerly associated with Fiskaaling, Aquacultural Research Station of the Faroes, FO-430, Hvalvík, Faroe Islands.
| | - Jens-Erik Dessen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Bente Ruyter
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Magny S Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Kjell-Arne Rørvik
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Nofima AS, 1431, Ås, Norway
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Powell MD, Yousaf MN. Cardiovascular Effects of Disease: Parasites and Pathogens. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dessen JE, Arge R, Thomassen MS, Rørvik KA. Differences in fat accumulation between immature male and female Atlantic salmon Salmo salar after dietary administration of tetradecylthioacetic acid. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:2085-2097. [PMID: 27506658 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provoked sex-specific differences in fat metabolism in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, by dietary administration of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) during their first spring and winter in the sea. The effects of TTA were evaluated in June of the first spring and May of the second spring in the sea, by analysing white muscle-fat content. Muscle fat in males and females differed significantly as a result of TTA in their diet and diet interacted with the sex of the fish. The fat content during the first spring after dietary TTA was lowered by a greater amount in females than in males, 3·1-4·3%, respectively (P < 0·05). In contrast, during the second spring, fat content was lowered by a greater amount in males than in females, 15·8-16·7%, respectively (P < 0·01). Condition factor followed a similar pattern to the muscle fat. The results indicate that the difference in male and female fat accumulation dynamics is related to sex-specific reproduction biology of S. salar. In addition, the findings show that it is important to consider the sex of the fish and the season of the year when studying fat dynamics and reproductive biology of S. salar.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-E Dessen
- Nofima, NO-1432 Ås, Akershus, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - R Arge
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Akershus, Norway .
- Fiskaaling, Aquacultural Research Station of the Faroes, FO-430, Hvalvík, Faroe Islands.
| | - M S Thomassen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - K-A Rørvik
- Nofima, NO-1432 Ås, Akershus, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Akershus, Norway
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Johansen LH, Dahle MK, Wessel Ø, Timmerhaus G, Løvoll M, Røsæg M, Jørgensen SM, Rimstad E, Krasnov A. Differences in gene expression in Atlantic salmon parr and smolt after challenge with Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV). Mol Immunol 2016; 73:138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Johansen LH, Thim HL, Jørgensen SM, Afanasyev S, Strandskog G, Taksdal T, Fremmerlid K, McLoughlin M, Jørgensen JB, Krasnov A. Comparison of transcriptomic responses to pancreas disease (PD) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in heart of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:612-23. [PMID: 26232631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas disease (PD) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) are viral diseases associated with SAV (salmonid alphavirus) and PRV (piscine reovirus), which induce systemic infections and pathologies in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. While general features of the clinical symptoms and pathogenesis of salmonid viral diseases are relatively well studied, much less is known about molecular mechanisms associated with immunity and disease-specific changes. In this study, transcriptomic analyses of heart tissue from PD and HSMI challenged Atlantic salmon were done, focusing on the mature phases of both diseases at respectively 28-35 and 42-77 days post infection. A large number of immune genes was activated in both trials with prevalence of genes associated with early innate antiviral responses, their expression levels being slightly higher in PD challenged fish. Activation of the IFN axis was in parallel with inflammatory changes that involved diverse humoral and cellular factors. Adaptive immune response genes were more pronounced in fish with HSMI, as suggested by increased expression of a large number of genes associated with differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells. A similar down-regulation of non-immune genes such as myofiber and mitochondrial proteins between diseases was most likely reflecting myocardial pathology. A suite of genes important for cardiac function including B-type natriuretic peptide and four neuropeptides displayed differential expression between PD and HSMI. Comparison of results revealed common and distinct features and added to the understanding of both diseases at their mature phases with typical clinical pictures. A number of genes that showed disease-specific changes can be of interest for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna L Thim
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, P.O. Box 6122, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza Av. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Guro Strandskog
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torunn Taksdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Fremmerlid
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Functional feeds reduce heart inflammation and pathology in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) following experimental challenge with Atlantic salmon reovirus (ASRV). PLoS One 2012; 7:e40266. [PMID: 23226193 PMCID: PMC3511526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI), recently associated with a novel Atlantic salmon reovirus (ASRV), is currently one of the most prevalent inflammatory diseases in commercial Atlantic salmon farms in Norway. Mortality varies from low to 20%, but morbidity can be very high, reducing growth performance and causing considerable financial impact. Clinical symptoms, including myocarditis, myocardial and red skeletal muscle necrosis, correlate with the intensity of the inflammatory response. In the present study, the effects of two functional feeds (FF1 and FF2) were compared to a standard commercial reference feed (ST) in Atlantic salmon subjected to an ASRV challenge. The functional feeds had reduced levels of total lipid and digestible energy, and different levels and proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). The objective was to determine whether these feeds could provide effective protection by decreasing the inflammatory response associated with HSMI. Histopathology, viral load, fatty acid composition and gene expression of heart tissue were assessed over a period of 16 weeks post-infection with ASRV. The viral load and histopathology scores in heart tissue in response to ASRV infection were reduced in fish fed both functional feeds, with FF1 showing the greatest effect. Microarray hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the functional feeds greatly affected expression of inflammation/immune related genes over the course of the ASRV infection. Viral load correlated with up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes at the early-mid stages of infection in fish fed the ST diet. Expression of inflammatory genes 16-weeks after ASRV challenge reflected the difference in efficacy between the functional feeds, with fish fed FF1 showing lower expression. Thus, severity of the lesions in heart tissue correlated with the intensity of the innate immune response and was associated with tissue fatty acid compositions. The present study demonstrated that dietary modulation through clinical nutrition had major influences on the development and severity of the response to ASRV infection in salmon. Thus, HSMI was reduced in fish fed the functional feeds, particularly FF1. The modulation of gene expression between fish fed the different feeds provided further insight into the molecular mechanisms and progression of the inflammatory and immune responses to ASRV infection in salmon.
