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Schwarz TM, Ott J, Solodenko H, Schmitz G, Stender P. Nanoscale analysis of frozen honey by atom probe tomography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17786. [PMID: 36273026 PMCID: PMC9587987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the analysed volume is one of the main goals of atom probe tomography (APT) and can deliver nearly atomic resolution (~ 0.2 nm spatial resolution) and chemical information with a mass sensitivity down to the ppm range. Extending this technique to frozen biological systems would have an enormous impact on the structural analysis of biomolecules. In previous works, we have shown that it is possible to measure frozen liquids with APT. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of APT to trace nanoscale precipitation in frozen natural honey. While the mass signals of the common sugar fragments CxHy and CxOyHz overlap with (H2O)nH from water, we achieved correct stoichiometric values via different interpretation approaches for the peaks and thus determined the water content reliably. Next, we use honey to investigate the spatial resolution capabilities as a step toward the measurement of biological molecules in solution in 3D with sub-nanometer resolution. This may take analytical techniques to a new level, since methods of chemical characterization for cryogenic samples, especially biological samples, are still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. Schwarz
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas Ott
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helena Solodenko
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guido Schmitz
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Stender
- grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Grandfield K, Micheletti C, Deering J, Arcuri G, Tang T, Langelier B. Atom Probe Tomography for Biomaterials and Biomineralization. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:44-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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The homogenous alternative to biomineralization: Zn- and Mn-rich materials enable sharp organismal "tools" that reduce force requirements. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17481. [PMID: 34471148 PMCID: PMC8410824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured hardness, modulus of elasticity, and, for the first time, loss tangent, energy of fracture, abrasion resistance, and impact resistance of zinc- and manganese-enriched materials from fangs, stings and other "tools" of an ant, spider, scorpion and nereid worm. The mechanical properties of the Zn- and Mn-materials tended to cluster together between plain and biomineralized "tool" materials, with the hardness reaching, and most abrasion resistance values exceeding, those of calcified salmon teeth and crab claws. Atom probe tomography indicated that Zn was distributed homogeneously on a nanometer scale and likely bound as individual atoms to more than ¼ of the protein residues in ant mandibular teeth. This homogeneity appears to enable sharper, more precisely sculpted "tools" than materials with biomineral inclusions do, and also eliminates interfaces with the inclusions that could be susceptible to fracture. Based on contact mechanics and simplified models, we hypothesize that, relative to plain materials, the higher elastic modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance minimize temporary or permanent tool blunting, resulting in a roughly 2/3 reduction in the force, energy, and muscle mass required to initiate puncture of stiff materials, and even greater force reductions when the cumulative effects of abrasion are considered. We suggest that the sharpness-related force reductions lead to significant energy savings, and can also enable organisms, especially smaller ones, to puncture, cut, and grasp objects that would not be accessible with plain or biomineralized "tools".
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Schwarz TM, Weikum EM, Meng K, Hadjixenophontos E, Dietrich CA, Kästner J, Stender P, Schmitz G. Field evaporation and atom probe tomography of pure water tips. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20271. [PMID: 33219263 PMCID: PMC7680140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring biological samples by atom probe tomography (APT) in their natural environment, i.e. aqueous solution, would take this analytical method, which is currently well established for metals, semi-conductive materials and non-metals, to a new level. It would give information about the 3D chemical structure of biological systems, which could enable unprecedented insights into biological systems and processes, such as virus protein interactions. For this future aim, we present as a first essential step the APT analysis of pure water (Milli-Q) which is the main component of biological systems. After Cryo-preparation, nanometric water tips are field evaporated with assistance by short laser pulses. The obtained data sets of several tens of millions of atoms reveal a complex evaporation behavior. Understanding the field evaporation process of water is fundamental for the measurement of more complex biological systems. For the identification of the individual signals in the mass spectrum, DFT calculations were performed to prove the stability of the detected molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Schwarz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E M Weikum
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Meng
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Hadjixenophontos
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C A Dietrich
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Stender
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - G Schmitz
- Institute for Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Qiu S, Garg V, Zhang S, Chen Y, Li J, Taylor A, Marceau RKW, Fu J. Graphene encapsulation enabled high-throughput atom probe tomography of liquid specimens. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 216:113036. [PMID: 32540722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new method for imaging liquid specimens with atom probe tomography (APT) is proposed by introducing graphene encapsulation. By tuning the encapsulation speed and the number of encapsulations, controllable volumes of liquid can be encapsulated on a pre-sharpened specimen tip, with the end radius less than 75 nm to allow field ionization and evaporation. Encapsulation of liquid has been confirmed by using various characterization techniques, including electron microscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy. The graphene-encapsulated liquid specimen was then directly frozen at the cryogenic stage inside the atom probe instrument, followed by APT imaging in laser-pulsed mode. Using water as a test example, water-related ions have been identified in the acquired mass spectrum, which are spatially correlated to a reconstructed three-dimensional volume of water on top of the base specimen tip, as clearly revealed in the chemical maps. In addition, the proposed method has also been shown to produce multiple liquid specimens simultaneously on a pre-sharpened silicon micro-tip array for high-throughput APT imaging of liquid specimens. It is expected that the proposed lift-out-free method for preparing APT specimens in their hydrated state will open a new avenue for obtaining insights into various materials at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Vivek Garg
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia; IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC3216, Australia
| | - Ross K W Marceau
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC3216, Australia.
