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Grassi D, Marraudino M, Garcia-Segura LM, Panzica GC. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus as a central hub for the estrogenic modulation of neuroendocrine function and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100974. [PMID: 34995643 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) help coordinate reproduction with body physiology, growth and metabolism. PVN integrates hormonal and neural signals originating in the periphery, generating an output mediated both by its long-distance neuronal projections, and by a variety of neurohormones produced by its magnocellular and parvocellular neurosecretory cells. Here we review the cyto-and chemo-architecture, the connectivity and function of PVN and the sex-specific regulation exerted by estradiol on PVN neurons and on the expression of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides and neurohormones in PVN. Classical and non-classical estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in neuronal afferents to PVN and in specific PVN interneurons, projecting neurons, neurosecretory neurons and glial cells that are involved in the input-output integration and coordination of neurohormonal signals. Indeed, PVN ERs are known to modulate body homeostatic processes such as autonomic functions, stress response, reproduction, and metabolic control. Finally, the functional implications of the estrogenic modulation of the PVN for body homeostasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grassi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - G C Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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2
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Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide mainly produced in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. OT in the brain and blood has extensive functions in both mental and physical activities. These functions are mediated by OT receptors (OTRs) that are distributed in a broad spectrum of tissues with dramatic sexual dimorphism. In both sexes, OT generally facilitates social cognition and behaviors, facilitates parental behavior and sexual activity and inhibits feeding and pain perception. However, there are significant differences in OT levels and distribution of OTRs in men from women. Thus, many OT functions in men are different from women, particularly in the reproduction. In men, the reproductive functions are relatively simple. In women, the reproductive functions involve menstrual cycle, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and menopause. These functions make OT regulation of women's health and disease a unique topic of physiological and pathological studies. In menstruation, pre-ovulatory increase in OT secretion in the hypothalamus and the ovary can promote the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and facilitate ovulation. During pregnancy, increased OT synthesis and preterm release endow OT system the ability to promote maternal behavior and lactation. In parturition, cervix expansion-elicited pulse OT secretion and uterine OT release accelerate the expelling of fetus and reduce postpartum hemorrhage. During lactation, intermittent pulsatile OT secretion is necessary for the milk-ejection reflex and maternal behavior. Disorders in OT secretion can account for maternal depression and hypogalactia. In menopause, the reduction of OT secretion accounts for many menopausal symptoms and diseases. These issues are reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haipeng Yang
- Neonatal Division of the Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqun Han
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxing Ma
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Mingxing Ma,
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3
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Nicola AC, Ferreira LB, Mata MM, Vilhena-Franco T, Leite CM, Martins AB, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Poletini MO, Dornelles RCM. Vasopressinergic Activity of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and mRNA Expression of Clock Genes in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Female Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652733. [PMID: 34504470 PMCID: PMC8421860 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The important involvement of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the activity of vasopressinergic neurons in maintaining the rhythmicity of the female reproductive system depends on the mRNA transcription-translation feedback loops. Therefore, circadian clock function, like most physiological processes, is involved in the events that determine reproductive aging. This study describes the change of mRNA expression of clock genes, Per2, Bmal1, and Rev-erbα, in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) of female rats with regular cycle (RC) and irregular cycle (IC), and the vasopressinergic neurons activity in the SCN and kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of these animals. Results for gonadotropins and the cFos/AVP-ir neurons in the SCN of IC were higher, but kisspeptin-ir was minor. Change in the temporal synchrony of the clock system in the HPG axis, during the period prior to the cessation of ovulatory cycles, was identified. The analysis of mRNA for Per2, Bmal1, and Rev-erbα in the reproductive axis of adult female rodents shows that the regularity of the estrous cycle is guaranteed by alternation in the amount of expression of Bmal1 and Per2, and Rev-erbα and Bmal1 between light and dark phases, which ceases to occur and contributes to determining reproductive senescence. These results showed that the desynchronization between the central and peripheral circadian clocks contributes to the irregularity of reproductive events. We suggest that the feedback loops of clock genes on the HPG axis modulate the spontaneous transition from regular to irregular cycle and to acyclicity in female rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cristina Nicola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas—SBFis/UNESP, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Angela Cristina Nicola, ; Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles,
