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Armstrong LE, Johnson EC. Water Intake, Water Balance, and the Elusive Daily Water Requirement. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1928. [PMID: 30563134 PMCID: PMC6315424 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is essential for metabolism, substrate transport across membranes, cellular homeostasis, temperature regulation, and circulatory function. Although nutritional and physiological research teams and professional organizations have described the daily total water intakes (TWI, L/24h) and Adequate Intakes (AI) of children, women, and men, there is no widespread consensus regarding the human water requirements of different demographic groups. These requirements remain undefined because of the dynamic complexity inherent in the human water regulatory network, which involves the central nervous system and several organ systems, as well as large inter-individual differences. The present review analyzes published evidence that is relevant to these issues and presents a novel approach to assessing the daily water requirements of individuals in all sex and life-stage groups, as an alternative to AI values based on survey data. This empirical method focuses on the intensity of a specific neuroendocrine response (e.g., plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration) employed by the brain to regulate total body water volume and concentration. We consider this autonomically-controlled neuroendocrine response to be an inherent hydration biomarker and one means by which the brain maintains good health and optimal function. We also propose that this individualized method defines the elusive state of euhydration (i.e., water balance) and distinguishes it from hypohydration. Using plasma AVP concentration to analyze multiple published data sets that included both men and women, we determined that a mild neuroendocrine defense of body water commences when TWI is ˂1.8 L/24h, that 19⁻71% of adults in various countries consume less than this TWI each day, and consuming less than the 24-h water AI may influence the risk of dysfunctional metabolism and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Armstrong
- University of Connecticut, Human Performance Laboratory and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Storrs CT 06269-1110, USA.
| | - Evan C Johnson
- University of Wyoming, Human Integrated Physiology Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology and Health, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Sahin E, Madendag Y, Sahin ME, Col Madendag I, Karakukcu C, Acmaz G, Muderris II. Effect of severe hyperemesis gravidarum on maternal vascular endothelial health: evaluation of soluble adhesion molecules. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:385-389. [PMID: 29945479 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1494145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the effect of severe hyperemesis gravidarum (sHG) on maternal vascular endothelial health with evaluation of soluble adhesion molecules.Method: The study population consisted of two groups of pregnant participants between 18 and 35 years of age who were between 5 and 13 weeks of gestation: sHG group and a healthy control group. A group of 26 participants whose pregnancies were complicated by sHG was compared with 26 healthy participants regarding serum levels of the soluble adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, soluble intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule one (sVCAM-1), as well as other biochemical markers. The two groups had similar baseline characteristics.Results: Maternal baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Serum levels of E-selectin (p < .001), sICAM-1 (p < .001), and sVCAM-1 (p < .001) were higher in the sHG group compared with the control group. Higher blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and sodium levels, serum osmolarity, and urine density (p < .001, < .001, .006, .041, and .001, respectively) were also observed in the sHG group compared with the control group.Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that sHG could impact endothelial cell function and these changes represented hypovolemia and dehydration caused by severe vomiting. Large-scale studies are required to understand the clinical importance of this finding regarding the long-term consequences and underlying mechanisms of elevated sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sahin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Sivas Sarkisla Government Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Y Madendag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M Eraslan Sahin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Sivas Sarkisla Government Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - I Col Madendag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - C Karakukcu
- Department of Biochemistry Clinic, Health Sciences University Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - G Acmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University Medicine Faculity, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - I I Muderris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University Medicine Faculity, Kayseri, Turkey
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Bordoni L, Napolioni V, Marchegiani F, Amadio E, Gabbianelli R. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Ins/Del Polymorphism and Body Composition: The Intermediary Role of Hydration Status. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2017; 10:1-8. [PMID: 28315876 DOI: 10.1159/000458154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The well-known insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs4646994) of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been previously associated with obesity, blood flow, muscular strength, and ACE enzyme activity. Despite the relevant role of ACE in homeostasis, few data are currently available on the relationship between rs4646994 and hydration status. Thus, we tested the association between the ACE Ins/Del polymorphism, body composition, and hydration status in a young Italian population. METHODS A total of 306 healthy children and adolescents who regularly practice sports were recruited. Anthropometric, bioimpedentiometric parameters, and urine samples were collected, while ACE rs4646994 genotyping was performed on DNA from buccal swabs. General linear models were used for association testing. RESULTS The ACE Ins/Del polymorphism was associated with body composition. Ins/Ins individuals had higher phase angle (PhA) and body cellular mass index (BCMI) values. A significant influence of the ACE rs4646994 according to hydration status on body composition was also identified. In particular, Ins/Ins individuals displayed higher PhA and BCMI values only if norm-hydrated, while they showed values similar to Del carriers if dehydrated. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the relationship between the ACE Ins/Del polymorphism and body composition and suggest a role for hydration status in modulating this relationship. These interesting preliminary results warrant further investigation to disentangle the genetic role of ACE on hydration homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bordoni