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
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Qiu S, Zheng C, Garg V, Chen Y, Gervinskas G, Li J, Dunstone MA, Marceau RKW, Fu J. Three-Dimensional Chemical Mapping of a Single Protein in the Hydrated State with Atom Probe Tomography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5168-5177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Changxi Zheng
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vivek Garg
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Yu Chen
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gediminas Gervinskas
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle A. Dunstone
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ross K. W. Marceau
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Rivas NA, Babayigit A, Conings B, Schwarz T, Sturm A, Garzón Manjón A, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Gault B, Renner FU. Cryo-focused ion beam preparation of perovskite based solar cells for atom probe tomography. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227920. [PMID: 31945119 PMCID: PMC6964857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused-ion beam lift-out and annular milling is the most common method used for obtaining site specific specimens for atom probe tomography (APT) experiments and transmission electron microscopy. However, one of the main limitations of this technique comes from the structural damage as well as chemical degradation caused by the beam of high-energy ions. These aspects are especially critical in highly-sensitive specimens. In this regard, ion beam milling under cryogenic conditions has been an established technique for damage mitigation. Here, we implement a cryo-focused ion beam approach to prepare specimens for APT measurements from a quadruple cation perovskite-based solar cell device with 19.7% efficiency. As opposed to room temperature FIB milling we found that cryo-milling considerably improved APT results in terms of yield and composition measurement, i.e. halide loss, both related to less defects within the APT specimen. Based on our approach we discuss the prospects of reliable atom probe measurements of perovskite based solar cell materials. An insight into the field evaporation behavior of the organic-inorganic molecules that compose the perovskite material is also given with the aim of expanding the applicability of APT experiments towards nano-characterization of complex organo-metal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Alfonso Rivas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
- IMEC vzw. Division IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
- Department of Microstructure physics and alloy design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, North Rhein-Westfalia, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Aslihan Babayigit
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
- IMEC vzw. Division IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Bert Conings
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
- IMEC vzw. Division IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Torsten Schwarz
- Department of Microstructure physics and alloy design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, North Rhein-Westfalia, Germany
| | - Andreas Sturm
- Department of Microstructure physics and alloy design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, North Rhein-Westfalia, Germany
| | - Alba Garzón Manjón
- Department of Microstructure physics and alloy design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, North Rhein-Westfalia, Germany
| | | | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure physics and alloy design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, North Rhein-Westfalia, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Uwe Renner
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
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Pulsed-voltage atom probe tomography of low conductivity and insulator materials by application of ultrathin metallic coating on nanoscale specimen geometry. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 181:150-159. [PMID: 28558288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for analysis of low-conductivity and insulating materials with conventional pulsed-voltage atom probe tomography (APT), by incorporating an ultrathin metallic coating on focused ion beam prepared needle-shaped specimens. Finite element electrostatic simulations of coated atom probe specimens were performed, which suggest remarkable improvement in uniform voltage distribution and subsequent field evaporation of the insulated samples with a metallic coating of approximately 10nm thickness. Using design of experiment technique, an experimental investigation was performed to study physical vapor deposition coating of needle specimens with end tip radii less than 100nm. The final geometries of the coated APT specimens were characterized with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and an empirical model was proposed to determine the optimal coating thickness for a given specimen size. The optimal coating strategy was applied to APT specimens of resin embedded Au nanospheres. Results demonstrate that the optimal coating strategy allows unique pulsed-voltage atom probe analysis and 3D imaging of biological and insulated samples.