| | - Larissa Brazoloto Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas—SBFis/UNESP, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Milene Mantovani Mata
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Vilhena-Franco
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Busetti Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas—SBFis/UEL, Department of Physiological Sciences, Londrina, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- University of Sao Paulo (USP), School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maristela Oliveira Poletini
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas—SBFis/UNESP, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Angela Cristina Nicola, ; Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles,
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4
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Lagunas N, Marraudino M, de Amorim M, Pinos H, Collado P, Panzica G, Garcia-Segura LM, Grassi D. Estrogen receptor beta and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 are involved in the acute estrogenic regulation of arginine-vasopressin immunoreactive levels in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei of female rats. Brain Res 2019; 1712:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Vilhena-Franco T, Mecawi AS, Almeida-Pereira G, Lucio-Oliveira F, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Oestradiol acts through its beta receptor to increase vasopressin neuronal activation and secretion induced by dehydration. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12712. [PMID: 30887585 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressinergic neurones of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei express oestrogen receptor (ER)β and receive afferent projections from osmosensitive neurones that express ERα. However, which subtype of these receptors mediates the effects of oestradiol on vasopressin (AVP) secretion induced by hydromineral challenge has not yet been demonstrated in vivo. Moreover, AVP secretion induced by hyperosmolality is known to involve activation of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid, member 1) in magnocellular neurones, although whether oestradiol modulates expression of this receptor is unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the modulation exerted by oestradiol on AVP secretion, specifically investigating the involvement of ERβ, ERα and TRPV1 receptors in response to water deprivation (WD). We observed that treatment with an ERβ agonist potentiated AVP secretion and vasopressinergic neuronal activation induced by WD. This increase in AVP secretion induced by WD was reversed by an ERβ antagonist. By contrast to ERβ, the ERα agonist did not alter plasma AVP concentrations or activation of AVP neurones in the SON and PVN. Additionally, Fos expression in the subfornical organ was not altered by the ERα agonist. TRPV1 mRNA expression was increased by WD in the SON, although this response was not altered by any treatment. The results of the present study suggest that ERβ mediates the effects of oestradiol on AVP secretion in response to WD, indicating that the effects of oestradiol occur directly in AVP neurones without affecting TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Vilhena-Franco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lucio-Oliveira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais, Muzambinho, Brazil
| | | | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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6
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Estradiol modulates the palatability of 0.3 M NaCl in female rats during sodium appetite. Appetite 2019; 133:252-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Vilhena-Franco T, Valentim-Lima E, Reis LC, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Mecawi AS. Role of AMPA and NMDA receptors on vasopressin and oxytocin secretion induced by hypertonic extracellular volume expansion. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12633. [PMID: 29998612 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) are essential for the control of extracellular fluid osmolality and volume. Secretion of these hormones is modulated by several mechanisms, including NMDA and AMPA L-glutamate receptors in magnocellular cells of paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) hypothalamic nuclei. Thus, to better understand the participation of L-glutamate on the neuroendocrine control of AVP and OT, this work evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists on plasma AVP and OT levels induced by extracellular volume expansion (EVE). Cannulated rats received icv NMDA (AP5) and AMPA (NBQX) antagonists in 10 and 30nmol/5μl/rat doses and were subjected to either isotonic (0.15 M NaCl, 2ml/100g) or hypertonic (0.30 M NaCl, 2ml/100g) EVE. Blood samples were collected for plasma AVP and OT determination. Isotonic EVE did not change plasma AVP and OT levels, but hypertonic EVE increased both AVP and OT plasma levels. AP5 reduced plasma AVP, but it did not change the OT level induced by hypertonic EVE. On the other hand, NBQX reduced plasma OT, but did not alter the AVP plasma level. Our data shows that L-glutamate controls the secretion of neurohypophyseal hormones through the NMDA receptor for AVP release, and through the AMPA receptor for OT release, both in response to hypertonic EVE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Vilhena-Franco