- School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Thornton SN. Increased Hydration Can Be Associated with Weight Loss. Front Nutr 2016; 3:18. [PMID: 27376070 PMCID: PMC4901052 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review develops the hypothesis that increased hydration leads to body weight loss, mainly through a decrease in feeding, and a loss of fat, through increased lipolysis. The publications cited come from animal, mainly rodent, studies where manipulations of the central and/or the peripheral renin–angiotensin system lead to an increased drinking response and a decrease in body weight. This hypothesis derives from a broader association between chronic hypohydration (extracellular dehydration) and raised levels of the hormone angiotensin II (AngII) associated with many chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Proposed mechanisms to explain these effects involve an increase in metabolism due to hydration expanding cell volume. The results of these animal studies often can be applied to the humans. Human studies are consistent with this hypothesis for weight loss and for reducing the risk factors in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Thornton
- INSERM U_1116, Université de Lorraine , Vandoeuvre les Nancy , France
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Arnaoutis G, Kavouras SA, Stratakis N, Likka M, Mitrakou A, Papamichael C, Sidossis LS, Stamatelopoulos K. The effect of hypohydration on endothelial function in young healthy adults. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1211-1217. [PMID: 26864199 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypohydration has been suggested as a predisposing factor for several pathologies including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). While CVD are the leading cause of death worldwide, no study has investigated whether acute hypohydration affects endothelial function and cardiovascular function. METHODS Ten young, healthy males participated in this crossover study (age: 24.3 ± 2.3 year; weight: 80.8 ± 5.3 kg; BMI: 24.3 ± 0.4 kg m-2). Each subject completed two measurements of endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in euhydrated and hypohydrated state separated by 24 h. Following baseline assessment of hydration status and FMD, the subjects completed 100 min of low-intensity intermittent walking exercise to achieve hypohydration of -2 % of individual body mass. For the rest of the day, a standardized, low water content diet was provided. The following morning, hydration markers and endothelial function were recorded. RESULTS Hypohydration by -1.9 ± 0.1 % of body mass resulted in decreased plasma volume by -3.5 ± 1.8 % and increased plasma osmolality by 9 ± 2 mmol kg-1 (P < 0.001). FMD as a response to hypohydration decreased by -26.8 ± 3.9 % (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The data suggested that a small degree of hypohydration induced by moderate exercise and fluid restriction significantly impaired endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros A Kavouras
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Nikolaos Stratakis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Marita Likka
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Asimina Mitrakou
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Papamichael
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.,Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kong X, Ma X, Yao J, Zheng S, Cui M, Xu D. Hypovolaemia was associated with clustering of major cardiovascular risk factors in general population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:151. [PMID: 25361538 PMCID: PMC4223830 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicated that the clustering of major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is common, and multiple unhealthy lifestyles are responsible for the clustering of CVD risk factors. However, little is known about the direct association between the volume load and the clustering of CVD risk factors in general population. Methods We investigated the association of the clustering of CVD risk factors (defined as two or more of the following factors: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and overweight) with volume load, which was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Hypovolaemia was defined as extracellular water/total body water (ECW/TBW) at and under the 10th percentile for the normal population. Results Among the 7900 adults, only 29.3% were free of any pre-defined CVD risk factors and 40.8% had clustering of CVD risk factors. Hypovolaemia in clustering group was statistically higher than that either in the single or in the none risk factor group, which was 23.7% vs. 17.0% and 10.0%, respectively (P <0.001). As a categorical outcome, the percentage of the lowest quartiles of ECW/TBW and TBW/TBWwatson in clustering group were statistically higher than either those in the single or in the none risk factor group, which were 44.9% vs. 36.9% and 25.1% (P <0.001), 36.2% vs. 32.2% and 25.0%, respectively (P <0.001). After adjusting of potential confounders, hypovolaemia was significantly associated with clustering of CVD risk factors, with an OR of 1.66 (95% CI, 1.45-1.90). Conclusions Hypovolaemia was associated with clustering of major CVD risk factors, which further confirms the importance of lifestyle for the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No,16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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Thornton SN. Angiotensin inhibition and longevity: a question of hydration. Pflugers Arch 2010; 461:317-24. [PMID: 21165644 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of medical and investigative science, it is somewhat surprising that although it is possible to stabilise medical patients with hypertension and the associated kidney dysfunction, obesity, diabetes and even cancer, there is still no clear method of significantly reducing these chronic disease pathologies, and thus, extending life expectancy. There is one hormone common to these pathologies, the antagonism of which goes some way to clinical improvements, and this is angiotensin, which is released during hypovolaemia. Angiotensin antagonists are used to treat many of these pathologies, and it has been shown in the obesity literature that angiotensin antagonists decrease weight, but also increase the drinking of water. Increased cellular hydration, and hence, improved mitochondrial metabolism could be one of the mechanisms for the reduction in weight seen in these studies, as well as for reducing the other pathologies, all showing metabolic dysfunction. It appears that the application of straightforward physiological regulation might be an appropriate medical approach to the prevention of hypertension, kidney disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer, and thus, to an increased life expectancy.
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Thornton SN. Thirst and hydration: Physiology and consequences of dysfunction. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thornton SN. Angiotensin inhibition and malignancies: a question of hydration. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 24:226. [PMID: 20033073 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fetissov SO, Thornton SN. Hypovolemia-induced obesity and diabetes. Metabolism 2009; 58:1678; author reply 1679. [PMID: 19709692 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hypovolaemia-induced metabolic dysfunction, mediated in part by aldosterone and angiotensin. J Hypertens 2009; 27:2116; author reply 2116-7. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832dd5a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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