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Prosa TJ, Larson DJ. Modern Focused-Ion-Beam-Based Site-Specific Specimen Preparation for Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:194-209. [PMID: 28162119 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30 years after the first use of focused ion beam (FIB) instruments to prepare atom probe tomography specimens, this technique has grown to be used by hundreds of researchers around the world. This past decade has seen tremendous advances in atom probe applications, enabled by the continued development of FIB-based specimen preparation methodologies. In this work, we provide a short review of the origin of the FIB method and the standard methods used today for lift-out and sharpening, using the annular milling method as applied to atom probe tomography specimens. Key steps for enabling correlative analysis with transmission electron-beam backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography are presented, and strategies for preparing specimens for modern microelectronic device structures are reviewed and discussed in detail. Examples are used for discussion of the steps for each of these methods. We conclude with examples of the challenges presented by complex topologies such as nanowires, nanoparticles, and organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty J Prosa
- Cameca Instruments Inc.,5500 Nobel Drive,Madison,WI 53711,USA
| | - David J Larson
- Cameca Instruments Inc.,5500 Nobel Drive,Madison,WI 53711,USA
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Adineh VR, Marceau RK, Velkov T, Li J, Fu J. Near-Atomic Three-Dimensional Mapping for Site-Specific Chemistry of 'Superbugs'. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7113-7120. [PMID: 27650306 PMCID: PMC5295734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria has caused a global health crisis and last-line class of antibiotics such as polymyxins are increasingly used. The chemical composition at the cell surface plays a key role in antibiotic resistance. Unlike imaging the cellular ultrastructure with well-developed electron microscopy, the acquisition of a high-resolution chemical map of the bacterial surface still remains a technological challenge. In this study, we developed an atom probe tomography (APT) analysis approach to acquire mass spectra in the pulsed-voltage mode and reconstructed the 3D chemical distribution of atoms and molecules in the subcellular domain at the near-atomic scale. Using focused ion beam (FIB) milling together with micromanipulation, site-specific samples were retrieved from a single cell of Acinetobacter baumannii prepared as needle-shaped tips with end radii less than 60 nm, followed by a nanoscale coating of silver in the order of 10 nm. The significantly elevated conductivity provided by the metallic coating enabled successful and routine field evaporation of the biological material, with all the benefits of pulsed-voltage APT. In parallel with conventional cryo-TEM imaging, our novel approach was applied to investigate polymyxin-susceptible and -resistant strains of A. baumannii after treatment of polymyxin B. Acquired atom probe mass spectra from the cell envelope revealed characteristic fragments of phosphocholine from the polymyxin-susceptible strain, but limited signals from this molecule were detected in the polymyxin-resistant strain. This study promises unprecedented capacity for 3D nanoscale imaging and chemical mapping of bacterial cells at the ultimate 3D spatial resolution using APT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid R. Adineh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ross K.W. Marceau
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- , Facsimile: 61-3-99051825
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Atom Probe Tomographic Mapping Directly Reveals the Atomic Distribution of Phosphorus in Resin Embedded Ferritin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22321. [PMID: 26924804 PMCID: PMC4770421 DOI: 10.1038/srep22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the atomic-scale analysis of biological interfaces within the ferritin protein using atom probe tomography that is facilitated by an advanced specimen preparation approach. Embedding ferritin in an organic polymer resin lacking nitrogen provided chemical contrast to visualise atomic distributions and distinguish the inorganic-organic interface of the ferrihydrite mineral core and protein shell, as well as the organic-organic interface between the ferritin protein shell and embedding resin. In addition, we definitively show the atomic-scale distribution of phosphorus as being at the surface of the ferrihydrite mineral with the distribution of sodium mapped within the protein shell environment with an enhanced distribution at the mineral/protein interface. The sample preparation method is robust and can be directly extended to further enhance the study of biological, organic and inorganic nanomaterials relevant to health, energy or the environment.
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