- Department of Physiology Ribeirão, Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro Valentim-Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís C Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology Ribeirão, Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology Ribeirão, Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Mecawi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Wang YF, Parpura V. Astroglial Modulation of Hydromineral Balance and Cerebral Edema. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:204. [PMID: 29946238 PMCID: PMC6007284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of hydromineral balance (HB) is an essential condition for life activity at cellular, tissue, organ and system levels. This activity has been considered as a function of the osmotic regulatory system that focuses on hypothalamic vasopressin (VP) neurons, which can reflexively release VP into the brain and blood to meet the demand of HB. Recently, astrocytes have emerged as an essential component of the osmotic regulatory system in addition to functioning as a regulator of the HB at cellular and tissue levels. Astrocytes express all the components of osmoreceptors, including aquaporins, molecules of the extracellular matrix, integrins and transient receptor potential channels, with an operational dynamic range allowing them to detect and respond to osmotic changes, perhaps more efficiently than neurons. The resultant responses, i.e., astroglial morphological and functional plasticity in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, can be conveyed, physically and chemically, to adjacent VP neurons, thereby influencing HB at the system level. In addition, astrocytes, particularly those in the circumventricular organs, are involved not only in VP-mediated osmotic regulation, but also in regulation of other osmolality-modulating hormones, including natriuretic peptides and angiotensin. Thus, astrocytes play a role in local/brain and systemic HB. The adaptive astrocytic reactions to osmotic challenges are associated with signaling events related to the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and aquaporin 4 to promote cell survival and repair. However, prolonged osmotic stress can initiate inflammatory and apoptotic signaling processes, leading to glial dysfunction and a variety of brain diseases. Among many diseases of brain injury and hydromineral disorders, cytotoxic and osmotic cerebral edemas are the most common pathological manifestation. Hyponatremia is the most common cause of osmotic cerebral edema. Overly fast correction of hyponatremia could lead to central pontine myelinolysis. Ischemic stroke exemplifies cytotoxic cerebral edema. In this review, we summarize and analyze the osmosensory functions of astrocytes and their implications in cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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9
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Silva MS, Lúcio-Oliveira F, Mecawi AS, Almeida LF, Ruginsk SG, Greenwood MP, Greenwood M, Vivas L, Elias LLK, Murphy D, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Increased exposure to sodium during pregnancy and lactation changes basal and induced behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in adult male offspring. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13210. [PMID: 28336818 PMCID: PMC5371570 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sodium (Na+) intake in modern society has been associated with several chronic disorders such as hypertension. Several studies suggest that early life events can program physiological systems and lead to functional changes in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated behavioral and neuroendocrine responses under basal conditions and after 48 h of water deprivation in adult (60‐day‐old Wistar rats) male, Wistar rats originating from dams were offered only water or 0.15 mol/L NaCl during pregnancy and lactation. Early life salt exposure induced kidney damage, as shown by a higher number of ED‐1 positive cells (macrophages/monocytes), increased daily urinary volume and Na+ excretion, blunted basal water intake and plasma oxytocin levels, and increased plasma corticosterone secretion. When challenged with water deprivation, animals exposed to 0.15 mol/L NaCl during early life showed impaired water intake, reduced salt preference ratio, and vasopressin (AVP) secretion. In summary, our data demonstrate that the perinatal exposure to excessive Na+ intake can induce kidney injury in adult offspring and significantly affect the key mechanisms regulating water balance, fluid intake, and AVP release in response to water deprivation. Collectively, these novel results highlight the impact of perinatal programming on the homeostatic mechanisms regulating fluid and electrolyte balance during exposure to an environmental stress (i.e. dehydration) in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia S Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lúcio-Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre Souza Mecawi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Lucas F Almeida