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Grammes F, Rørvik KA, Thomassen MS, Berge RK, Takle H. Genome wide response to dietary tetradecylthioacetic acid supplementation in the heart of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:180. [PMID: 22577878 PMCID: PMC3483216 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under-dimensioned hearts causing functional problems are associated with higher mortality rates in intensive Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Previous studies have indicated that tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) induces cardiac growth and also stimulates transcription of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) αand βin the Atlantic salmon heart. Since cardiac and transcriptional responses to feed are of high interest in aquaculture, the objective of this study was to characterize the transcriptional mechanisms induced by TTA in the heart of Atlantic salmon. Results Atlantic salmon were kept at sea for 17 weeks. During the first 8 weeks the fish received a TTA supplemented diet. Using microarrays, profound transcriptional effects were observed in the heart at the end of the experiment, 9 weeks after the feeding of TTA stopped. Approximately 90% of the significant genes were expressed higher in the TTA group. Hypergeometric testing revealed the over-representation of 35 gene ontology terms in the TTA fed group. The GO terms were generally categorized into cardiac performance, lipid catabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle. Conclusions Our results indicate that TTA has profound effects on cardiac performance based on results from microarray and qRT-PCR analysis. The gene expression profile favors a scenario of ”physiological”lright hypertrophy recognized by increased oxidative fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle activity as well as cardiac growth and contractility in the heart ventricle. Increased cardiac efficiency may offer significant benefits in the demanding Aquaculture situations.
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Grammes F, Rørvik KA, Takle H. Tetradecylthioacetic acid modulates cardiac transcription in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., suffering heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:109-117. [PMID: 22233512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a disease causing considerable mortality in farmed Atlantic salmon. We have previously reported that pre-feeding of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) reduces the mortality during a natural outbreak of HSMI. In the present paper we show that in the cardiac ventricle, during HSMI infection, pre-feeding TTA increases the expression of the immune genes: TNFα, VCAM-1, IgM and CD8α. We also show that TTA increases the cardiosomatic index potentially by elevating cardiomyogenesis through activation of the cardiac transcription factors MEF2C and Nkx2.5. Using the recently published genomic sequence of a HSMI associated piscine reovirus (PRV), we could show that the PRV levels have no confounding effects on the mRNA expression of the investigated genes. The results suggest that TTA induced cardiac growth, together with an elevated cardiac recruitment of immune cells, which might lead to increased robustness during HSMI infection.
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Grammes F, Takle H. Anti-inflammatory effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) in macrophage-like cells from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). BMC Immunol 2011; 12:41. [PMID: 21774812 PMCID: PMC3161001 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial Atlantic salmon is fed diets with high fat levels to promote fast and cost-effective growth. To avoid negative impact of obesity, food additives that stimulate fat metabolism and immune function are of high interest. TTA, tetradecylthioacetic acid, is a synthetic fatty acid that stimulates mitochondrial β-oxidation most likely by activation of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs are important transcription factors regulating multiple functions including fat metabolism and immune responses. Atlantic salmon experiments have shown that TTA supplemented diets significantly reduce mortality during natural outbreaks of viral diseases, suggesting a modulatory role of the immune system. Results To gain new insights into TTA effects on the Atlantic salmon immune system, a factorial, high-throughput microarray experiment was conducted using a 44K oligo nucleotide salmon microarray SIQ2.0 and the Atlantic salmon macrophage-like cell line ASK. The experiment was used to determine the transcriptional effects of TTA, the effects of TTA in poly(I:C) elicited cells and the effects of pretreating the cells with TTA. The expression patterns revealed that a large proportion of genes regulated by TTA were related to lipid metabolism and increased mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition we found that for a subset of genes TTA antagonized the transcriptional effects of poly(I:C). This, together with the results from qRT-PCR showing an increased transcription of anti-inflammatory IL10 by TTA, indicates anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions We demonstrate that TTA has significant effects on macrophage-like salmon cells that are challenged by the artificial dsRNA poly(I:C). The immune stimulatory effect of TTA in macrophages involves increased lipid metabolism and suppressed inflammatory status. Thus, suggesting that TTA directs the macrophage-like cells towards alternative, anti-inflammatory, activation. This has positive implications for TTA as a feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grammes
- Institute of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 As-UMB, Norway
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