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Ruginsk
- Departament of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mingkwan Greenwood
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Vivas
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Vilhena-Franco T, Mecawi AS, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Oestradiol effects on neuroendocrine responses induced by water deprivation in rats. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:167-180. [PMID: 27613338 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Water deprivation (WD) induces changes in plasma volume and osmolality, which in turn activate several responses, including thirst, the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) secretion. These systems seem to be influenced by oestradiol, as evidenced by the expression of its receptor in brain areas that control fluid balance. Thus, we investigated the effects of oestradiol treatment on behavioural and neuroendocrine changes of ovariectomized rats in response to WD. We observed that in response to WD, oestradiol treatment attenuated water intake, plasma osmolality and haematocrit but did not change urinary volume or osmolality. Moreover, oestradiol potentiated WD-induced AVP secretion, but did not alter the plasma OT or angiotensin II (Ang II) concentrations. Immunohistochemical data showed that oestradiol potentiated vasopressinergic neuronal activation in the lateral magnocellular PVN (PaLM) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei but did not induce further changes in Fos expression in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) or subfornical organ (SFO) or in oxytocinergic neuronal activation in the SON and PVN of WD rats. Regarding mRNA expression, oestradiol increased OT mRNA expression in the SON and PVN under basal conditions and after WD, but did not induce additional changes in the mRNA expression for AVP in the SON or PVN. It also did not affect the mRNA expression of RAS components in the PVN. In conclusion, our results show that oestradiol acts mainly on the vasopressinergic system in response to WD, potentiating vasopressinergic neuronal activation and AVP secretion without altering AVP mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Vilhena-Franco
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Physiological SciencesInstitute of Biological and Healthy Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Abstract
The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (the antidiuretic hormone) into the blood system. Oxytocin is required for normal delivery of the young and for delivery of milk to the young during lactation. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption in the kidney to maintain body fluid balance and causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure. Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion occurs from the axon terminals of magnocellular neurons whose cell bodies are principally found in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. The physiological functions of oxytocin and vasopressin depend on their secretion, which is principally determined by the pattern of action potentials initiated at the cell bodies. Appropriate secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin to meet the challenges of changing physiological conditions relies mainly on integration of afferent information on reproductive, osmotic, and cardiovascular status with local regulation of magnocellular neurons by glia as well as intrinsic regulation by the magnocellular neurons themselves. This review focuses on the control of magnocellular neuron activity with a particular emphasis on their regulation by reproductive function, body fluid balance, and cardiovascular status. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1701-1741, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Brown
- Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Almeida-Pereira G, Coletti R, Mecawi AS, Reis LC, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Estradiol and angiotensin II crosstalk in hydromineral balance: Role of the ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2016; 322:525-38. [PMID: 26951941 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (ANGII) receptor AT1 plays an important role in the control of hydromineral balance, mediating the dipsogenic and natriorexigenic effects and neuroendocrine responses of ANGII. While estradiol (E2) is known to modulate several actions of ANGII in the brain, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the interaction between E2 and ANGII and its physiological role in the control of body fluids remain unclear. We investigated the influence of E2 (40 μg/kg) pretreatment and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cell signaling on the dipsogenic and natriorexigenic effects, as well as the neuroendocrine responses to angiotensinergic central stimulation in ovariectomized rats (OVX). We showed that the inhibitory effect of E2 on ANGII-induced water and sodium intake requires the ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. On the other hand, E2 pretreatment prevents the ANGII-induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in the lamina terminalis. E2 therapy decreased oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) secretion and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN, respectively). We found that the AVP secretion induced by ANGII required ERK1/2 signaling, but OT secretion did not involve ERK1/2 signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrate that E2 modulates ANGII-induced water and sodium intake and AVP secretion by affecting the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in the lamina terminalis and ERK1/2 signaling in the hypothalamic nuclei (PVN and SON) in OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - R Coletti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - A S Mecawi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - L C Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - L L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - J Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
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13
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de Souza Mecawi A, Ruginsk SG, Elias LLK, Varanda WA, Antunes‐Rodrigues J. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Hydromineral Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1465-516. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Grassi D, Lagunas N, Amorin M, Pinos H, Panzica G, Garcia-Segura L, Collado P. Estrogenic regulation of NADPH-diaphorase in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei under acute osmotic stress. Neuroscience 2013; 248:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Effects of acute and subchronic AT1 receptor blockade on cardiovascular, hydromineral and neuroendocrine responses in female rats. Physiol Behav 2013; 122:104-12. [PMID: 23978402 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and separated into two groups that received either estradiol cypionate (EC, 40 μg/kg, sc; OVX-EC) or vehicle (corn oil, sc; OVX-oil) for 14 consecutive days. On the 7th day of treatment, a subset of animals from both the OVX-oil and OVX-EC groups was subjected to subchronic losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist) treatment (0.1g/L in drinking water; ~15 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Other group of OVX-oil and OVX-EC rats was submitted to an acute losartan injection (100mg/kg, ip) on the 14th day of hormone replacement. In both protocols, the following parameters were measured: I) mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR); II) water and 0.3M saline intake; III) angiotensin II (ANG II), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) plasma concentrations; and IV) urinary and plasma sodium concentrations. Acute AT1 blockade induced a significant reduction in the MAP in the OVX rats, resulting in increased HR and water intake, which were attenuated by estradiol therapy. Acute AT1 blockade also increased ANG II and OT and reduced ANP plasma concentrations, with no changes in AVP secretion. In addition, acute hypotension was accompanied by a decrease in natriuresis, which was unaltered by estradiol. Subchronic AT1 blockade induced a significant decrease in MAP without changing HR in both groups. Additionally, subchronic losartan treatment induced sodium appetite in OVX rats. Prolonged AT1 blockade increased ANG II and AVP and reduced ANP plasma concentrations. Moreover, it increased natriuresis but did not alter plasma OT concentrations. Finally, estradiol treatment attenuated the increase in salt intake and plasma ANG II concentrations induced by subchronic AT1 blockade. In conclusion, our results suggest differential adaptive responses to the acute or subchronic losartan treatment in OVX and OVX-EC rats.
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Brown CH, Bains JS, Ludwig M, Stern JE. Physiological regulation of magnocellular neurosecretory cell activity: integration of intrinsic, local and afferent mechanisms. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:678-710. [PMID: 23701531 PMCID: PMC3852704 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei contain magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) that project to the posterior pituitary gland where they secrete either oxytocin or vasopressin (the antidiuretic hormone) into the circulation. Oxytocin is important for delivery at birth and is essential for milk ejection during suckling. Vasopressin primarily promotes water reabsorption in the kidney to maintain body fluid balance, but also increases vasoconstriction. The profile of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion is principally determined by the pattern of action potentials initiated at the cell bodies. Although it has long been known that the activity of MNCs depends upon afferent inputs that relay information on reproductive, osmotic and cardiovascular status, it has recently become clear that activity depends critically on local regulation by glial cells, as well as intrinsic regulation by the MNCs themselves. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of how intrinsic and local extrinsic mechanisms integrate with afferent inputs to generate appropriate physiological regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin MNC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Brown
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Antunes-Rodrigues J, Ruginsk SG, Mecawi AS, Margatho LO, Cruz JC, Vilhena-Franco T, Reis WL, Ventura RR, Reis LC, Vivas LM, Elias LLK. Mapping and signaling of neural pathways involved in the regulation of hydromineral homeostasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:327-38. [PMID: 23579631 PMCID: PMC3854407 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several forebrain and brainstem neurochemical circuitries interact with
peripheral neural and humoral signals to collaboratively maintain both the
volume and osmolality of extracellular fluids. Although much progress has been
made over the past decades in the understanding of complex mechanisms underlying
neuroendocrine control of hydromineral homeostasis, several issues still remain
to be clarified. The use of techniques such as molecular biology, neuronal
tracing, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and microinfusions has
significantly improved our ability to identify neuronal phenotypes and their
signals, including those related to neuron-glia interactions. Accordingly,
neurons have been shown to produce and release a large number of chemical
mediators (neurotransmitters, neurohormones and neuromodulators) into the
interstitial space, which include not only classic neurotransmitters, such as
acetylcholine, amines (noradrenaline, serotonin) and amino acids (glutamate,
GABA), but also gaseous (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide) and
lipid-derived (endocannabinoids) mediators. This efferent response, initiated
within the neuronal environment, recruits several peripheral effectors, such as
hormones (glucocorticoids, angiotensin II, estrogen), which in turn modulate
central nervous system responsiveness to systemic challenges. Therefore, in this
review, we shall evaluate in an integrated manner the physiological control of
body fluid homeostasis from the molecular aspects to the systemic and integrated
responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antunes-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
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Lucio-Oliveira F, Franci CR. Effect of the interaction between food state and the action of estrogen on oxytocinergic system activity. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:129-38. [PMID: 22083216 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasma osmolality by food intake evokes augmentation of plasma oxytocin (OT). Ovarian steroids may also influence the balance of body fluids by acting on OT neurones. Our aim was to determine if estrogen influences the activity of OT neurones in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) under different osmotic situations. Ovariectomized rats (OVX) were treated with either estradiol (E(2)) or vehicle and were divided into three groups: group I was fed ad libitum, group II underwent 48 h of fasting, and group III was refed after 48 h of fasting. On the day of the experiment, blood samples were collected to determine the plasma osmolality and OT. The animals were subsequently perfused, and OT/FOS immunofluorescence analysis was conducted on neurones in the PVN and the SON. When compared to animals which were fasted or fed ad libitum, the plasma osmolality of refed animals was higher, regardless of whether they were treated with vehicle or E(2). We observed neural activation of OT cells in vehicle- or E(2)-treated OVX rats refed after 48 h of fasting, but not in animals fed ad libitum or in animals that only underwent 48 h of fasting. Finally, the percentage of neurones that co-expressed OT and FOS was lower in both the PVN and the SON of animals treated with E(2) and refed, when compared to vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that E(2) may have an inhibitory effect on OT neurones and may modulate the secretion of OT in response to the increase of osmolality induced by refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lucio-Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil
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Mecawi AS, Vilhena-Franco T, Araujo IG, Reis LC, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Estradiol potentiates hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin neuron activation and hormonal secretion induced by hypovolemic shock. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R905-15. [PMID: 21632848 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00800.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors are located in important brain areas that integrate cardiovascular and hydroelectrolytic responses, including the subfornical organ (SFO) and supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of estradiol on cardiovascular and neuroendocrine changes induced by hemorrhagic shock in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar rats (220-280 g) were ovariectomized and treated for 7 days with vehicle or estradiol cypionate (EC, 10 or 40 μg/kg, sc). On the 8th day, animals were subjected to hemorrhage (1.5 ml/100 g for 1 min). Hemorrhage induced acute hypotension and bradycardia in the ovariectomized-oil group, but EC treatment inhibited these responses. We observed increases in plasma angiotensin II concentrations and decreases in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels after hemorrhage; EC treatment produced no effects on these responses. There were also increases in plasma vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), and prolactin levels after the induction of hemorrhage in all groups, and these responses were potentiated by EC administration. SFO neurons and parvocellular and magnocellular AVP and OT neurons in the PVN and SON were activated by hemorrhagic shock. EC treatment enhanced the activation of SFO neurons and AVP and OT magnocellular neurons in the PVN and SON and AVP neurons in the medial parvocellular region of the PVN. These results suggest that estradiol modulates the cardiovascular responses induced by hemorrhage, and this effect is likely mediated by an enhancement of AVP and OT neuron activity in the SON and PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre S Mecawi
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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